Gilla Michil O'braenain / Uchdelb Ingen Cearnachain O'gairbita |
Gilla Michil O'braenain |
Uchdelb Ingen Cearnachain O'gairbita |
Orlaith O'braenain
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Eusebious O'brissell / - |
Eusebious O'brissell |
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Thomas O`brissell
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Muirceartach O'toole / Cachtingen Laigsig O Morda |
Muirceartach O'toole |
Cachtingen Laigsig O Morda |
Mor O'toole
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Thomas O`brissell / - |
Thomas O`brissell |
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Mary O'brissell
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John Mor Of Balconie 2Nd Laird Munro / Katherine Vass |
John Mor Of Balconie 2Nd Laird Munro |
Katherine Vass |
John Monroe Iii, Earl of Coul
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King Gudrød (The Magnificent), King of Vestfold / Åsa Haraldsdottir Of Agder |
King Gudrød (The Magnificent), King of Vestfold |
Åsa Haraldsdottir Of Agder |
King Halfdan (The Black), King of Vestfold
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Guigues III (The Old) of Albon, Count of Albon / - |
Guigues III (The Old) of Albon, Count of Albon |
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Guigues IV (le Dauphin) of Albon, Count of Albon
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Guigues IV (le Dauphin) of Albon, Count of Albon / - |
Guigues IV (le Dauphin) of Albon, Count of Albon |
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Guigues V of Albon, Count of Albon and Grenoble
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Guigues V of Albon, Count of Albon and Grenoble / - |
Guigues V of Albon, Count of Albon and Grenoble |
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Béatrice, Countess of Albon and Dauphine of Viennois
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Amadeus Iii, Count of Savoy / Mafalda Of Albon, Countess Consort of Savoy |
Amadeus Iii, Count of Savoy |
Mafalda Of Albon, Countess Consort of Savoy |
Matilda Of Savoy , Queen of Portugal
Umberto Iii (The Blessed), Count of Savoy
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Huoching Of Alemannia / Berthe De Neustrasia |
Huoching Of Alemannia |
Berthe De Neustrasia |
Hnabi, Duke of Alemannia
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Bodilon, Count of Poitiers & Paris / Saint Sigrada Of Alsace |
Bodilon, Count of Poitiers & Paris |
Saint Sigrada Of Alsace |
Saint Warinus, Count of Poitiers
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Luitfrid Of Alsace / Edith |
Luitfrid Of Alsace |
Edith |
Hugh Of Tours, Count of Tours & Sens
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Thierry Of Alsace, 15th Count of Flanders / Sibylla Of Anjou |
Thierry Of Alsace, 15th Count of Flanders |
Sibylla Of Anjou |
Margaret I, Countess of Flanders
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Siegfried Ii, Count of Stade / Adela Of Alsleben |
Siegfried Ii, Count of Stade |
Adela Of Alsleben |
Lothair Udo I, The Margrave of the Nordmark
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King James II (The Just), King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica, Count of Barcelona / Blanche of Anjou |
King James II (The Just), King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica, Count of Barcelona |
Blanche of Anjou |
King Alfonso IV (The Kind) of Aragon, King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica, Count of Barcelona
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Conan I, Duke of Brittany / Ermengarde Gerberga Of Anjou |
Conan I, Duke of Brittany |
Ermengarde Gerberga Of Anjou |
Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany
Judith Of Brittany
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- / Ermengarde Gerberga Of Anjou |
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Ermengarde Gerberga Of Anjou |
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Geoffrey Ii, Count of Gâtinais / Ermengarde Of Anjou |
Geoffrey Ii, Count of Gâtinais |
Ermengarde Of Anjou |
Fulk Iv, Count of Anjou
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Raymond Iii, Count of Rouergue & Quercy / Adelaide-Blanche Of Anjou |
Raymond Iii, Count of Rouergue & Quercy |
Adelaide-Blanche Of Anjou |
William Iii, Count of Toulouse, Albi and Quercy
William Arles II
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William I, The Margrave of Provence / Adelaide-Blanche Of Anjou |
William I, The Margrave of Provence |
Adelaide-Blanche Of Anjou |
William Ii (The Pious), Count of Provence
Constance Of Aries
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William Iv, 9th Count of Angoulême / Ermengarde Gerberga Of Anjou |
William Iv, 9th Count of Angoulême |
Ermengarde Gerberga Of Anjou |
Geoffrey, 10th Count of Angoulême
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Béla III, King of Hungary and Croatia / Agnes Of Antioch |
Béla III, King of Hungary and Croatia |
Agnes Of Antioch |
King Andrew II of Jerusalem, King of Hungary and Croatia
Constance Of Hungary
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Bohemond I Of Antioch, Prince of Antioch / Constance Of France, Princess of Antioch |
Bohemond I Of Antioch, Prince of Antioch |
Constance Of France, Princess of Antioch |
Bohemond Ii Of Antioch, Prince of Antioch & Taranto
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Bohemond Ii Of Antioch, Prince of Antioch & Taranto / Alice Of Jerusalem, Princess of Antioch |
Bohemond Ii Of Antioch, Prince of Antioch & Taranto |
Alice Of Jerusalem, Princess of Antioch |
Constance Of Hauteville, The ruling Princess of Antioch
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Charibert, Count of Loan / Giselle Of Aquitaine |
Charibert, Count of Loan |
Giselle Of Aquitaine |
Queen Bertrada Of Laon
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Baudegisel Ii Of Aquitaine, Mayor & Duke of Sueve / Oda De Savoy |
Baudegisel Ii Of Aquitaine, Mayor & Duke of Sueve |
Oda De Savoy |
Saint Arnulf , Bishop Of Metz
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King Ramiro II (The Monk), King of Aragon / Queen Agnes Of Aquitaine, Queen of Aragon |
King Ramiro II (The Monk), King of Aragon |
Queen Agnes Of Aquitaine, Queen of Aragon |
Queen Petronilla, Queen of Aragon
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William Of Aquitaine, 2nd Count of Toulouse / - |
William Of Aquitaine, 2nd Count of Toulouse |
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Bertha Of Toulouse
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King Alphonso X (The Wise), King of Castile, León & Galicia / Violante Yolanda of Aragon |
King Alphonso X (The Wise), King of Castile, León & Galicia |
Violante Yolanda of Aragon |
Don Ferdinand De La Cerda , Infante of Castile
King Sancho IV (The Brave), King of Castile, León & Galicia
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King John I, King of Castile and León / Eleanor of Aragon , Queen of Castile |
King John I, King of Castile and León |
Eleanor of Aragon , Queen of Castile |
King Henry III (The Mourner) of Castile, King of Castile and León
King Ferdinand I (The Just) of Aragon, King of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca & Sicily and Count of Barcelona
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King Manuel I (The Fortunate), King of Portugal and the Algarves / Maria of Aragon , Queen of Portugal |
King Manuel I (The Fortunate), King of Portugal and the Algarves |
Maria of Aragon , Queen of Portugal |
Infante Luís Of Portugal, Duke of Beja
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King Duarte "Edward" (The Eloquent), King of Portugal and the Algarves / Eleanor Of Aragon , Queen of Portugal |
King Duarte "Edward" (The Eloquent), King of Portugal and the Algarves |
Eleanor Of Aragon , Queen of Portugal |
Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu & Beja
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King Alfonso IV (The Kind) of Aragon, King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica, Count of Barcelona / Teresa d'Entença, Countess of Urgell |
King Alfonso IV (The Kind) of Aragon, King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica, Count of Barcelona |
Teresa d'Entença, Countess of Urgell |
King Peter IV (The Ceremonious) of Aragon, King of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca and Count of Barcelona
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King Ferdinand I (The Just) of Aragon, King of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca & Sicily and Count of Barcelona / Eleanor, 3rd Countess of Alburquerque |
King Ferdinand I (The Just) of Aragon, King of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca & Sicily and Count of Barcelona |
Eleanor, 3rd Countess of Alburquerque |
King John II (The Great), King of Aragon & Navarre
Eleanor Of Aragon , Queen of Portugal
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King Peter II (The Catholic) of Aragon, King of Aragon & Count of Barcelona / Marie of Montpellier, Lady of Montpellier |
King Peter II (The Catholic) of Aragon, King of Aragon & Count of Barcelona |
Marie of Montpellier, Lady of Montpellier |
King James I (The Conqueror), King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of Montpellier
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King Peter IV (The Ceremonious) of Aragon, King of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca and Count of Barcelona / Eleanor Of Sicily , Queen of Aragon |
King Peter IV (The Ceremonious) of Aragon, King of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca and Count of Barcelona |
Eleanor Of Sicily , Queen of Aragon |
Eleanor of Aragon , Queen of Castile
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King Philip III (The Bold), King of France / Isabella of Aragon, Infanta of Aragon |
King Philip III (The Bold), King of France |
Isabella of Aragon, Infanta of Aragon |
Charles, Count of Valois
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King Robert Ii (The Pious), King of France / Constance Of Aries |
King Robert Ii (The Pious), King of France |
Constance Of Aries |
King Henry I Capet, King of France
Adela Of France
Robert I (The Old), Duke of Burgundy
Robert I, Duke of Burgundy
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Boso Ii Of Arles / Constance Of Vienne |
Boso Ii Of Arles |
Constance Of Vienne |
Rotbold I, Count of Provence
William I, The Margrave of Provence
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Edmund (Crouchback), Earl of Lancaster & Leicester / Blanche Of Artois |
Edmund (Crouchback), Earl of Lancaster & Leicester |
Blanche Of Artois |
Henry, 3rd Earl of Leicester & Lancaster
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King Clovis Ii, King Of Neustria & Burgandy / Saint Balthild Of Ascenia |
King Clovis Ii, King Of Neustria & Burgandy |
Saint Balthild Of Ascenia |
King Theoderic Iii, King of the Franks
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Theodo V, Duke of Bavaria / Regintrude Of Austrasia |
Theodo V, Duke of Bavaria |
Regintrude Of Austrasia |
Daughter Of Theodo
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Odo Ii, Count of Blois / Ermengarde Of Auvergne |
Odo Ii, Count of Blois |
Ermengarde Of Auvergne |
Theobald Iii, Count of Blois, Meaux and Troyes
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Richard (The Justiciar), Duke of Burgandy / Adelaide Of Auxerre |
Richard (The Justiciar), Duke of Burgandy |
Adelaide Of Auxerre |
Adelaide Of Burgandy
Ermengarde Of Burgundy
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Władysław Ii (The Exile), High Duke of Poland & Duke of Silesia / Agnes Of Babenberg |
Władysław Ii (The Exile), High Duke of Poland & Duke of Silesia |
Agnes Of Babenberg |
Richeza Of Poland , Queen of Castile
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Henry V (The Great), Count of Arlon, Luxembourg and Laroche as Henry V, Count of Namur as Henry III and Lord of Ligny as Henry I / Margaret Of Bar |
Henry V (The Great), Count of Arlon, Luxembourg and Laroche as Henry V, Count of Namur as Henry III and Lord of Ligny as Henry I |
Margaret Of Bar |
Henry Vi, Count of Luxembourg & Arlon
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Emperor Alfonso VII, Emperor of All Spain / Berenguela Of Barcelona , Queen consort of Castile, León and Galicia |
Emperor Alfonso VII, Emperor of All Spain |
Berenguela Of Barcelona , Queen consort of Castile, León and Galicia |
King Sancho III (The Desired), King of Castile and Toledo
King Ferdinand II, King of León and Galicia
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Infante John, Constable of Portugal / Isabel Of Barcelos |
Infante John, Constable of Portugal |
Isabel Of Barcelos |
Isabella of Portugal, Queen of Castile and Leon
Infanta Beatriz of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu
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Gautier Ii, Count of Brienne / Adèle Of Baudemont |
Gautier Ii, Count of Brienne |
Adèle Of Baudemont |
Érard Ii, Count of Brienne
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Amadeus Iv, Count of Savoy / Cecile Of Baux, Countess Consort of Savoy |
Amadeus Iv, Count of Savoy |
Cecile Of Baux, Countess Consort of Savoy |
Beatrice Of Savoy , Lady of Villena
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Barral Of Baux, Viscount of Marseilles & Lord of Baux / Sibylle D'anduze |
Barral Of Baux, Viscount of Marseilles & Lord of Baux |
Sibylle D'anduze |
Cecile Of Baux, Countess Consort of Savoy
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Emperor Louis (The Pious), Holy Roman Emperor / Queen Judith Of Bavaria |
Emperor Louis (The Pious), Holy Roman Emperor |
Queen Judith Of Bavaria |
Gisela
Emperor Charles Ii (The Bald), King of West Francia, Italy & Holy Roman Emperor
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Ingerman, Count of Hesbaye / Hedwig Of Bavaria |
Ingerman, Count of Hesbaye |
Hedwig Of Bavaria |
Ermengarde Of Hesbaye
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John (The Fearless), Duke of Burgundy / Margaret Of Bavaria |
John (The Fearless), Duke of Burgundy |
Margaret Of Bavaria |
Marie Of Burgundy, Duchess of Cleves
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Saint Leudwinus, Count of Treves / Willigard Of Bavaria |
Saint Leudwinus, Count of Treves |
Willigard Of Bavaria |
Rotrude Of Treves
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Theodo Iv, Duke of Bavaria / Fara Of Bavaria , Duchess |
Theodo Iv, Duke of Bavaria |
Fara Of Bavaria , Duchess |
Theodo V, Duke of Bavaria
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Frederick Ii (The One-Eyed), Duke of Swabia / Judith Of Bavaria, Duchess of Swabia |
Frederick Ii (The One-Eyed), Duke of Swabia |
Judith Of Bavaria, Duchess of Swabia |
Emperor Frederick I
From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Frederick Barbarossa
Friedrich I. Barbarossa.Jpg
A Golden Bust Of Frederick I, Given To His Godfather Count Otto Of Cappenberg In 1171. It Was Used As A Reliquary In Cappenberg Abbey And Is Said In The Deed Of The Gift To Have Been Made "In The Likeness Of The Emperor".
Holy Roman Emperor
Reign 2 January 1155 – 10 June 1190
Coronation 18 June 1155, Rome
Predecessor Lothair Iii
Successor Henry Vi
King Of Italy
Reign 1155–1190
Coronation C. 1155, Pavia
Predecessor Conrad Iii
Successor Henry Vi
King Of Germany
Formally King Of The Romans
Reign 1152–1190
Coronation 9 March 1152, Aachen
Predecessor Conrad Iii
Successor Henry Vi
King Of Burgundy
Reign 1152–1190
Coronation 30 June 1178, Arles
Born 1122
Died 10 June 1190 (Aged 67–68)
Saleph River, Cilician Armenia
Burial Church Of St Peter, Antioch
Spouse
Adelheid Of Vohburg
Beatrice I, Countess Of Burgundy
Issue
More...
Frederick V, Duke Of Swabia
Henry Vi, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick Vi, Duke Of Swabia
Otto I, Count Of Burgundy
Conrad Ii, Duke Of Swabia
Philip, King Of Germany
House Hohenstaufen
Father Frederick Ii, Duke Of Swabia
Mother Judith Of Bavaria
Religion Roman Catholicism
Frederick I (German: Friedrich; 1122 – 10 June 1190), Also Known As Frederick Barbarossa, Was The Holy Roman Emperor From 1155 Until His Death. He Was Elected King Of Germany At Frankfurt On 4 March 1152 And Crowned In Aachen On 9 March 1152. He Became King Of Italy In 1155 And Was Crowned Roman Emperor By Pope Adrian Iv On 18 June 1155. Two Years Later, The Term Sacrum ("Holy") First Appeared In A Document In Connection With His Empire.[1] He Was Later Formally Crowned King Of Burgundy, At Arles On 30 June 1178. He Got The Name Barbarossa From The Northern Italian Cities He Attempted To Rule: Barbarossa Means "Red Beard" In Italian;[2] In German, He Was Known As Kaiser Rotbart, Which Has The Same Meaning.
Before His Imperial Election, Frederick Was By Inheritance Duke Of Swabia (1147–1152, As Frederick Iii). He Was The Son Of Duke Frederick Ii Of The Hohenstaufen Dynasty And Judith, Daughter Of Henry Ix, Duke Of Bavaria, From The Rival House Of Welf. Frederick Therefore Descended From The Two Leading Families In Germany, Making Him An Acceptable Choice For The Empire's Prince-Electors.
Historians Consider Him Among The Holy Roman Empire's Greatest Medieval Emperors. He Combined Qualities That Made Him Appear Almost Superhuman To His Contemporaries: His Longevity, His Ambition, His Extraordinary Skills At Organization, His Battlefield Acumen And His Political Perspicuity. Among His Contributions To Central European Society And Culture Include The Reestablishment Of The Corpus Juris Civilis, Or The Roman Rule Of Law, Which Counterbalanced The Papal Power That Dominated The German States Since The Conclusion Of The Investiture Controversy.
Contents [Hide]
1 Life And Reign
1.1 Early Years
1.2 Rise To Power
1.3 First Italian Campaign: 1154–55
1.4 Second, Third And Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174
1.5 Later Years
1.6 Third Crusade And Death
2 Frederick And The Justinian Code
3 Charismatic Leader
4 Legend
5 Issue
6 Ancestry
7 In Popular Culture
8 See Also
9 References
9.1 Primary Sources
9.2 Secondary Sources
10 External Links
Life And Reign[Edit]
Early Years[Edit]
Frederick Was Born In 1122. In 1147 He Became Duke Of The Southern German Region Of Swabia (Herzog Von Schwaben), And Shortly Afterwards Made His First Trip To The East, Accompanied By His Uncle, The German King Conrad Iii, On The Second Crusade. The Expedition Proved To Be A Disaster,[3] But Frederick Distinguished Himself And Won The Complete Confidence Of The King. When Conrad Died In February 1152, Only Frederick And The Prince-Bishop Of Bamberg Were At His Deathbed. Both Asserted Afterwards That Conrad Had, In Full Possession Of His Mental Powers, Handed The Royal Insignia To Frederick And Indicated That Frederick, Rather Than Conrad's Own Six-Year-Old Son, The Future Frederick Iv, Duke Of Swabia, Succeed Him As King.[4] Frederick Energetically Pursued The Crown And At Frankfurt On 4 March 1152 The Kingdom's Princely Electors Designated Him As The Next German King.[4] He Was Crowned King Of The Romans At Aachen Several Days Later, On 9 March 1152.[5] Frederick's Father Was From The Hohenstaufen Family, And His Mother Was From The Welf Family, The Two Most Powerful Families In Germany. The Hohenstaufens Were Often Called Ghibellines, Which Derives From The Italianized Name For Waiblingen Castle, The Family Seat In Swabia; The Welfs, In A Similar Italianization, Were Called Guelfs.[6]
The Reigns Of Henry Iv And Henry V Left The Status Of The German Empire In Disarray, Its Power Waning Under The Weight Of The Investiture Controversy. For A Quarter Of A Century Following The Death Of Henry V In 1125, The German Monarchy Was Largely A Nominal Title With No Real Power.[7] The King Was Chosen By The Princes, Was Given No Resources Outside Those Of His Own Duchy, And He Was Prevented From Exercising Any Real Authority Or Leadership In The Realm. The Royal Title Was Furthermore Passed From One Family To Another To Preclude The Development Of Any Dynastic Interest In The German Crown. When Frederick I Of Hohenstaufen Was Chosen As King In 1152, Royal Power Had Been In Effective Abeyance For Over Twenty-Five Years, And To A Considerable Degree For More Than Eighty Years. The Only Real Claim To Wealth Lay In The Rich Cities Of Northern Italy, Which Were Still Within The Nominal Control Of The German King.[8] The Salian Line Had Died Out With The Death Of Henry V In 1125. The German Princes Refused To Give The Crown To His Nephew, The Duke Of Swabia, For Fear He Would Try To Regain The Imperial Power Held By Henry V. Instead, They Chose Lothair Iii (1125–1137), Who Found Himself Embroiled In A Long-Running Dispute With The Hohenstaufens, And Who Married Into The Welfs. One Of The Hohenstaufens Gained The Throne As Conrad Iii Of Germany (1137–1152). When Frederick Barbarossa Succeeded His Uncle In 1152, There Seemed To Be Excellent Prospects For Ending The Feud, Since He Was A Welf On His Mother's Side.[4] The Welf Duke Of Saxony, Henry The Lion, Would Not Be Appeased, However, Remaining An Implacable Enemy Of The Hohenstaufen Monarchy. Barbarossa Had The Duchies Of Swabia And Franconia, The Force Of His Own Personality, And Very Little Else To Construct An Empire.[9]
The Germany That Frederick Tried To Unite Was A Patchwork Of More Than 1600 Individual States, Each With Its Own Prince. A Few Of These, Such As Bavaria And Saxony, Were Large. Many Were Too Small To Pinpoint On A Map.[10] The Titles Afforded To The German King Were "Caesar", "Augustus", And "Emperor Of The Romans". By The Time Frederick Would Assume These, They Were Little More Than Propaganda Slogans With Little Other Meaning.[11] Frederick Was A Pragmatist Who Dealt With The Princes By Finding A Mutual Self-Interest. Unlike Henry Ii Of England, Frederick Did Not Attempt To End Medieval Feudalism, But Rather Tried To Restore It, Though This Was Beyond His Ability. The Great Players In The German Civil War Had Been The Pope, Emperor, Ghibellines, And The Guelfs, But None Of These Had Emerged As The Winner.[12]
Rise To Power[Edit]
Penny Or Denier With Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, Struck In Nijmegen.
Eager To Restore The Empire To The Position It Had Occupied Under Charlemagne And Otto I The Great, The New King Saw Clearly That The Restoration Of Order In Germany Was A Necessary Preliminary To The Enforcement Of The Imperial Rights In Italy. Issuing A General Order For Peace, He Made Lavish Concessions To The Nobles.[13] Abroad, Frederick Intervened In The Danish Civil War Between Svend Iii And Valdemar I Of Denmark[14] And Began Negotiations With The Eastern Roman Emperor, Manuel I Comnenus.[15] It Was Probably About This Time That The King Obtained Papal Assent For The Annulment Of His Childless Marriage With Adelheid Of Vohburg, On The Grounds Of Consanguinity (His Great-Great-Grandfather Was A Brother Of Adela's Great-Great-Great-Grandmother, Making Them Fourth Cousins, Once Removed). He Then Made A Vain Effort To Obtain A Bride From The Court Of Constantinople. On His Accession Frederick Had Communicated The News Of His Election To Pope Eugene Iii, But Had Neglected To Ask For The Papal Confirmation. In March 1153, Frederick Concluded The Treaty Of Constance With The Pope, Whereby He Promised, In Return For His Coronation, To Defend The Papacy, To Make No Peace With King Roger Ii Of Sicily Or Other Enemies Of The Church Without The Consent Of Eugene, And To Help Eugene Regain Control Of The City Of Rome.[16]
First Italian Campaign: 1154–55[Edit]
Frederick Undertook Six Expeditions Into Italy. In The First, Beginning In October 1154,[17] His Plan Was To Launch A Campaign Against The Normans Under King William I Of Sicily.[15] He Marched Down And Almost Immediately Encountered Resistance To His Authority. Obtaining The Submission Of Milan, He Successfully Besieged Tortona In Early 1155, Razing It To The Ground.[18] He Moved On To Pavia, Where He Received The Iron Crown And The Title Of King Of Italy.[19] Moving Through Bologna And Tuscany, He Was Soon Approaching The City Of Rome. There, Pope Adrian Iv Was Struggling With The Forces Of The Republican City Commune Led By Arnold Of Brescia, A Student Of Abelard.[2] As A Sign Of Good Faith, Frederick Dismissed The Ambassadors From The Revived Roman Senate,[15] And Imperial Forces Suppressed The Republicans. Arnold Was Captured And Hanged For Treason And Rebellion. Despite His Unorthodox Teaching Concerning Theology, Arnold Was Not Charged With Heresy.[20]
As Frederick Approached The Gates Of Rome, The Pope Advanced To Meet Him. At The Royal Tent The King Received Him, And After Kissing The Pope's Feet, Frederick Expected To Receive The Traditional Kiss Of Peace.[21] Frederick Had Declined To Hold The Pope's Stirrup While Leading Him To The Tent, However, So Adrian Refused To Give The Kiss Until This Protocol Had Been Complied With.[2] Frederick Hesitated, And Adrian Iv Withdrew; After A Day's Negotiation, Frederick Agreed To Perform The Required Ritual, Reportedly Muttering, "Pro Petro, Non Adriano -- For Peter, Not For Adrian."[21] Rome Was Still In An Uproar Over The Fate Of Arnold Of Brescia, So Rather Than Marching Through The Streets Of Rome, Frederick And Adrian Retired To The Vatican.
The Next Day, 18 June 1155, Adrian Iv Crowned Frederick I Holy Roman Emperor At St Peter's Basilica, Amidst The Acclamations Of The German Army.[22] The Romans Began To Riot, And Frederick Spent His Coronation Day Putting Down The Revolt, Resulting In The Deaths Of Over 1,000 Romans And Many More Thousands Injured. The Next Day, Frederick, Adrian, And The German Army Travelled To Tivoli. From There, A Combination Of The Unhealthy Italian Summer And The Effects Of His Year-Long Absence From Germany Meant He Was Forced To Put Off His Planned Campaign Against The Normans Of Sicily.[22] On Their Way Northwards, They Attacked Spoleto And Encountered The Ambassadors Of Manuel I Comnenus, Who Showered Frederick With Costly Gifts. At Verona, Frederick Declared His Fury With The Rebellious Milanese Before Finally Returning To Germany.[23]
Disorder Was Again Rampant In Germany, Especially In Bavaria, But General Peace Was Restored By Frederick's Vigorous, But Conciliatory, Measures. The Duchy Of Bavaria Was Transferred From Henry Ii Jasomirgott, Margrave Of Austria, To Frederick's Formidable Younger Cousin Henry The Lion, Duke Of Saxony, Of The House Of Guelph, Whose Father Had Previously Held Both Duchies.[24] Henry Ii Jasomirgott Was Named Duke Of Austria In Compensation For His Loss Of Bavaria. As Part Of His General Policy Of Concessions Of Formal Power To The German Princes And Ending The Civil Wars Within The Kingdom, Frederick Further Appeased Henry By Issuing Him With The Privilegium Minus, Granting Him Unprecedented Entitlements As Duke Of Austria. This Was A Large Concession On The Part Of Frederick, Who Realized That Henry The Lion Had To Be Accommodated, Even To The Point Of Sharing Some Power With Him. Frederick Could Not Afford To Make An Outright Enemy Of Henry.[25]
On 9 June 1156 At Würzburg, Frederick Married Beatrice Of Burgundy, Daughter And Heiress Of Renaud Iii, Thus Adding To His Possessions The Sizeable Realm Of The County Of Burgundy. In An Attempt To Create Comity, Emperor Frederick Proclaimed The Peace Of The Land,[26] Written Between 1152 And 1157, Which Enacted Punishments For A Variety Of Crimes, As Well As Systems For Adjudicating Many Disputes. He Also Declared Himself The Sole Augustus Of The Roman World, Ceasing To Recognise Manuel I At Constantinople.[27]
Second, Third And Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174[Edit]
Frederick Barbarossa As A Crusader, Miniature From A Copy Of The Historia Hierosolymitana, 1188.
The Retreat Of Frederick In 1155 Forced Pope Adrian Iv To Come To Terms With King William I Of Sicily, Granting To William I Territories That Frederick Viewed As His Dominion.[28] This Aggrieved Frederick, And He Was Further Displeased When Papal Legates Chose To Interpret A Letter From Adrian To Frederick In A Manner That Seemed To Imply That The Imperial Crown Was A Gift From The Papacy And That In Fact The Empire Itself Was A Fief Of The Papacy.[29] Disgusted With The Pope, And Still Wishing To Crush The Normans In The South Of Italy, In June 1158, Frederick Set Out Upon His Second Italian Expedition, Accompanied By Henry The Lion And His Saxon Troops.[30] This Expedition Resulted In The Revolt And Capture Of Milan,[31] The Diet Of Roncaglia That Saw The Establishment Of Imperial Officers And Ecclesiastical Reforms In The Cities Of Northern Italy,[32] And The Beginning Of The Long Struggle With Pope Alexander Iii.
The Death Of Pope Adrian Iv In 1159 Led To The Election Of Two Rival Popes, Alexander Iii And The Antipope Victor Iv, And Both Sought Frederick's Support.[33] Frederick, Busy With The Siege Of Crema, Appeared Unsupportive Of Alexander Iii, And After The Sacking Of Crema Demanded That Alexander Appear Before The Emperor At Pavia And To Accept The Imperial Decree.[34] Alexander Refused, And Frederick Recognised Victor Iv As The Legitimate Pope In 1160.[35] In Response, Alexander Iii Excommunicated Both Frederick I And Victor Iv.[36] Frederick Attempted To Convoke A Joint Council With King Louis Vii Of France In 1162 To Decide The Issue Of Who Should Be Pope.[35] Louis Neared The Meeting Site, But When He Became Aware That Frederick Had Stacked The Votes For Alexander, Louis Decided Not To Attend The Council. As A Result, The Issue Was Not Resolved At That Time.[37]
The Political Result Of The Struggle With Pope Alexander Was An Alliance Formed Between The Norman State Of Sicily And Pope Alexander Iii Against Frederick.[38] In The Meantime, Frederick Had To Deal With Another Rebellion At Milan, In Which The City Surrendered On 6 March 1162; Much Of It Was Destroyed Three Weeks Later On The Emperor's Orders.[39] The Fate Of Milan Led To The Submission Of Brescia, Placentia, And Many Other Northern Italian Cities.[40] Returning To Germany Towards The Close Of 1162, Frederick Prevented The Escalation Of Conflicts Between Henry The Lion From Saxony And A Number Of Neighbouring Princes Who Were Growing Weary Of Henry's Power, Influence, And Territorial Gains. He Also Severely Punished The Citizens Of Mainz For Their Rebellion Against Archbishop Arnold. In Frederick's Third Visit To Italy In 1163, His Plans For The Conquest Of Sicily Were Ruined By The Formation Of A Powerful League Against Him, Brought Together Mainly By Opposition To Imperial Taxes.
In 1164 Frederick Took What Are Believed To Be The Relics Of The "Biblical Magi" (The Wise Men Or Three Kings) From The Basilica Di Sant'eustorgio In Milan And Gave Them As A Gift (Or As Loot) To The Archbishop Of Cologne, Rainald Of Dassel. The Relics Had Great Religious Significance And Could Be Counted Upon To Draw Pilgrims From All Over Christendom. Today They Are Kept In The Shrine Of The Three Kings In The Cologne Cathedral. After The Death Of The Antipope Victor Iv, Frederick Supported Antipope Paschal Iii, But He Was Soon Driven From Rome, Leading To The Return Of Pope Alexander Iii In 1165.[41]
In The Meantime Frederick Was Focused On Restoring Peace In The Rhineland, Where He Organized A Magnificent Celebration Of The Canonization Of Charles The Great (Charlemagne) At Aachen, Under The Authority Of The Antipope Paschal Iii. Concerned Over Rumours That Alexander Iii Was About To Enter Into An Alliance With The Byzantine Emperor Manuel I,[42] In October 1166 Frederick Embarked On His Fourth Italian Campaign, Hoping As Well To Secure The Claim Of Paschal Iii And The Coronation Of His Wife Beatrice As Holy Roman Empress. This Time, Henry The Lion Refused To Join Frederick On His Italian Trip, Tending Instead To His Own Disputes With Neighbors And His Continuing Expansion Into Slavic Territories In Northeastern Germany. In 1167 Frederick Began Besieging Ancona, Which Had Acknowledged The Authority Of Manuel I;[43] At The Same Time, His Forces Achieved A Great Victory Over The Romans At The Battle Of Monte Porzio.[44] Heartened By This Victory, Frederick Lifted The Siege Of Ancona And Hurried To Rome, Where He Had His Wife Crowned Empress And Also Received A Second Coronation From Paschal Iii.[44] Unfortunately, His Campaign Was Halted By The Sudden Outbreak Of An Epidemic (Malaria Or The Plague), Which Threatened To Destroy The Imperial Army And Drove The Emperor As A Fugitive To Germany,[45][46] Where He Remained For The Ensuing Six Years. During This Period, Frederick Decided Conflicting Claims To Various Bishoprics, Asserted Imperial Authority Over Bohemia, Poland, And Hungary, Initiated Friendly Relations With Manuel I, And Tried To Come To A Better Understanding With Henry Ii Of England And Louis Vii Of France. Many Swabian Counts, Including His Cousin The Young Duke Of Swabia, Frederick Iv, Died In 1167, So He Was Able To Organize A New Mighty Territory In The Duchy Of Swabia Under His Reign In This Time. Consequently, His Younger Son Frederick V Became The New Duke Of Swabia In 1167,[47] While His Eldest Son Henry Was Crowned King Of The Romans In 1169, Alongside His Father Who Also Retained The Title.[45]
Later Years[Edit]
Frederick Barbarossa, Middle, Flanked By Two Of His Children, King Henry Vi (Left) And Duke Frederick Vi (Right). From The Historia Welforum.
Increasing Anti-German Sentiment Swept Through Lombardy, Culminating In The Restoration Of Milan In 1169.[48] In 1174 Frederick Made His Fifth Expedition To Italy. (It Was Probably During This Time That The Famous Tafelgüterverzeichnis, A Record Of The Royal Estates, Was Made.[49]) He Was Opposed By The Pro-Papal Lombard League (Now Joined By Venice, Sicily, And Constantinople), Which Had Previously Formed To Stand Against Him.[50] The Cities Of Northern Italy Had Become Exceedingly Wealthy Through Trade, Representing A Marked Turning Point In The Transition From Medieval Feudalism. While Continental Feudalism Had Remained Strong Socially And Economically, It Was In Deep Political Decline By The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa. When The Northern Italian Cities Inflicted A Defeat On Frederick At Alessandria In 1175, The European World Was Shocked.[51][52] With The Refusal Of Henry The Lion To Bring Help To Italy, The Campaign Was A Complete Failure. Frederick Suffered A Heavy Defeat At The Battle Of Legnano Near Milan, On 29 May 1176, Where He Was Wounded And For Some Time Was Believed To Be Dead.[53] This Battle Marked The Turning Point In Frederick's Claim To Empire.[54] He Had No Choice Other Than To Begin Negotiations For Peace With Alexander Iii And The Lombard League. In The Peace Of Anagni In 1176, Frederick Recognized Alexander Iii As Pope, And In The Peace Of Venice In 1177, Frederick And Alexander Iii Were Formally Reconciled.[55]
The Scene Was Similar To That Which Had Occurred Between Pope Gregory Vii And Henry Iv, Holy Roman Emperor At Canossa A Century Earlier. The Conflict Was The Same As That Resolved In The Concordat Of Worms: Did The Holy Roman Emperor Have The Power To Name The Pope And Bishops? The Investiture Controversy From Previous Centuries Had Been Brought To A Tendentious Peace With The Concordat Of Worms And Affirmed In The First Council Of The Lateran. Now It Had Recurred, In A Slightly Different Form. Frederick Had To Humble Himself Before Alexander Iii At Venice.[56] The Emperor Acknowledged The Pope's Sovereignty Over The Papal States, And In Return Alexander Acknowledged The Emperor's Overlordship Of The Imperial Church. Also In The Peace Of Venice, A Truce Was Made With The Lombard Cities, Which Took Effect In August 1178.[57] The Grounds For A Permanent Peace Were Not Established Until 1183, However, In The Peace Of Constance, When Frederick Conceded Their Right To Freely Elect Town Magistrates. By This Move, Frederick Recovered His Nominal Domination Over Italy, Which Became His Chief Means Of Applying Pressure On The Papacy.[58]
In A Move To Consolidate His Reign After The Disastrous Expedition Into Italy, Frederick Was Formally Crowned King Of Burgundy At Arles On 30 June 1178. Although Traditionally The German Kings Had Automatically Inherited The Royal Crown Of Arles Since The Time Of Conrad Ii, Frederick Felt The Need To Be Crowned By The Archbishop Of Arles, Regardless Of His Laying Claim To The Title From 1152.
Frederick Did Not Forgive Henry The Lion For Refusing To Come To His Aid In 1176.[59] By 1180, Henry Had Successfully Established A Powerful And Contiguous State Comprising Saxony, Bavaria, And Substantial Territories In The North And East Of Germany. Taking Advantage Of The Hostility Of Other German Princes To Henry, Frederick Had Henry Tried In Absentia By A Court Of Bishops And Princes In 1180, Declared That Imperial Law Overruled Traditional German Law, And Had Henry Stripped Of His Lands And Declared An Outlaw.[60] He Then Invaded Saxony With An Imperial Army To Force His Cousin To Surrender. Henry's Allies Deserted Him, And He Finally Had To Submit In November 1181. Henry Spent Three Years In Exile At The Court Of His Father-In-Law Henry Ii Of England In Normandy Before Being Allowed Back Into Germany. He Finished His Days In Germany, As The Much-Diminished Duke Of Brunswick.[61] Frederick's Desire For Revenge Was Sated. Henry The Lion Lived A Relatively Quiet Life, Sponsoring Arts And Architecture. Frederick's Victory Over Henry Did Not Gain Him As Much In The German Feudalistic System As It Would Have In The English Feudalistic System. While In England The Pledge Of Fealty Went In A Direct Line From Overlords To Those Under Them, The Germans Pledged Oaths Only To The Direct Overlord, So That In Henry's Case, Those Below Him In The Feudal Chain Owed Nothing To Frederick. Thus, Despite The Diminished Stature Of Henry The Lion, Frederick Did Not Gain His Allegiances.[62]
Frederick Was Faced With The Reality Of Disorder Among The German States, Where Continuous Civil Wars Were Waged Between Pretenders And The Ambitious Who Wanted The Crown For Themselves. Italian Unity Under German Rule Was More Myth Than Truth. Despite Proclamations Of German Hegemony, The Pope Was The Most Powerful Force In Italy.[63] When Frederick Returned To Germany After His Defeat In Northern Italy, He Was A Bitter And Exhausted Man. The German Princes, Far From Being Subordinated To Royal Control, Were Intensifying Their Hold On Wealth And Power In Germany And Entrenching Their Positions. There Began To Be A Generalized Social Desire To "Create Greater Germany" By Conquering The Slavs To The East.[64]
Although The Italian City States Had Achieved A Measure Of Independence From Frederick As A Result Of His Failed Fifth Expedition Into Italy,[65] The Emperor Had Not Given Up On His Italian Dominions. In 1184, He Held A Massive Celebration When His Two Eldest Sons Were Knighted, And Thousands Of Knights Were Invited From All Over Germany. While Payments Upon The Knighting Of A Son Were Part Of The Expectations Of An Overlord In England And France, Only A "Gift" Was Given In Germany For Such An Occasion. Frederick's Monetary Gain From This Celebration Is Said To Have Been Modest.[66] Later In 1184, Frederick Again Moved Into Italy, This Time Joining Forces With The Local Rural Nobility To Reduce The Power Of The Tuscan Cities.[67] In 1186, He Engineered The Marriage Of His Son Henry To Constance Of Sicily, Heiress To The Kingdom Of Sicily, Over The Objections Of Pope Urban Iii.[68]
Third Crusade And Death[Edit]
Pope Urban Iii Died Shortly After, And Was Succeeded By Gregory Viii, Who Was More Concerned With Troubling Reports From The Holy Land Than With A Power Struggle With Barbarossa. After Making His Peace With The New Pope, Frederick Vowed To Take Up The Cross At The Diet Of Mainz In 1188.[50] Frederick Embarked On The Third Crusade (1189–92), A Massive Expedition In Conjunction With The French, Led By King Philip Augustus, And The English, Under King Richard The Lionheart. Frederick Organized A Grand Army Of 100,000 Men (Including 20,000 Knights) And Set Out On The Overland Route To The Holy Land;[69] Some Historians Believe That This Is An Exaggeration, However, And That The True Figure Might Be Closer To 15,000 Men, Including 3,000 Knights.[70]
Barbarossa Drowns In The Saleph. From The Gotha Manuscript Of The Saxon World Chronicle
The Saleph River, Now Known As The Göksu
The Crusaders Passed Through Hungary, Serbia, And Bulgaria Before Entering Byzantine Territory And Arriving At Constantinople In The Autumn Of 1189. Matters Were Complicated By A Secret Alliance Between The Emperor Of Constantinople And Saladin, Warning Of Which Was Supplied By A Note From Sibylla, Ex-Queen Of Jerusalem.[71] While In Hungary, Barbarossa Personally Asked The Hungarian Prince Géza, Brother Of King Béla Iii Of Hungary, To Join The Crusade. The King Agreed, And A Hungarian Army Of 2,000 Men Led By Géza Escorted The German Emperor's Forces. The Armies Coming From Western Europe Pushed On Through Anatolia, Where They Were Victorious In Taking Aksehir And Defeating The Turks In The Battle Of Iconium, And Entered Cilician Armenia. The Approach Of The Immense German Army Greatly Concerned Saladin And The Other Muslim Leaders, Who Began To Rally Troops Of Their Own To Confront Barbarossa's Forces.[2]
On 10 June 1190, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa Drowned Near Silifke Castle In The Saleph River.[72] Accounts Of The Event Are Conflicting. Some Historians Believe He May Have Had A Heart Attack That Complicated Matters. Some Of Frederick's Men Put Him In A Barrel Of Vinegar To Preserve His Body.
Frederick's Death Plunged His Army Into Chaos. Leaderless, Panicking, And Attacked On All Sides By Turks, Many Germans Deserted, Were Killed, Or Committed Suicide. Only 5,000 Soldiers, A Small Fraction Of The Original Force, Arrived In Acre. Barbarossa's Son, Frederick Vi Of Swabia, Carried On With The Remnants Of The German Army, Along With The Hungarian Army Under The Command Of Prince Géza, With The Aim Of Burying The Emperor In Jerusalem, But Efforts To Conserve His Body In Vinegar Failed. Hence, His Flesh Was Interred In The Church Of St Peter In Antioch, His Bones In The Cathedral Of Tyre, And His Heart And Inner Organs In Tarsus.[2]
The Unexpected Demise Of Frederick Left The Crusader Army Under The Command Of The Rivals Philip Ii And Richard, Who Had Traveled To Palestine Separately By Sea, And Ultimately Led To Its Dissolution. Richard Continued To The East Where He Defeated Saladin In Many Battles, Winning Significant Territories Along The Shores Of Palestine, But Ultimately Failed To Win The War By Conquering Jerusalem Itself Before He Was Forced To Return To His Own Territories In North-Western Europe, Known As The Angevin Empire. He Returned Home After He Signed The Treaty Of Ramla Agreeing That Jerusalem Would Remain Under Muslim Control While Allowing Unarmed Christian Pilgrims And Traders To Visit The City. The Treaty Also Reduced The Latin Kingdom To A Geopolitical Coastal Strip Extending From Tyre To Jaffa.
Frederick And The Justinian Code[Edit]
The Increase In Wealth Of The Trading Cities Of Northern Italy Led To A Revival In The Study Of The Justinian Code, A Latin Legal System That Had Become Extinct Centuries Earlier. Legal Scholars Renewed Its Application. It Is Speculated That Pope Gregory Vii Personally Encouraged The Justinian Rule Of Law And Had A Copy Of It. The Historian Norman Cantor Described Corpus Iuris Civilis (Justinian Body Of Civil Law) As "The Greatest Legal Code Ever Devised".[73] It Envisaged The Law Of The State As A Reflection Of Natural Moral Law (As Seen By The Men Of The Justinian System), The Principle Of Rationality In The Universe. By The Time Frederick Assumed The Throne, This Legal System Was Well Established On Both Sides Of The Alps. He Was The First To Utilize The Availability Of The New Professional Class Of Lawyers. The Civil Law Allowed Frederick To Use These Lawyers To Administer His Kingdom In A Logical And Consistent Manner. It Also Provided A Framework To Legitimize His Claim To The Right To Rule Both Germany And Northern Italy. In The Old Days Of Henry V And Henry Vi, The Claim Of Divine Right Of Kings Had Been Severely Undermined By The Investiture Controversy. The Church Had Won That Argument In The Common Man's Mind. There Was No Divine Right For The German King To Also Control The Church By Naming Both Bishops And Popes. The Institution Of The Justinian Code Was Used, Perhaps Unscrupulously, By Frederick To Lay Claim To Divine Powers.[74]
In Germany, Frederick Was A Political Realist, Taking What He Could And Leaving The Rest. In Italy, He Tended To Be A Romantic Reactionary, Reveling In The Antiquarian Spirit Of The Age, Exemplified By A Revival Of Classical Studies And Roman Law. It Was Through The Use Of The Restored Justinian Code That Frederick Came To View Himself As A New Roman Emperor.[75] Roman Law Gave A Rational Purpose For The Existence Of Frederick And His Imperial Ambitions. It Was A Counterweight To The Claims Of The Church To Have Authority Because Of Divine Revelation. The Church Was Opposed To Frederick For Ideological Reasons, Not The Least Of Which Was The Humanist Nature Found In The Revival Of The Old Roman Legal System.[76] When Pepin The Short Sought To Become King Of The Franks In The 8Th Century, The Church Needed Military Protection, So Pepin Found It Convenient To Make An Ally Of The Pope. Frederick, However, Desired To Put The Pope Aside And Claim The Crown Of Old Rome Simply Because He Was In The Likeness Of The Greatest Emperors Of The Pre-Christian Era. Pope Adrian Iv Was Naturally Opposed To This View And Undertook A Vigorous Propaganda Campaign Designed To Diminish Frederick And His Ambition. To A Large Extent, This Was Successful.[77]
Charismatic Leader[Edit]
Historians Have Compared Frederick To Henry Ii Of England. Both Were Considered The Greatest And Most Charismatic Leaders Of Their Age. Each Possessed A Rare Combination Of Qualities That Made Him Appear Superhuman To His Contemporaries: Longevity, Boundless Ambition, Extraordinary Organizing Skill, And Greatness On The Battlefield. Both Were Handsome And Proficient In Courtly Skills, Without Appearing Effeminate Or Affected. Both Came To The Throne In The Prime Of Manhood. Each Had An Element Of Learning, Without Being Considered Impractical Intellectuals But Rather More Inclined To Practicality. Each Found Himself In The Possession Of New Legal Institutions That Were Put To Creative Use In Governing. Both Henry And Frederick Were Viewed To Be Sufficiently And Formally Devout To The Teachings Of The Church, Without Being Moved To The Extremes Of Spirituality Seen In The Great Saints Of The 12Th Century. In Making Final Decisions, Each Relied Solely Upon His Own Judgment,[78] And Both Were Interested In Gathering As Much Power As They Could.[79]
In Keeping With This View Of Frederick, His Uncle, Otto Of Freising, Wrote An Account Of Frederick's Reign Entitled Gesta Friderici I Imperatoris (Deeds Of The Emperor Frederick). Otto Died After Finishing The First Two Books, Leaving The Last Two To Rahewin, His Provost. The Text Is In Places Heavily Dependent On Classical Precedent.[80] For Example, Rahewin's Physical Description Of Frederick Reproduces Word-For-Word (Except For Details Of Hair And Beard) A Description Of Another Monarch Written Nearly Eight Hundred Years Earlier By Sidonius Apollinaris:[81]
His Character Is Such That Not Even Those Envious Of His Power Can Belittle Its Praise. His Person Is Well-Proportioned. He Is Shorter Than Very Tall Men, But Taller And More Noble Than Men Of Medium Height. His Hair Is Golden, Curling A Little Above His Forehead ... His Eyes Are Sharp And Piercing, His Beard Reddish [Barba Subrufa], His Lips Delicate ... His Whole Face Is Bright And Cheerful. His Teeth Are Even And Snow-White In Color ... Modesty Rather Than Anger Causes Him To Blush Frequently. His Shoulders Are Rather Broad, And He Is Strongly Built ...
Frederick's Charisma Led To A Fantastic Juggling Act That, Over A Quarter Of A Century, Restored The Imperial Authority In The German States. His Formidable Enemies Defeated Him On Almost Every Side, Yet In The End He Emerged Triumphant. When Frederick Came To The Throne, The Prospects For The Revival Of German Imperial Power Were Extremely Thin. The Great German Princes Had Increased Their Power And Land Holdings. The King Had Been Left With Only The Traditional Family Domains And A Vestige Of Power Over The Bishops And Abbeys. The Backwash Of The Investiture Controversy Had Left The German States In Continuous Turmoil. Rival States Were In Perpetual War. These Conditions Allowed Frederick To Be Both Warrior And Occasional Peace-Maker, Both To His Advantage.[9]
Legend[Edit]
Frederick Sends Out The Boy To See Whether The Ravens Still Fly.
Frederick Is The Subject Of Many Legends, Including That Of A Sleeping Hero, Like The Much Older British Celtic Legends Of Arthur Or Bran The Blessed. Legend Says He Is Not Dead, But Asleep With His Knights In A Cave In The Kyffhäuser Mountain In Thuringia Or Mount Untersberg In Bavaria, Germany, And That When The Ravens Cease To Fly Around The Mountain He Will Awake And Restore Germany To Its Ancient Greatness. According To The Story, His Red Beard Has Grown Through The Table At Which He Sits. His Eyes Are Half Closed In Sleep, But Now And Then He Raises His Hand And Sends A Boy Out To See If The Ravens Have Stopped Flying.[82] A Similar Story, Set In Sicily, Was Earlier Attested About His Grandson, Frederick Ii.[83] To Garner Political Support The German Empire Built Atop The Kyffhäuser The Kyffhäuser Monument, Which Declared Kaiser Wilhelm I The Reincarnation Of Frederick; The 1896 Dedication Occurred On 18 June, The Day Of Frederick's Coronation.[84]
In Medieval Europe, The Golden Legend Became Refined By Jacopo Da Voragine. This Was A Popularized Interpretation Of The Biblical End Of The World. It Consisted Of Three Things: (1) Terrible Natural Disasters; (2) The Arrival Of The Antichrist; (3) The Establishment Of A Good King To Combat The Anti-Christ. These Millennial Fables Were Common And Freely Traded By The Populations On Continental Europe. End-Time Accounts Had Been Around For Thousands Of Years, But Entered The Christian Tradition With The Writings Of The Apostle Peter. German Propaganda Played Into The Exaggerated Fables Believed By The Common People By Characterizing Frederick Barbarossa And Frederick Ii As Personification Of The "Good King".[85]
Frederick's Uncle, Otto, Bishop Of Freising Wrote A Biography Entitled The Deeds Of Frederick Barbarosa, Which Is Considered To Be An Accurate History Of The King. Otto's Other Major Work, The Two Cities Was An Exposition Of The Work Of St. Augustine Of Hippo Of A Similar Title. The Latter Work Was Full Of Augustinian Negativity Concerning The Nature Of The World And History. His Work On Frederick Is Of Opposite Tone, Being An Optimistic Portrayal Of The Glorious Potentials Of Imperial Authority. (See Description Supra.)[86]
Another Legend States That When Barbarossa Was In The Process Of Seizing Milan In 1158, His Wife, The Empress Beatrice, Was Taken Captive By The Enraged Milanese And Forced To Ride Through The City On A Donkey In A Humiliating Manner. Some Sources Of This Legend Indicate That Barbarossa Implemented His Revenge For This Insult By Forcing The Magistrates Of The City To Remove A Fig From The Anus Of A Donkey Using Only Their Teeth.[87] Another Source States That Barbarossa Took His Wrath Upon Every Able-Bodied Man In The City, And That It Was Not A Fig They Were Forced To Hold In Their Mouth, But Excrement From The Donkey. To Add To This Debasement, They Were Made To Announce, "Ecco La Fica", (Meaning "Behold The Fig"), With The Feces Still In Their Mouths. It Used To Be Said That The Insulting Gesture, (Called Fico), Of Holding One's Fist With The Thumb In Between The Middle And Forefinger Came By Its Origin From This Event.[88]
Issue[Edit]
Frederick's First Marriage, To Adelheid Of Vohburg, Did Not Produce Any Issue And Was Annulled.[89]
From His Second Marriage, To Beatrice Of Burgundy,[89] He Had The Following Children:
Beatrice (1162–1174). She Was Betrothed To King William Ii Of Sicily But Died Before They Could Be Married.
Frederick V, Duke Of Swabia (Pavia, 16 July 1164 – 28 November 1170).
Henry Vi, Holy Roman Emperor (Nijmegen, November 1165 – Messina, 28 September 1197).[89]
Conrad (Modigliana, February 1167 – Acre, 20 January 1191), Later Renamed Frederick Vi, Duke Of Swabia After The Death Of His Older Brother.[89]
Gisela (October/November 1168 – 1184).
Otto I, Count Of Burgundy (June/July 1170 – Killed, Besançon, 13 January 1200).[89]
Conrad Ii, Duke Of Swabia And Rothenburg (February/March 1172 – Killed, Durlach, 15 August 1196).[89]
Renaud (October/November 1173 – In Infancy).
William (June/July 1176 – In Infancy).
Philip Of Swabia (August 1177 – Killed, Bamberg, 21 June 1208) King Of Germany In 1198.[89]
Agnes (1181 – 8 October 1184). She Was Betrothed To King Emeric Of Hungary But Died Before They Could Be Married.
Ancestry[Edit]
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[Show]Ancestors Of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
In Popular Culture[Edit]
In Victor Hugo's Romantic Play Les Burgraves (1843), Frederick (As Character Frédéric De Hohenstaufen) Returns Many Years After He Was Presumed Dead, As Expected By Some Medieval Legends.
Cyrus Townsend Brady's Hohenzollern; A Story Of The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa (1901) Begins With A Dedication To "The Descendants Of The Great Germanic Race Who In Europe, In America, And In The Far East Rule The World".[90]
Land Of Unreason (1941), By L. Sprague De Camp And Fletcher Pratt, Mentions The Castle Of The Kyffhäuser.
John Crowley's Novel Little, Big (1981) Features Frederick Barbarossa As A Character In Modern Times, Awoken From His Centuries Of Sleep. In The Book, He Becomes The President Of The United States And Rules As A Tyrant.[91]
Umberto Eco's Novel Baudolino (2000) Is Set Partly At Frederick's Court, And Also Deals With The Mystery Of Frederick's Death. The Imaginary Hero, Baudolino, Is The Emperor's Adopted Son And Confidant.
In 1999 Film The Thomas Crown Affair, The Title Character Is Said To Be In Possession Of "An Ornament Worn By Frederick Barbarossa At His Coronation In 1152."
The 1999 Real-Time Strategy Video Game Age Of Empires Ii: The Age Of Kings Developed By Ensemble Studios Has A Campaign Which Follows Fredrick Barbarossa From The Period Of His Struggles In Germany To His Death On The Third Crusade. It Is Of Note That Barbarossa Never Appears As An Actual Unit In The Game, Though The Objective Of The Final Level (After His Death) Is To Take A Unit Named "Emperor In A Barrel" To The Dome Of The Rock In Jerusalem.
In The 2002 Real-Time Strategy Video Game Stronghold: Crusader, Emperor Frederick Is An Ai Opponent That Players Can Challenge In Skirmish Play.
The 2006 Turn-Based Strategy Video Game Medieval Ii Total War: Kingdoms Developed By Creative Assembly Features Frederick Barbarossa In The Crusade Campaign. Barbarossa Launches A Crusade To The Holy Land With 100,000 Strong Men. During The Next 'Turn,' He Drowns In The Sea And Because Of His Death The Crusade Is Canceled.
Andreas Seiler's Novel Real Wizard (2008) Is An Attribution To The 1,000-Year-Old Myth, With Aspects Of Life And Death Of The Emperor. It Includes A Generalised German History Of Unification As A Background To The Story. Isbn 978-0-646-49625-2
In The 2009 Movie Barbarossa (Also Entitled Sword Of War And Barbarossa: Siege Lord), Barbarossa Is One Of The Main Characters, Played By Rutger Hauer.
Frederick Barbarossa Leads The German Civilization In The 2016 4X Video Game Civilization Vi Developed By Firaxis Games.[92][93]
See Also[Edit]
German Monarchs Family Tree
Dukes Of Swabia Family Tree
Operation Barbarossa, The Codename Of The German Invasion Of The Soviet Union In 1941.[94]
References[Edit]
This Article Incorporates Text From A Publication Now In The Public Domain: Chisholm, Hugh, Ed. (1911). "Frederick I., Roman Emperor". Encyclopædia Britannica (11Th Ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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Jump Up ^ "Peace Of The Land Established By Frederick Barbarossa Between 1152 And 1157 A.D.". The Avalon Project. Yale Law School.
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 234
Jump Up ^ Wikisource-Logo.Svg Ua Clerigh, Arthur (1913). "Pope Adrian Iv". In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 253
Jump Up ^ Leyser (1988), P. 157
^ Jump Up To: A B Kampers, Franz. "Frederick I (Barbarossa)". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 21 May 2009.
Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 104
Jump Up ^ Reprint Of B. Arthaud. La Civilization De L'occident Medieval, Paris, 1964.
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 257
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 332 Et Seq.
Jump Up ^ Brown (1972), Pp. 164–165
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 260
Jump Up ^ See Yale Avalon Project.
Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), Pp. 96–97
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 263
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 333
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 264
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 433–434
Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), Pp. 102–103
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 429
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 262
Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 240
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 265
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 266
Jump Up ^ J. Phillips, The Fourth Crusade And The Sack Of Constantinople, 66
Jump Up ^ Konstam, Historical Atlas Of The Crusades, 162
Jump Up ^ The Crusade Of Frederick Barbarossa: Letters, Fordham University.
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 267
Jump Up ^ Cantor, Norman F. (1993). The Civilization Of The Middle Ages. New York: Harpercollins. P. 309. Isbn 0060170336. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 340–342
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 332
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 324
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 325
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 422–423
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 424
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 360
Jump Up ^ Sidonius Apollinaris, Epistles 1.2, A Description Of Theodoric Ii Of The Visigoths (453–66). See Mierow And Emery (1953) P. 331.
Jump Up ^ Brown (1972), P. 172
Jump Up ^ Kantorowicz, Frederick Ii; Last Chapter
Jump Up ^ Jarausch (1997), P. 35
Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 190
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 359–360
Jump Up ^ Walford, Cox & Apperson (1885), P. 119
Jump Up ^ Novobatzky & Shea (2001)
^ Jump Up To: A B C D E F G Gislebertus (Of Mons), Chronicle Of Hainaut, Transl. Laura Napran, (Boydell Press, 2005), 55 Note245.
Jump Up ^ Brady (1901)
Jump Up ^ Crowley (2006), Pp. 346, 429
Jump Up ^ "Civilization Vi: Frederick Barbarossa Leads Germany". Official Civilization Website. August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
Jump Up ^ "Frederick Barbarossa Leads Germany In 'Civilization Vi'". Digital Trends. August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
Jump Up ^ Kershaw (2001), P. 335
Primary Sources[Edit]
Otto Of Freising And His Continuator Rahewin, The Deeds Of Frederick Barbarossa Tr. Charles Christopher Mierow With Richard Emery. New York: Columbia University Press, 1953. Reprinted: Toronto: University Of Toronto Press, 1994.
Ibn Al-Athir
Romuald Of Salerno. Chronicon In Rerum Italicarum Scriptores.
Otto Of Sankt Blasien
The "Bergamo Master". Carmen De Gestis Frederici I Imperatoris In Lombardia.
Chronicon Vincentii Canonici Pragensis In Monumenta Historica Boemiae By Fr. Gelasius Dobner (1764)[1] [2]
Secondary Sources[Edit]
Brady, Charles Townsend (1901). Hohenzollern; A Story Of The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa. New York: The Century Co.
Brown, R. A. (1972). The Origins Of Modern Europe. Boydell Press.
Bryce, James (1913). The Holy Roman Empire. Macmillan.
Canduci, Alexander (2010). Triumph & Tragedy: The Rise And Fall Of Rome's Immortal Emperors. Pier 9. Isbn 978-1-74196-598-8.
Cantor, N. F. (1969). Medieval History. Macmillan And Company.
Comyn, Robert (1851). History Of The Western Empire, From Its Restoration By Charlemagne To The Accession Of Charles V. I.
Crowley, John William (2006). Little, Big. New York: Perennial. Isbn 978-0-06-112005-3.
Dahmus, J. (1969). The Middle Ages, A Popular History. Garden City, Ny: Doubleday.
Davis, R. H. C. (1957). A History Of Medieval Europe. Longmans.
Falco, G. (1964). The Holy Roman Republic. New York: Barnes And Co.
Freed, John (2016). Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince And The Myth. New Haven, Ct: Yale University Press. Isbn 978-0-300-122763.
Jarausch, K. H. (1997). After Unity; Reconfiguring German Identities. New York: Berghahn Books. Isbn 1-57181-041-2.
Kershaw, Ian (2001). Hitler, 1936–45: Nemesis. Penguin.
Le Goff, J. (2000). Medieval Civilization, 400–1500. New York: Barnes And Noble.
Leyser, Karl J. (1988). Frederick Barbarossa And The Hohenstaufen Polity. University Of California Press.
Munz, Peter (1969). Frederick Barbarossa: A Study In Medieval Politics. Ithaca And London: Cornell University Press.
Novobatzky, Peter; Shea, Ammon (2001). Depraved And Insulting English. Orlando: Harcourt.
Walford, Edward; Cox, John Charles; Apperson, George Latimer (1885). "Digit Folklore, Part Ii". The Antiquary. Xi: 119–123.
External Links[Edit]
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Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
House Of Hohenstaufen
Born: 1122 Died: 1190
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Preceded By
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1147–1152 Succeeded By
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From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Frederick Barbarossa
Friedrich I. Barbarossa.Jpg
A Golden Bust Of Frederick I, Given To His Godfather Count Otto Of Cappenberg In 1171. It Was Used As A Reliquary In Cappenberg Abbey And Is Said In The Deed Of The Gift To Have Been Made "In The Likeness Of The Emperor".
Holy Roman Emperor
Reign 2 January 1155 – 10 June 1190
Coronation 18 June 1155, Rome
Predecessor Lothair Iii
Successor Henry Vi
King Of Italy
Reign 1155–1190
Coronation C. 1155, Pavia
Predecessor Conrad Iii
Successor Henry Vi
King Of Germany
Formally King Of The Romans
Reign 1152–1190
Coronation 9 March 1152, Aachen
Predecessor Conrad Iii
Successor Henry Vi
King Of Burgundy
Reign 1152–1190
Coronation 30 June 1178, Arles
Born 1122
Died 10 June 1190 (Aged 67–68)
Saleph River, Cilician Armenia
Burial Church Of St Peter, Antioch
Spouse
Adelheid Of Vohburg
Beatrice I, Countess Of Burgundy
Issue
More...
Frederick V, Duke Of Swabia
Henry Vi, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick Vi, Duke Of Swabia
Otto I, Count Of Burgundy
Conrad Ii, Duke Of Swabia
Philip, King Of Germany
House Hohenstaufen
Father Frederick Ii, Duke Of Swabia
Mother Judith Of Bavaria
Religion Roman Catholicism
Frederick I (German: Friedrich; 1122 – 10 June 1190), Also Known As Frederick Barbarossa, Was The Holy Roman Emperor From 1155 Until His Death. He Was Elected King Of Germany At Frankfurt On 4 March 1152 And Crowned In Aachen On 9 March 1152. He Became King Of Italy In 1155 And Was Crowned Roman Emperor By Pope Adrian Iv On 18 June 1155. Two Years Later, The Term Sacrum ("Holy") First Appeared In A Document In Connection With His Empire.[1] He Was Later Formally Crowned King Of Burgundy, At Arles On 30 June 1178. He Got The Name Barbarossa From The Northern Italian Cities He Attempted To Rule: Barbarossa Means "Red Beard" In Italian;[2] In German, He Was Known As Kaiser Rotbart, Which Has The Same Meaning.
Before His Imperial Election, Frederick Was By Inheritance Duke Of Swabia (1147–1152, As Frederick Iii). He Was The Son Of Duke Frederick Ii Of The Hohenstaufen Dynasty And Judith, Daughter Of Henry Ix, Duke Of Bavaria, From The Rival House Of Welf. Frederick Therefore Descended From The Two Leading Families In Germany, Making Him An Acceptable Choice For The Empire's Prince-Electors.
Historians Consider Him Among The Holy Roman Empire's Greatest Medieval Emperors. He Combined Qualities That Made Him Appear Almost Superhuman To His Contemporaries: His Longevity, His Ambition, His Extraordinary Skills At Organization, His Battlefield Acumen And His Political Perspicuity. Among His Contributions To Central European Society And Culture Include The Reestablishment Of The Corpus Juris Civilis, Or The Roman Rule Of Law, Which Counterbalanced The Papal Power That Dominated The German States Since The Conclusion Of The Investiture Controversy.
Contents [Hide]
1 Life And Reign
1.1 Early Years
1.2 Rise To Power
1.3 First Italian Campaign: 1154–55
1.4 Second, Third And Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174
1.5 Later Years
1.6 Third Crusade And Death
2 Frederick And The Justinian Code
3 Charismatic Leader
4 Legend
5 Issue
6 Ancestry
7 In Popular Culture
8 See Also
9 References
9.1 Primary Sources
9.2 Secondary Sources
10 External Links
Life And Reign[Edit]
Early Years[Edit]
Frederick Was Born In 1122. In 1147 He Became Duke Of The Southern German Region Of Swabia (Herzog Von Schwaben), And Shortly Afterwards Made His First Trip To The East, Accompanied By His Uncle, The German King Conrad Iii, On The Second Crusade. The Expedition Proved To Be A Disaster,[3] But Frederick Distinguished Himself And Won The Complete Confidence Of The King. When Conrad Died In February 1152, Only Frederick And The Prince-Bishop Of Bamberg Were At His Deathbed. Both Asserted Afterwards That Conrad Had, In Full Possession Of His Mental Powers, Handed The Royal Insignia To Frederick And Indicated That Frederick, Rather Than Conrad's Own Six-Year-Old Son, The Future Frederick Iv, Duke Of Swabia, Succeed Him As King.[4] Frederick Energetically Pursued The Crown And At Frankfurt On 4 March 1152 The Kingdom's Princely Electors Designated Him As The Next German King.[4] He Was Crowned King Of The Romans At Aachen Several Days Later, On 9 March 1152.[5] Frederick's Father Was From The Hohenstaufen Family, And His Mother Was From The Welf Family, The Two Most Powerful Families In Germany. The Hohenstaufens Were Often Called Ghibellines, Which Derives From The Italianized Name For Waiblingen Castle, The Family Seat In Swabia; The Welfs, In A Similar Italianization, Were Called Guelfs.[6]
The Reigns Of Henry Iv And Henry V Left The Status Of The German Empire In Disarray, Its Power Waning Under The Weight Of The Investiture Controversy. For A Quarter Of A Century Following The Death Of Henry V In 1125, The German Monarchy Was Largely A Nominal Title With No Real Power.[7] The King Was Chosen By The Princes, Was Given No Resources Outside Those Of His Own Duchy, And He Was Prevented From Exercising Any Real Authority Or Leadership In The Realm. The Royal Title Was Furthermore Passed From One Family To Another To Preclude The Development Of Any Dynastic Interest In The German Crown. When Frederick I Of Hohenstaufen Was Chosen As King In 1152, Royal Power Had Been In Effective Abeyance For Over Twenty-Five Years, And To A Considerable Degree For More Than Eighty Years. The Only Real Claim To Wealth Lay In The Rich Cities Of Northern Italy, Which Were Still Within The Nominal Control Of The German King.[8] The Salian Line Had Died Out With The Death Of Henry V In 1125. The German Princes Refused To Give The Crown To His Nephew, The Duke Of Swabia, For Fear He Would Try To Regain The Imperial Power Held By Henry V. Instead, They Chose Lothair Iii (1125–1137), Who Found Himself Embroiled In A Long-Running Dispute With The Hohenstaufens, And Who Married Into The Welfs. One Of The Hohenstaufens Gained The Throne As Conrad Iii Of Germany (1137–1152). When Frederick Barbarossa Succeeded His Uncle In 1152, There Seemed To Be Excellent Prospects For Ending The Feud, Since He Was A Welf On His Mother's Side.[4] The Welf Duke Of Saxony, Henry The Lion, Would Not Be Appeased, However, Remaining An Implacable Enemy Of The Hohenstaufen Monarchy. Barbarossa Had The Duchies Of Swabia And Franconia, The Force Of His Own Personality, And Very Little Else To Construct An Empire.[9]
The Germany That Frederick Tried To Unite Was A Patchwork Of More Than 1600 Individual States, Each With Its Own Prince. A Few Of These, Such As Bavaria And Saxony, Were Large. Many Were Too Small To Pinpoint On A Map.[10] The Titles Afforded To The German King Were "Caesar", "Augustus", And "Emperor Of The Romans". By The Time Frederick Would Assume These, They Were Little More Than Propaganda Slogans With Little Other Meaning.[11] Frederick Was A Pragmatist Who Dealt With The Princes By Finding A Mutual Self-Interest. Unlike Henry Ii Of England, Frederick Did Not Attempt To End Medieval Feudalism, But Rather Tried To Restore It, Though This Was Beyond His Ability. The Great Players In The German Civil War Had Been The Pope, Emperor, Ghibellines, And The Guelfs, But None Of These Had Emerged As The Winner.[12]
Rise To Power[Edit]
Penny Or Denier With Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, Struck In Nijmegen.
Eager To Restore The Empire To The Position It Had Occupied Under Charlemagne And Otto I The Great, The New King Saw Clearly That The Restoration Of Order In Germany Was A Necessary Preliminary To The Enforcement Of The Imperial Rights In Italy. Issuing A General Order For Peace, He Made Lavish Concessions To The Nobles.[13] Abroad, Frederick Intervened In The Danish Civil War Between Svend Iii And Valdemar I Of Denmark[14] And Began Negotiations With The Eastern Roman Emperor, Manuel I Comnenus.[15] It Was Probably About This Time That The King Obtained Papal Assent For The Annulment Of His Childless Marriage With Adelheid Of Vohburg, On The Grounds Of Consanguinity (His Great-Great-Grandfather Was A Brother Of Adela's Great-Great-Great-Grandmother, Making Them Fourth Cousins, Once Removed). He Then Made A Vain Effort To Obtain A Bride From The Court Of Constantinople. On His Accession Frederick Had Communicated The News Of His Election To Pope Eugene Iii, But Had Neglected To Ask For The Papal Confirmation. In March 1153, Frederick Concluded The Treaty Of Constance With The Pope, Whereby He Promised, In Return For His Coronation, To Defend The Papacy, To Make No Peace With King Roger Ii Of Sicily Or Other Enemies Of The Church Without The Consent Of Eugene, And To Help Eugene Regain Control Of The City Of Rome.[16]
First Italian Campaign: 1154–55[Edit]
Frederick Undertook Six Expeditions Into Italy. In The First, Beginning In October 1154,[17] His Plan Was To Launch A Campaign Against The Normans Under King William I Of Sicily.[15] He Marched Down And Almost Immediately Encountered Resistance To His Authority. Obtaining The Submission Of Milan, He Successfully Besieged Tortona In Early 1155, Razing It To The Ground.[18] He Moved On To Pavia, Where He Received The Iron Crown And The Title Of King Of Italy.[19] Moving Through Bologna And Tuscany, He Was Soon Approaching The City Of Rome. There, Pope Adrian Iv Was Struggling With The Forces Of The Republican City Commune Led By Arnold Of Brescia, A Student Of Abelard.[2] As A Sign Of Good Faith, Frederick Dismissed The Ambassadors From The Revived Roman Senate,[15] And Imperial Forces Suppressed The Republicans. Arnold Was Captured And Hanged For Treason And Rebellion. Despite His Unorthodox Teaching Concerning Theology, Arnold Was Not Charged With Heresy.[20]
As Frederick Approached The Gates Of Rome, The Pope Advanced To Meet Him. At The Royal Tent The King Received Him, And After Kissing The Pope's Feet, Frederick Expected To Receive The Traditional Kiss Of Peace.[21] Frederick Had Declined To Hold The Pope's Stirrup While Leading Him To The Tent, However, So Adrian Refused To Give The Kiss Until This Protocol Had Been Complied With.[2] Frederick Hesitated, And Adrian Iv Withdrew; After A Day's Negotiation, Frederick Agreed To Perform The Required Ritual, Reportedly Muttering, "Pro Petro, Non Adriano -- For Peter, Not For Adrian."[21] Rome Was Still In An Uproar Over The Fate Of Arnold Of Brescia, So Rather Than Marching Through The Streets Of Rome, Frederick And Adrian Retired To The Vatican.
The Next Day, 18 June 1155, Adrian Iv Crowned Frederick I Holy Roman Emperor At St Peter's Basilica, Amidst The Acclamations Of The German Army.[22] The Romans Began To Riot, And Frederick Spent His Coronation Day Putting Down The Revolt, Resulting In The Deaths Of Over 1,000 Romans And Many More Thousands Injured. The Next Day, Frederick, Adrian, And The German Army Travelled To Tivoli. From There, A Combination Of The Unhealthy Italian Summer And The Effects Of His Year-Long Absence From Germany Meant He Was Forced To Put Off His Planned Campaign Against The Normans Of Sicily.[22] On Their Way Northwards, They Attacked Spoleto And Encountered The Ambassadors Of Manuel I Comnenus, Who Showered Frederick With Costly Gifts. At Verona, Frederick Declared His Fury With The Rebellious Milanese Before Finally Returning To Germany.[23]
Disorder Was Again Rampant In Germany, Especially In Bavaria, But General Peace Was Restored By Frederick's Vigorous, But Conciliatory, Measures. The Duchy Of Bavaria Was Transferred From Henry Ii Jasomirgott, Margrave Of Austria, To Frederick's Formidable Younger Cousin Henry The Lion, Duke Of Saxony, Of The House Of Guelph, Whose Father Had Previously Held Both Duchies.[24] Henry Ii Jasomirgott Was Named Duke Of Austria In Compensation For His Loss Of Bavaria. As Part Of His General Policy Of Concessions Of Formal Power To The German Princes And Ending The Civil Wars Within The Kingdom, Frederick Further Appeased Henry By Issuing Him With The Privilegium Minus, Granting Him Unprecedented Entitlements As Duke Of Austria. This Was A Large Concession On The Part Of Frederick, Who Realized That Henry The Lion Had To Be Accommodated, Even To The Point Of Sharing Some Power With Him. Frederick Could Not Afford To Make An Outright Enemy Of Henry.[25]
On 9 June 1156 At Würzburg, Frederick Married Beatrice Of Burgundy, Daughter And Heiress Of Renaud Iii, Thus Adding To His Possessions The Sizeable Realm Of The County Of Burgundy. In An Attempt To Create Comity, Emperor Frederick Proclaimed The Peace Of The Land,[26] Written Between 1152 And 1157, Which Enacted Punishments For A Variety Of Crimes, As Well As Systems For Adjudicating Many Disputes. He Also Declared Himself The Sole Augustus Of The Roman World, Ceasing To Recognise Manuel I At Constantinople.[27]
Second, Third And Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174[Edit]
Frederick Barbarossa As A Crusader, Miniature From A Copy Of The Historia Hierosolymitana, 1188.
The Retreat Of Frederick In 1155 Forced Pope Adrian Iv To Come To Terms With King William I Of Sicily, Granting To William I Territories That Frederick Viewed As His Dominion.[28] This Aggrieved Frederick, And He Was Further Displeased When Papal Legates Chose To Interpret A Letter From Adrian To Frederick In A Manner That Seemed To Imply That The Imperial Crown Was A Gift From The Papacy And That In Fact The Empire Itself Was A Fief Of The Papacy.[29] Disgusted With The Pope, And Still Wishing To Crush The Normans In The South Of Italy, In June 1158, Frederick Set Out Upon His Second Italian Expedition, Accompanied By Henry The Lion And His Saxon Troops.[30] This Expedition Resulted In The Revolt And Capture Of Milan,[31] The Diet Of Roncaglia That Saw The Establishment Of Imperial Officers And Ecclesiastical Reforms In The Cities Of Northern Italy,[32] And The Beginning Of The Long Struggle With Pope Alexander Iii.
The Death Of Pope Adrian Iv In 1159 Led To The Election Of Two Rival Popes, Alexander Iii And The Antipope Victor Iv, And Both Sought Frederick's Support.[33] Frederick, Busy With The Siege Of Crema, Appeared Unsupportive Of Alexander Iii, And After The Sacking Of Crema Demanded That Alexander Appear Before The Emperor At Pavia And To Accept The Imperial Decree.[34] Alexander Refused, And Frederick Recognised Victor Iv As The Legitimate Pope In 1160.[35] In Response, Alexander Iii Excommunicated Both Frederick I And Victor Iv.[36] Frederick Attempted To Convoke A Joint Council With King Louis Vii Of France In 1162 To Decide The Issue Of Who Should Be Pope.[35] Louis Neared The Meeting Site, But When He Became Aware That Frederick Had Stacked The Votes For Alexander, Louis Decided Not To Attend The Council. As A Result, The Issue Was Not Resolved At That Time.[37]
The Political Result Of The Struggle With Pope Alexander Was An Alliance Formed Between The Norman State Of Sicily And Pope Alexander Iii Against Frederick.[38] In The Meantime, Frederick Had To Deal With Another Rebellion At Milan, In Which The City Surrendered On 6 March 1162; Much Of It Was Destroyed Three Weeks Later On The Emperor's Orders.[39] The Fate Of Milan Led To The Submission Of Brescia, Placentia, And Many Other Northern Italian Cities.[40] Returning To Germany Towards The Close Of 1162, Frederick Prevented The Escalation Of Conflicts Between Henry The Lion From Saxony And A Number Of Neighbouring Princes Who Were Growing Weary Of Henry's Power, Influence, And Territorial Gains. He Also Severely Punished The Citizens Of Mainz For Their Rebellion Against Archbishop Arnold. In Frederick's Third Visit To Italy In 1163, His Plans For The Conquest Of Sicily Were Ruined By The Formation Of A Powerful League Against Him, Brought Together Mainly By Opposition To Imperial Taxes.
In 1164 Frederick Took What Are Believed To Be The Relics Of The "Biblical Magi" (The Wise Men Or Three Kings) From The Basilica Di Sant'eustorgio In Milan And Gave Them As A Gift (Or As Loot) To The Archbishop Of Cologne, Rainald Of Dassel. The Relics Had Great Religious Significance And Could Be Counted Upon To Draw Pilgrims From All Over Christendom. Today They Are Kept In The Shrine Of The Three Kings In The Cologne Cathedral. After The Death Of The Antipope Victor Iv, Frederick Supported Antipope Paschal Iii, But He Was Soon Driven From Rome, Leading To The Return Of Pope Alexander Iii In 1165.[41]
In The Meantime Frederick Was Focused On Restoring Peace In The Rhineland, Where He Organized A Magnificent Celebration Of The Canonization Of Charles The Great (Charlemagne) At Aachen, Under The Authority Of The Antipope Paschal Iii. Concerned Over Rumours That Alexander Iii Was About To Enter Into An Alliance With The Byzantine Emperor Manuel I,[42] In October 1166 Frederick Embarked On His Fourth Italian Campaign, Hoping As Well To Secure The Claim Of Paschal Iii And The Coronation Of His Wife Beatrice As Holy Roman Empress. This Time, Henry The Lion Refused To Join Frederick On His Italian Trip, Tending Instead To His Own Disputes With Neighbors And His Continuing Expansion Into Slavic Territories In Northeastern Germany. In 1167 Frederick Began Besieging Ancona, Which Had Acknowledged The Authority Of Manuel I;[43] At The Same Time, His Forces Achieved A Great Victory Over The Romans At The Battle Of Monte Porzio.[44] Heartened By This Victory, Frederick Lifted The Siege Of Ancona And Hurried To Rome, Where He Had His Wife Crowned Empress And Also Received A Second Coronation From Paschal Iii.[44] Unfortunately, His Campaign Was Halted By The Sudden Outbreak Of An Epidemic (Malaria Or The Plague), Which Threatened To Destroy The Imperial Army And Drove The Emperor As A Fugitive To Germany,[45][46] Where He Remained For The Ensuing Six Years. During This Period, Frederick Decided Conflicting Claims To Various Bishoprics, Asserted Imperial Authority Over Bohemia, Poland, And Hungary, Initiated Friendly Relations With Manuel I, And Tried To Come To A Better Understanding With Henry Ii Of England And Louis Vii Of France. Many Swabian Counts, Including His Cousin The Young Duke Of Swabia, Frederick Iv, Died In 1167, So He Was Able To Organize A New Mighty Territory In The Duchy Of Swabia Under His Reign In This Time. Consequently, His Younger Son Frederick V Became The New Duke Of Swabia In 1167,[47] While His Eldest Son Henry Was Crowned King Of The Romans In 1169, Alongside His Father Who Also Retained The Title.[45]
Later Years[Edit]
Frederick Barbarossa, Middle, Flanked By Two Of His Children, King Henry Vi (Left) And Duke Frederick Vi (Right). From The Historia Welforum.
Increasing Anti-German Sentiment Swept Through Lombardy, Culminating In The Restoration Of Milan In 1169.[48] In 1174 Frederick Made His Fifth Expedition To Italy. (It Was Probably During This Time That The Famous Tafelgüterverzeichnis, A Record Of The Royal Estates, Was Made.[49]) He Was Opposed By The Pro-Papal Lombard League (Now Joined By Venice, Sicily, And Constantinople), Which Had Previously Formed To Stand Against Him.[50] The Cities Of Northern Italy Had Become Exceedingly Wealthy Through Trade, Representing A Marked Turning Point In The Transition From Medieval Feudalism. While Continental Feudalism Had Remained Strong Socially And Economically, It Was In Deep Political Decline By The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa. When The Northern Italian Cities Inflicted A Defeat On Frederick At Alessandria In 1175, The European World Was Shocked.[51][52] With The Refusal Of Henry The Lion To Bring Help To Italy, The Campaign Was A Complete Failure. Frederick Suffered A Heavy Defeat At The Battle Of Legnano Near Milan, On 29 May 1176, Where He Was Wounded And For Some Time Was Believed To Be Dead.[53] This Battle Marked The Turning Point In Frederick's Claim To Empire.[54] He Had No Choice Other Than To Begin Negotiations For Peace With Alexander Iii And The Lombard League. In The Peace Of Anagni In 1176, Frederick Recognized Alexander Iii As Pope, And In The Peace Of Venice In 1177, Frederick And Alexander Iii Were Formally Reconciled.[55]
The Scene Was Similar To That Which Had Occurred Between Pope Gregory Vii And Henry Iv, Holy Roman Emperor At Canossa A Century Earlier. The Conflict Was The Same As That Resolved In The Concordat Of Worms: Did The Holy Roman Emperor Have The Power To Name The Pope And Bishops? The Investiture Controversy From Previous Centuries Had Been Brought To A Tendentious Peace With The Concordat Of Worms And Affirmed In The First Council Of The Lateran. Now It Had Recurred, In A Slightly Different Form. Frederick Had To Humble Himself Before Alexander Iii At Venice.[56] The Emperor Acknowledged The Pope's Sovereignty Over The Papal States, And In Return Alexander Acknowledged The Emperor's Overlordship Of The Imperial Church. Also In The Peace Of Venice, A Truce Was Made With The Lombard Cities, Which Took Effect In August 1178.[57] The Grounds For A Permanent Peace Were Not Established Until 1183, However, In The Peace Of Constance, When Frederick Conceded Their Right To Freely Elect Town Magistrates. By This Move, Frederick Recovered His Nominal Domination Over Italy, Which Became His Chief Means Of Applying Pressure On The Papacy.[58]
In A Move To Consolidate His Reign After The Disastrous Expedition Into Italy, Frederick Was Formally Crowned King Of Burgundy At Arles On 30 June 1178. Although Traditionally The German Kings Had Automatically Inherited The Royal Crown Of Arles Since The Time Of Conrad Ii, Frederick Felt The Need To Be Crowned By The Archbishop Of Arles, Regardless Of His Laying Claim To The Title From 1152.
Frederick Did Not Forgive Henry The Lion For Refusing To Come To His Aid In 1176.[59] By 1180, Henry Had Successfully Established A Powerful And Contiguous State Comprising Saxony, Bavaria, And Substantial Territories In The North And East Of Germany. Taking Advantage Of The Hostility Of Other German Princes To Henry, Frederick Had Henry Tried In Absentia By A Court Of Bishops And Princes In 1180, Declared That Imperial Law Overruled Traditional German Law, And Had Henry Stripped Of His Lands And Declared An Outlaw.[60] He Then Invaded Saxony With An Imperial Army To Force His Cousin To Surrender. Henry's Allies Deserted Him, And He Finally Had To Submit In November 1181. Henry Spent Three Years In Exile At The Court Of His Father-In-Law Henry Ii Of England In Normandy Before Being Allowed Back Into Germany. He Finished His Days In Germany, As The Much-Diminished Duke Of Brunswick.[61] Frederick's Desire For Revenge Was Sated. Henry The Lion Lived A Relatively Quiet Life, Sponsoring Arts And Architecture. Frederick's Victory Over Henry Did Not Gain Him As Much In The German Feudalistic System As It Would Have In The English Feudalistic System. While In England The Pledge Of Fealty Went In A Direct Line From Overlords To Those Under Them, The Germans Pledged Oaths Only To The Direct Overlord, So That In Henry's Case, Those Below Him In The Feudal Chain Owed Nothing To Frederick. Thus, Despite The Diminished Stature Of Henry The Lion, Frederick Did Not Gain His Allegiances.[62]
Frederick Was Faced With The Reality Of Disorder Among The German States, Where Continuous Civil Wars Were Waged Between Pretenders And The Ambitious Who Wanted The Crown For Themselves. Italian Unity Under German Rule Was More Myth Than Truth. Despite Proclamations Of German Hegemony, The Pope Was The Most Powerful Force In Italy.[63] When Frederick Returned To Germany After His Defeat In Northern Italy, He Was A Bitter And Exhausted Man. The German Princes, Far From Being Subordinated To Royal Control, Were Intensifying Their Hold On Wealth And Power In Germany And Entrenching Their Positions. There Began To Be A Generalized Social Desire To "Create Greater Germany" By Conquering The Slavs To The East.[64]
Although The Italian City States Had Achieved A Measure Of Independence From Frederick As A Result Of His Failed Fifth Expedition Into Italy,[65] The Emperor Had Not Given Up On His Italian Dominions. In 1184, He Held A Massive Celebration When His Two Eldest Sons Were Knighted, And Thousands Of Knights Were Invited From All Over Germany. While Payments Upon The Knighting Of A Son Were Part Of The Expectations Of An Overlord In England And France, Only A "Gift" Was Given In Germany For Such An Occasion. Frederick's Monetary Gain From This Celebration Is Said To Have Been Modest.[66] Later In 1184, Frederick Again Moved Into Italy, This Time Joining Forces With The Local Rural Nobility To Reduce The Power Of The Tuscan Cities.[67] In 1186, He Engineered The Marriage Of His Son Henry To Constance Of Sicily, Heiress To The Kingdom Of Sicily, Over The Objections Of Pope Urban Iii.[68]
Third Crusade And Death[Edit]
Pope Urban Iii Died Shortly After, And Was Succeeded By Gregory Viii, Who Was More Concerned With Troubling Reports From The Holy Land Than With A Power Struggle With Barbarossa. After Making His Peace With The New Pope, Frederick Vowed To Take Up The Cross At The Diet Of Mainz In 1188.[50] Frederick Embarked On The Third Crusade (1189–92), A Massive Expedition In Conjunction With The French, Led By King Philip Augustus, And The English, Under King Richard The Lionheart. Frederick Organized A Grand Army Of 100,000 Men (Including 20,000 Knights) And Set Out On The Overland Route To The Holy Land;[69] Some Historians Believe That This Is An Exaggeration, However, And That The True Figure Might Be Closer To 15,000 Men, Including 3,000 Knights.[70]
Barbarossa Drowns In The Saleph. From The Gotha Manuscript Of The Saxon World Chronicle
The Saleph River, Now Known As The Göksu
The Crusaders Passed Through Hungary, Serbia, And Bulgaria Before Entering Byzantine Territory And Arriving At Constantinople In The Autumn Of 1189. Matters Were Complicated By A Secret Alliance Between The Emperor Of Constantinople And Saladin, Warning Of Which Was Supplied By A Note From Sibylla, Ex-Queen Of Jerusalem.[71] While In Hungary, Barbarossa Personally Asked The Hungarian Prince Géza, Brother Of King Béla Iii Of Hungary, To Join The Crusade. The King Agreed, And A Hungarian Army Of 2,000 Men Led By Géza Escorted The German Emperor's Forces. The Armies Coming From Western Europe Pushed On Through Anatolia, Where They Were Victorious In Taking Aksehir And Defeating The Turks In The Battle Of Iconium, And Entered Cilician Armenia. The Approach Of The Immense German Army Greatly Concerned Saladin And The Other Muslim Leaders, Who Began To Rally Troops Of Their Own To Confront Barbarossa's Forces.[2]
On 10 June 1190, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa Drowned Near Silifke Castle In The Saleph River.[72] Accounts Of The Event Are Conflicting. Some Historians Believe He May Have Had A Heart Attack That Complicated Matters. Some Of Frederick's Men Put Him In A Barrel Of Vinegar To Preserve His Body.
Frederick's Death Plunged His Army Into Chaos. Leaderless, Panicking, And Attacked On All Sides By Turks, Many Germans Deserted, Were Killed, Or Committed Suicide. Only 5,000 Soldiers, A Small Fraction Of The Original Force, Arrived In Acre. Barbarossa's Son, Frederick Vi Of Swabia, Carried On With The Remnants Of The German Army, Along With The Hungarian Army Under The Command Of Prince Géza, With The Aim Of Burying The Emperor In Jerusalem, But Efforts To Conserve His Body In Vinegar Failed. Hence, His Flesh Was Interred In The Church Of St Peter In Antioch, His Bones In The Cathedral Of Tyre, And His Heart And Inner Organs In Tarsus.[2]
The Unexpected Demise Of Frederick Left The Crusader Army Under The Command Of The Rivals Philip Ii And Richard, Who Had Traveled To Palestine Separately By Sea, And Ultimately Led To Its Dissolution. Richard Continued To The East Where He Defeated Saladin In Many Battles, Winning Significant Territories Along The Shores Of Palestine, But Ultimately Failed To Win The War By Conquering Jerusalem Itself Before He Was Forced To Return To His Own Territories In North-Western Europe, Known As The Angevin Empire. He Returned Home After He Signed The Treaty Of Ramla Agreeing That Jerusalem Would Remain Under Muslim Control While Allowing Unarmed Christian Pilgrims And Traders To Visit The City. The Treaty Also Reduced The Latin Kingdom To A Geopolitical Coastal Strip Extending From Tyre To Jaffa.
Frederick And The Justinian Code[Edit]
The Increase In Wealth Of The Trading Cities Of Northern Italy Led To A Revival In The Study Of The Justinian Code, A Latin Legal System That Had Become Extinct Centuries Earlier. Legal Scholars Renewed Its Application. It Is Speculated That Pope Gregory Vii Personally Encouraged The Justinian Rule Of Law And Had A Copy Of It. The Historian Norman Cantor Described Corpus Iuris Civilis (Justinian Body Of Civil Law) As "The Greatest Legal Code Ever Devised".[73] It Envisaged The Law Of The State As A Reflection Of Natural Moral Law (As Seen By The Men Of The Justinian System), The Principle Of Rationality In The Universe. By The Time Frederick Assumed The Throne, This Legal System Was Well Established On Both Sides Of The Alps. He Was The First To Utilize The Availability Of The New Professional Class Of Lawyers. The Civil Law Allowed Frederick To Use These Lawyers To Administer His Kingdom In A Logical And Consistent Manner. It Also Provided A Framework To Legitimize His Claim To The Right To Rule Both Germany And Northern Italy. In The Old Days Of Henry V And Henry Vi, The Claim Of Divine Right Of Kings Had Been Severely Undermined By The Investiture Controversy. The Church Had Won That Argument In The Common Man's Mind. There Was No Divine Right For The German King To Also Control The Church By Naming Both Bishops And Popes. The Institution Of The Justinian Code Was Used, Perhaps Unscrupulously, By Frederick To Lay Claim To Divine Powers.[74]
In Germany, Frederick Was A Political Realist, Taking What He Could And Leaving The Rest. In Italy, He Tended To Be A Romantic Reactionary, Reveling In The Antiquarian Spirit Of The Age, Exemplified By A Revival Of Classical Studies And Roman Law. It Was Through The Use Of The Restored Justinian Code That Frederick Came To View Himself As A New Roman Emperor.[75] Roman Law Gave A Rational Purpose For The Existence Of Frederick And His Imperial Ambitions. It Was A Counterweight To The Claims Of The Church To Have Authority Because Of Divine Revelation. The Church Was Opposed To Frederick For Ideological Reasons, Not The Least Of Which Was The Humanist Nature Found In The Revival Of The Old Roman Legal System.[76] When Pepin The Short Sought To Become King Of The Franks In The 8Th Century, The Church Needed Military Protection, So Pepin Found It Convenient To Make An Ally Of The Pope. Frederick, However, Desired To Put The Pope Aside And Claim The Crown Of Old Rome Simply Because He Was In The Likeness Of The Greatest Emperors Of The Pre-Christian Era. Pope Adrian Iv Was Naturally Opposed To This View And Undertook A Vigorous Propaganda Campaign Designed To Diminish Frederick And His Ambition. To A Large Extent, This Was Successful.[77]
Charismatic Leader[Edit]
Historians Have Compared Frederick To Henry Ii Of England. Both Were Considered The Greatest And Most Charismatic Leaders Of Their Age. Each Possessed A Rare Combination Of Qualities That Made Him Appear Superhuman To His Contemporaries: Longevity, Boundless Ambition, Extraordinary Organizing Skill, And Greatness On The Battlefield. Both Were Handsome And Proficient In Courtly Skills, Without Appearing Effeminate Or Affected. Both Came To The Throne In The Prime Of Manhood. Each Had An Element Of Learning, Without Being Considered Impractical Intellectuals But Rather More Inclined To Practicality. Each Found Himself In The Possession Of New Legal Institutions That Were Put To Creative Use In Governing. Both Henry And Frederick Were Viewed To Be Sufficiently And Formally Devout To The Teachings Of The Church, Without Being Moved To The Extremes Of Spirituality Seen In The Great Saints Of The 12Th Century. In Making Final Decisions, Each Relied Solely Upon His Own Judgment,[78] And Both Were Interested In Gathering As Much Power As They Could.[79]
In Keeping With This View Of Frederick, His Uncle, Otto Of Freising, Wrote An Account Of Frederick's Reign Entitled Gesta Friderici I Imperatoris (Deeds Of The Emperor Frederick). Otto Died After Finishing The First Two Books, Leaving The Last Two To Rahewin, His Provost. The Text Is In Places Heavily Dependent On Classical Precedent.[80] For Example, Rahewin's Physical Description Of Frederick Reproduces Word-For-Word (Except For Details Of Hair And Beard) A Description Of Another Monarch Written Nearly Eight Hundred Years Earlier By Sidonius Apollinaris:[81]
His Character Is Such That Not Even Those Envious Of His Power Can Belittle Its Praise. His Person Is Well-Proportioned. He Is Shorter Than Very Tall Men, But Taller And More Noble Than Men Of Medium Height. His Hair Is Golden, Curling A Little Above His Forehead ... His Eyes Are Sharp And Piercing, His Beard Reddish [Barba Subrufa], His Lips Delicate ... His Whole Face Is Bright And Cheerful. His Teeth Are Even And Snow-White In Color ... Modesty Rather Than Anger Causes Him To Blush Frequently. His Shoulders Are Rather Broad, And He Is Strongly Built ...
Frederick's Charisma Led To A Fantastic Juggling Act That, Over A Quarter Of A Century, Restored The Imperial Authority In The German States. His Formidable Enemies Defeated Him On Almost Every Side, Yet In The End He Emerged Triumphant. When Frederick Came To The Throne, The Prospects For The Revival Of German Imperial Power Were Extremely Thin. The Great German Princes Had Increased Their Power And Land Holdings. The King Had Been Left With Only The Traditional Family Domains And A Vestige Of Power Over The Bishops And Abbeys. The Backwash Of The Investiture Controversy Had Left The German States In Continuous Turmoil. Rival States Were In Perpetual War. These Conditions Allowed Frederick To Be Both Warrior And Occasional Peace-Maker, Both To His Advantage.[9]
Legend[Edit]
Frederick Sends Out The Boy To See Whether The Ravens Still Fly.
Frederick Is The Subject Of Many Legends, Including That Of A Sleeping Hero, Like The Much Older British Celtic Legends Of Arthur Or Bran The Blessed. Legend Says He Is Not Dead, But Asleep With His Knights In A Cave In The Kyffhäuser Mountain In Thuringia Or Mount Untersberg In Bavaria, Germany, And That When The Ravens Cease To Fly Around The Mountain He Will Awake And Restore Germany To Its Ancient Greatness. According To The Story, His Red Beard Has Grown Through The Table At Which He Sits. His Eyes Are Half Closed In Sleep, But Now And Then He Raises His Hand And Sends A Boy Out To See If The Ravens Have Stopped Flying.[82] A Similar Story, Set In Sicily, Was Earlier Attested About His Grandson, Frederick Ii.[83] To Garner Political Support The German Empire Built Atop The Kyffhäuser The Kyffhäuser Monument, Which Declared Kaiser Wilhelm I The Reincarnation Of Frederick; The 1896 Dedication Occurred On 18 June, The Day Of Frederick's Coronation.[84]
In Medieval Europe, The Golden Legend Became Refined By Jacopo Da Voragine. This Was A Popularized Interpretation Of The Biblical End Of The World. It Consisted Of Three Things: (1) Terrible Natural Disasters; (2) The Arrival Of The Antichrist; (3) The Establishment Of A Good King To Combat The Anti-Christ. These Millennial Fables Were Common And Freely Traded By The Populations On Continental Europe. End-Time Accounts Had Been Around For Thousands Of Years, But Entered The Christian Tradition With The Writings Of The Apostle Peter. German Propaganda Played Into The Exaggerated Fables Believed By The Common People By Characterizing Frederick Barbarossa And Frederick Ii As Personification Of The "Good King".[85]
Frederick's Uncle, Otto, Bishop Of Freising Wrote A Biography Entitled The Deeds Of Frederick Barbarosa, Which Is Considered To Be An Accurate History Of The King. Otto's Other Major Work, The Two Cities Was An Exposition Of The Work Of St. Augustine Of Hippo Of A Similar Title. The Latter Work Was Full Of Augustinian Negativity Concerning The Nature Of The World And History. His Work On Frederick Is Of Opposite Tone, Being An Optimistic Portrayal Of The Glorious Potentials Of Imperial Authority. (See Description Supra.)[86]
Another Legend States That When Barbarossa Was In The Process Of Seizing Milan In 1158, His Wife, The Empress Beatrice, Was Taken Captive By The Enraged Milanese And Forced To Ride Through The City On A Donkey In A Humiliating Manner. Some Sources Of This Legend Indicate That Barbarossa Implemented His Revenge For This Insult By Forcing The Magistrates Of The City To Remove A Fig From The Anus Of A Donkey Using Only Their Teeth.[87] Another Source States That Barbarossa Took His Wrath Upon Every Able-Bodied Man In The City, And That It Was Not A Fig They Were Forced To Hold In Their Mouth, But Excrement From The Donkey. To Add To This Debasement, They Were Made To Announce, "Ecco La Fica", (Meaning "Behold The Fig"), With The Feces Still In Their Mouths. It Used To Be Said That The Insulting Gesture, (Called Fico), Of Holding One's Fist With The Thumb In Between The Middle And Forefinger Came By Its Origin From This Event.[88]
Issue[Edit]
Frederick's First Marriage, To Adelheid Of Vohburg, Did Not Produce Any Issue And Was Annulled.[89]
From His Second Marriage, To Beatrice Of Burgundy,[89] He Had The Following Children:
Beatrice (1162–1174). She Was Betrothed To King William Ii Of Sicily But Died Before They Could Be Married.
Frederick V, Duke Of Swabia (Pavia, 16 July 1164 – 28 November 1170).
Henry Vi, Holy Roman Emperor (Nijmegen, November 1165 – Messina, 28 September 1197).[89]
Conrad (Modigliana, February 1167 – Acre, 20 January 1191), Later Renamed Frederick Vi, Duke Of Swabia After The Death Of His Older Brother.[89]
Gisela (October/November 1168 – 1184).
Otto I, Count Of Burgundy (June/July 1170 – Killed, Besançon, 13 January 1200).[89]
Conrad Ii, Duke Of Swabia And Rothenburg (February/March 1172 – Killed, Durlach, 15 August 1196).[89]
Renaud (October/November 1173 – In Infancy).
William (June/July 1176 – In Infancy).
Philip Of Swabia (August 1177 – Killed, Bamberg, 21 June 1208) King Of Germany In 1198.[89]
Agnes (1181 – 8 October 1184). She Was Betrothed To King Emeric Of Hungary But Died Before They Could Be Married.
Ancestry[Edit]
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[Show]Ancestors Of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
In Popular Culture[Edit]
In Victor Hugo's Romantic Play Les Burgraves (1843), Frederick (As Character Frédéric De Hohenstaufen) Returns Many Years After He Was Presumed Dead, As Expected By Some Medieval Legends.
Cyrus Townsend Brady's Hohenzollern; A Story Of The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa (1901) Begins With A Dedication To "The Descendants Of The Great Germanic Race Who In Europe, In America, And In The Far East Rule The World".[90]
Land Of Unreason (1941), By L. Sprague De Camp And Fletcher Pratt, Mentions The Castle Of The Kyffhäuser.
John Crowley's Novel Little, Big (1981) Features Frederick Barbarossa As A Character In Modern Times, Awoken From His Centuries Of Sleep. In The Book, He Becomes The President Of The United States And Rules As A Tyrant.[91]
Umberto Eco's Novel Baudolino (2000) Is Set Partly At Frederick's Court, And Also Deals With The Mystery Of Frederick's Death. The Imaginary Hero, Baudolino, Is The Emperor's Adopted Son And Confidant.
In 1999 Film The Thomas Crown Affair, The Title Character Is Said To Be In Possession Of "An Ornament Worn By Frederick Barbarossa At His Coronation In 1152."
The 1999 Real-Time Strategy Video Game Age Of Empires Ii: The Age Of Kings Developed By Ensemble Studios Has A Campaign Which Follows Fredrick Barbarossa From The Period Of His Struggles In Germany To His Death On The Third Crusade. It Is Of Note That Barbarossa Never Appears As An Actual Unit In The Game, Though The Objective Of The Final Level (After His Death) Is To Take A Unit Named "Emperor In A Barrel" To The Dome Of The Rock In Jerusalem.
In The 2002 Real-Time Strategy Video Game Stronghold: Crusader, Emperor Frederick Is An Ai Opponent That Players Can Challenge In Skirmish Play.
The 2006 Turn-Based Strategy Video Game Medieval Ii Total War: Kingdoms Developed By Creative Assembly Features Frederick Barbarossa In The Crusade Campaign. Barbarossa Launches A Crusade To The Holy Land With 100,000 Strong Men. During The Next 'Turn,' He Drowns In The Sea And Because Of His Death The Crusade Is Canceled.
Andreas Seiler's Novel Real Wizard (2008) Is An Attribution To The 1,000-Year-Old Myth, With Aspects Of Life And Death Of The Emperor. It Includes A Generalised German History Of Unification As A Background To The Story. Isbn 978-0-646-49625-2
In The 2009 Movie Barbarossa (Also Entitled Sword Of War And Barbarossa: Siege Lord), Barbarossa Is One Of The Main Characters, Played By Rutger Hauer.
Frederick Barbarossa Leads The German Civilization In The 2016 4X Video Game Civilization Vi Developed By Firaxis Games.[92][93]
See Also[Edit]
German Monarchs Family Tree
Dukes Of Swabia Family Tree
Operation Barbarossa, The Codename Of The German Invasion Of The Soviet Union In 1941.[94]
References[Edit]
This Article Incorporates Text From A Publication Now In The Public Domain: Chisholm, Hugh, Ed. (1911). "Frederick I., Roman Emperor". Encyclopædia Britannica (11Th Ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Jump Up ^ Peter Moraw, Heiliges Reich, In: Lexikon Des Mittelalters, Munich & Zurich: Artemis 1977–1999, Vol. 4, Pp. 2025–28.
^ Jump Up To: A B C D E Canduci (2010), P. 263
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 199
^ Jump Up To: A B C Comyn (1851), P. 200
Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 266
Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), Pp. 300–302
Jump Up ^ Bryce (1913), P. 166
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 302–303
^ Jump Up To: A B Cantor (1969), Pp. 428–429
Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 359
Jump Up ^ Brown (1972)
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 318–319
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 202
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 201
^ Jump Up To: A B C Comyn (1851), P. 230
Jump Up ^ Falco (1964), Pp. 218 Et Seq.
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 227
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 228
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 229
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 368–369
^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 231
^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 232
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 233
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 203
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 319
Jump Up ^ "Peace Of The Land Established By Frederick Barbarossa Between 1152 And 1157 A.D.". The Avalon Project. Yale Law School.
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 234
Jump Up ^ Wikisource-Logo.Svg Ua Clerigh, Arthur (1913). "Pope Adrian Iv". In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 235
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 236
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 238
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 240
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 241
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 242
^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 243
Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 295
Jump Up ^ Munz (1969), P. 228
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 326–327
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 245
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 246
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 247
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 248
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 249
^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 250
^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 251
Jump Up ^ See Entry For The Contemporary Chroniclers, Ottone And Acerbo Morena.
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 252
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 253
Jump Up ^ Leyser (1988), P. 157
^ Jump Up To: A B Kampers, Franz. "Frederick I (Barbarossa)". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 21 May 2009.
Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 104
Jump Up ^ Reprint Of B. Arthaud. La Civilization De L'occident Medieval, Paris, 1964.
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 257
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 332 Et Seq.
Jump Up ^ Brown (1972), Pp. 164–165
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 260
Jump Up ^ See Yale Avalon Project.
Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), Pp. 96–97
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 263
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 333
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 264
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 433–434
Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), Pp. 102–103
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 429
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 262
Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 240
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 265
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 266
Jump Up ^ J. Phillips, The Fourth Crusade And The Sack Of Constantinople, 66
Jump Up ^ Konstam, Historical Atlas Of The Crusades, 162
Jump Up ^ The Crusade Of Frederick Barbarossa: Letters, Fordham University.
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 267
Jump Up ^ Cantor, Norman F. (1993). The Civilization Of The Middle Ages. New York: Harpercollins. P. 309. Isbn 0060170336. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 340–342
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 332
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 324
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 325
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 422–423
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 424
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 360
Jump Up ^ Sidonius Apollinaris, Epistles 1.2, A Description Of Theodoric Ii Of The Visigoths (453–66). See Mierow And Emery (1953) P. 331.
Jump Up ^ Brown (1972), P. 172
Jump Up ^ Kantorowicz, Frederick Ii; Last Chapter
Jump Up ^ Jarausch (1997), P. 35
Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 190
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 359–360
Jump Up ^ Walford, Cox & Apperson (1885), P. 119
Jump Up ^ Novobatzky & Shea (2001)
^ Jump Up To: A B C D E F G Gislebertus (Of Mons), Chronicle Of Hainaut, Transl. Laura Napran, (Boydell Press, 2005), 55 Note245.
Jump Up ^ Brady (1901)
Jump Up ^ Crowley (2006), Pp. 346, 429
Jump Up ^ "Civilization Vi: Frederick Barbarossa Leads Germany". Official Civilization Website. August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
Jump Up ^ "Frederick Barbarossa Leads Germany In 'Civilization Vi'". Digital Trends. August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
Jump Up ^ Kershaw (2001), P. 335
Primary Sources[Edit]
Otto Of Freising And His Continuator Rahewin, The Deeds Of Frederick Barbarossa Tr. Charles Christopher Mierow With Richard Emery. New York: Columbia University Press, 1953. Reprinted: Toronto: University Of Toronto Press, 1994.
Ibn Al-Athir
Romuald Of Salerno. Chronicon In Rerum Italicarum Scriptores.
Otto Of Sankt Blasien
The "Bergamo Master". Carmen De Gestis Frederici I Imperatoris In Lombardia.
Chronicon Vincentii Canonici Pragensis In Monumenta Historica Boemiae By Fr. Gelasius Dobner (1764)[1] [2]
Secondary Sources[Edit]
Brady, Charles Townsend (1901). Hohenzollern; A Story Of The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa. New York: The Century Co.
Brown, R. A. (1972). The Origins Of Modern Europe. Boydell Press.
Bryce, James (1913). The Holy Roman Empire. Macmillan.
Canduci, Alexander (2010). Triumph & Tragedy: The Rise And Fall Of Rome's Immortal Emperors. Pier 9. Isbn 978-1-74196-598-8.
Cantor, N. F. (1969). Medieval History. Macmillan And Company.
Comyn, Robert (1851). History Of The Western Empire, From Its Restoration By Charlemagne To The Accession Of Charles V. I.
Crowley, John William (2006). Little, Big. New York: Perennial. Isbn 978-0-06-112005-3.
Dahmus, J. (1969). The Middle Ages, A Popular History. Garden City, Ny: Doubleday.
Davis, R. H. C. (1957). A History Of Medieval Europe. Longmans.
Falco, G. (1964). The Holy Roman Republic. New York: Barnes And Co.
Freed, John (2016). Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince And The Myth. New Haven, Ct: Yale University Press. Isbn 978-0-300-122763.
Jarausch, K. H. (1997). After Unity; Reconfiguring German Identities. New York: Berghahn Books. Isbn 1-57181-041-2.
Kershaw, Ian (2001). Hitler, 1936–45: Nemesis. Penguin.
Le Goff, J. (2000). Medieval Civilization, 400–1500. New York: Barnes And Noble.
Leyser, Karl J. (1988). Frederick Barbarossa And The Hohenstaufen Polity. University Of California Press.
Munz, Peter (1969). Frederick Barbarossa: A Study In Medieval Politics. Ithaca And London: Cornell University Press.
Novobatzky, Peter; Shea, Ammon (2001). Depraved And Insulting English. Orlando: Harcourt.
Walford, Edward; Cox, John Charles; Apperson, George Latimer (1885). "Digit Folklore, Part Ii". The Antiquary. Xi: 119–123.
External Links[Edit]
Wikimedia Commons Has Media Related To Friedrich I. Barbarossa.
Wikisource Has Original Works Written By Or About:
Frederick I
Msn Encarta – Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire) (Archived 2009-10-31)
Famous Men Of The Middle Ages – Frederick Barbarossa
Charter Given By Emperor Frederick For The Bishopric Of Bamberg Showing The Emperor's Seal, 6.4.1157 . Taken From The Collections Of The Lichtbildarchiv Älterer Originalurkunden At Marburg University
Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
House Of Hohenstaufen
Born: 1122 Died: 1190
Regnal Titles
Preceded By
Conrad Iii German King
Formally King Of The Romans
1152–1190 Succeeded By
Henry Vi
King Of Italy
1155–1190
Preceded By
Lothair Iii King Of Arles
1152–1190
Holy Roman Emperor
1155–1190
Preceded By
Frederick Ii Duke Of Swabia
1147–1152 Succeeded By
Frederick Iv
Preceded By
Beatrice I
As Sole Ruler Count Palatine Of Burgundy
1156–1190
With Beatrice I Succeeded By
Otto I
[Show] V T E
Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Emperors
[Show] V T E
Monarchs Of Germany
Authority Control
Worldcat Identities Viaf: 66596013 Lccn: N50047907 Isni: 0000 0001 1885 1477 Gnd: 118535757 Selibr: 230780 Sudoc: 034094296 Bnf: Cb12488571M (Data) Ulan: 500329612 Nla: 35683449 Nkc: Jn20000700567 Bne: Xx856878
Categories: Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor1122 Births1190 Deathschristians Of The Third Crusadedeaths By Drowningdukes Of Swabiahohenstaufen Dynastyholy Roman Emperorsgerman Kings Of Burgundyreleased From Excommunicationpeople From Baden-Württemberg12Th-Century Monarchs In Europe
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Frederick I, Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor
Judith Bertha Of Lorraine
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Rollo, 1st Ruler of Normandy / Poppa Of Bayeux |
Rollo, 1st Ruler of Normandy |
Poppa Of Bayeux |
William I (Longsword), 2nd Ruler of Normandy
Gerloc (Adela)
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Seigneur William Of Bellême / Mathilde Of Condé-Sur-Noireau |
Seigneur William Of Bellême |
Mathilde Of Condé-Sur-Noireau |
William I Talvas , Seigneur Of Alençon
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Bolesław Iii (Wrymouth), Duke of Poland / Salomea Of Berg |
Bolesław Iii (Wrymouth), Duke of Poland |
Salomea Of Berg |
Casimir Ii (The Just), High Duke of Poland & Duke of Masovia
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Vladislaus I, Duke of Bohemia / Richeza Of Berg |
Vladislaus I, Duke of Bohemia |
Richeza Of Berg |
King Vladislaus Ii, King of Bohemia
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King Ramiro I, King of Aragon / Ermesinda Gerberga of Bigorre |
King Ramiro I, King of Aragon |
Ermesinda Gerberga of Bigorre |
King Sancho Ramírez, King of Aragon and Navarre
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Count Garcia Jimenez Of Bigorre / - |
Count Garcia Jimenez Of Bigorre |
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Count Jimeno Garcez Arista Of Bigorre
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Count Jimeno Garcez Arista Of Bigorre / - |
Count Jimeno Garcez Arista Of Bigorre |
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King Íñigo (Arista), King of Pamplona
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Liudolf, Duke of the Eastern Saxons & Count of Eastphalia / Oda Of Billung |
Liudolf, Duke of the Eastern Saxons & Count of Eastphalia |
Oda Of Billung |
Liutgard Of Saxony
Oda Of Saxony
Otto I (The Illustrious), Duke of Saxony
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William Iv, Duke of Aquitaine / Emma Of Blois |
William Iv, Duke of Aquitaine |
Emma Of Blois |
William V, Duke of Aquitaine
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Bořivoj I, 1st Duke of Bohemia / Saint Ludmilla Of Bohemia |
Bořivoj I, 1st Duke of Bohemia |
Saint Ludmilla Of Bohemia |
Vratislaus I, Duke of Bohemia
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King John (The Blind), King of Bohemia, Count of Luxembourg, Arlon and Durbuy / Elizabeth Of Bohemia |
King John (The Blind), King of Bohemia, Count of Luxembourg, Arlon and Durbuy |
Elizabeth Of Bohemia |
Bonne Of Bohemia
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King John Ii (The Good), King of France / Bonne Of Bohemia |
King John Ii (The Good), King of France |
Bonne Of Bohemia |
Philip Ii (The Bold), Duke of Burgundy and jure uxoris Count of Flanders, Artois and Burgundy
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King Vratislaus Ii Of Bohemia, 1st King of Bohemia / Adelaide Of Hungary |
King Vratislaus Ii Of Bohemia, 1st King of Bohemia |
Adelaide Of Hungary |
Judith Of Bohemia, Bohemian Princess & Duchess of Poland
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King Vratislaus Ii Of Bohemia, 1st King of Bohemia / Świętosława Of Poland |
King Vratislaus Ii Of Bohemia, 1st King of Bohemia |
Świętosława Of Poland |
Vladislaus I, Duke of Bohemia
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Henry Vii, Holy Roman Emperor / Margaret Of Brabant |
Henry Vii, Holy Roman Emperor |
Margaret Of Brabant |
King John (The Blind), King of Bohemia, Count of Luxembourg, Arlon and Durbuy
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Robert I (The Good), Count of Artois / Matilda Of Brabant, Countess of Artois |
Robert I (The Good), Count of Artois |
Matilda Of Brabant, Countess of Artois |
Blanche Of Artois
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Richard II (The Good), Duke of Normandy / Judith Of Brittany |
Richard II (The Good), Duke of Normandy |
Judith Of Brittany |
Robert I (The Devil), Duke of Normandy
Alice Of Normandy
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Aron Of Bulgaria / - |
Aron Of Bulgaria |
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Ivan Vladislav , Tsar of Bulgaria
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Troian Of Bulgaria / Konstostephane Aballanta |
Troian Of Bulgaria |
Konstostephane Aballanta |
Maria Of Bulgaria
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Boso, The Margrave of Tuscany / Willa Of Burgandy |
Boso, The Margrave of Tuscany |
Willa Of Burgandy |
Richilde D'arles
Willa D'arles
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King Clovis I, King of Salian Franks / Saint Clotilde Of Burgandy |
King Clovis I, King of Salian Franks |
Saint Clotilde Of Burgandy |
King Clothar I, King of the Franks
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Reginar Ii, Count of Hainaut / Adelaide Of Burgandy |
Reginar Ii, Count of Hainaut |
Adelaide Of Burgandy |
Reginar Iii, Count of Hainaut
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William Ii (The Pious), Count of Provence / Gerberga Of Burgandy |
William Ii (The Pious), Count of Provence |
Gerberga Of Burgandy |
Geoffrey I, The Margrave of Provence
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Emperor Alfonso VI (The Brave), Emperor of All Spain / Constance of Burgundy |
Emperor Alfonso VI (The Brave), Emperor of All Spain |
Constance of Burgundy |
Urraca of León
Tereza Nunes De Queixada
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Erenfried I, Count of Bliesgau, Keldachgau, Bonngau & Charmois / Adelgunde Of Burgundy |
Erenfried I, Count of Bliesgau, Keldachgau, Bonngau & Charmois |
Adelgunde Of Burgundy |
Eberhard I, Count of Bonngau
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Henry (The Gallant) Of Burgundy / - |
Henry (The Gallant) Of Burgundy |
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Odo I (The Red), Duke of Burgundy
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Herman Ii, Duke of Swabia / Gerberga Of Burgundy |
Herman Ii, Duke of Swabia |
Gerberga Of Burgundy |
Gisela Of Swabia
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King Rudolph I, King of Upper Burgandy / Guilla Of Burgundy |
King Rudolph I, King of Upper Burgandy |
Guilla Of Burgundy |
King Rudolph Ii, King of Burgundy & Italy
Willa Of Burgandy
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Odo I, Count of Blois, Chartres, Reims, Provins, Châteaudun, and Omois / Bertha Of Burgundy |
Odo I, Count of Blois, Chartres, Reims, Provins, Châteaudun, and Omois |
Bertha Of Burgundy |
Odo Ii, Count of Blois
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William V, Duke of Aquitaine / Agnes Of Burgundy |
William V, Duke of Aquitaine |
Agnes Of Burgundy |
Agnes Of Poitou
William Viii, Duke Of Aquitaine
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William Viii, Duke Of Aquitaine / Hildegarde Of Burgundy |
William Viii, Duke Of Aquitaine |
Hildegarde Of Burgundy |
William Ix, Duke of Aquitaine
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Amadeus Iv, Count of Savoy / Marguerite of Burgundy, Countess of Savoy |
Amadeus Iv, Count of Savoy |
Marguerite of Burgundy, Countess of Savoy |
Beatrice of Savoy, Marchioness of Saluzzo
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Adolph I, Duke of Cleves / Marie Of Burgundy, Duchess of Cleves |
Adolph I, Duke of Cleves |
Marie Of Burgundy, Duchess of Cleves |
Catherine Of Cleves
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Henry Iii, Duke of Brabant & Lothier / Adelaide Of Burgundy, Duchess of Brabant |
Henry Iii, Duke of Brabant & Lothier |
Adelaide Of Burgundy, Duchess of Brabant |
John I (The Victorious), Duke of Brabant, Lothair & Limburg
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King Philip Vi (The Fortunate), King of France / Queen Joan (The Lame) Of Burgundy, Queen of France |
King Philip Vi (The Fortunate), King of France |
Queen Joan (The Lame) Of Burgundy, Queen of France |
King John Ii (The Good), King of France
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Odo I (The Red), Duke of Burgundy / Sibylla Of Burgundy, Duchess of Burgundy |
Odo I (The Red), Duke of Burgundy |
Sibylla Of Burgundy, Duchess of Burgundy |
Hugh Ii, Duke of Burgundy
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Raymond Of Burgundy, Count of Portugal / Urraca of León |
Raymond Of Burgundy, Count of Portugal |
Urraca of León |
Emperor Alfonso VII, Emperor of All Spain
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Emperor Anthemius, Western Roman Emperor / Marcia Euphemia Of Byzantium |
Emperor Anthemius, Western Roman Emperor |
Marcia Euphemia Of Byzantium |
Alypia
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Peter Of Cantabria, Duke of Cantabria / - |
Peter Of Cantabria, Duke of Cantabria |
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Fruela Pérez De Cantabria
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Ramon Borrell, Count of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona / Ermesinde Of Carcassonne |
Ramon Borrell, Count of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona |
Ermesinde Of Carcassonne |
Berenguer Ramon I (The Hunchback), Count of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona
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Sunifred, Count of Barcelona / Ermesende Of Carcassonne |
Sunifred, Count of Barcelona |
Ermesende Of Carcassonne |
Wilfred (The Hairy), Count of Urgell, Cerdanya, Barcelona, Girona, Besalú and Ausona
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Theobald Ii (The Great), Count of Champagne / Matilda Of Carinthia |
Theobald Ii (The Great), Count of Champagne |
Matilda Of Carinthia |
Marie Of Champagne
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Cailean Of Carrick / - |
Cailean Of Carrick |
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Niall, 2nd Earl of Carrick
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King Alphonso IX, King of León & Galicia / Berengaria of Castile |
King Alphonso IX, King of León & Galicia |
Berengaria of Castile |
Urraca Alfonso De León
King Ferdinand III (The Saint), King of Castile, León & Galicia
Alfonso of Leon , Lord of Molina
Berengaria Of Leon
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King Bermudo II (The Gouty), King of Galicia & León / Elvira García of Castile |
King Bermudo II (The Gouty), King of Galicia & León |
Elvira García of Castile |
King Alfonso V (The Noble), King of León
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Alfonso II (The Chaste), King of Aragon & Count of Barcelona / Sancha Of Castile , Queen of Aragon |
Alfonso II (The Chaste), King of Aragon & Count of Barcelona |
Sancha Of Castile , Queen of Aragon |
Alfonso II, Count of Provence
King Peter II (The Catholic) of Aragon, King of Aragon & Count of Barcelona
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King Alfonso XI (The Avenger) of Castile, King of Castile, León and Galicia / Leonor Núñez De Guzmán Ponce De León |
King Alfonso XI (The Avenger) of Castile, King of Castile, León and Galicia |
Leonor Núñez De Guzmán Ponce De León |
Fadrique Alfonso De Castile , 1st Señor de Haro & 25th Master of the Order of Santiago
King Henry II (The Fratricidal) of Castile, King of Castile and León
Sancho Alfonso, 1st Count of Alburquerque
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King Ferdinand II (The Catholic), King Of Sicily & Aragon / Isabella I of Castile, Queen of Castile and León |
King Ferdinand II (The Catholic), King Of Sicily & Aragon |
Isabella I of Castile, Queen of Castile and León |
Maria of Aragon , Queen of Portugal
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King Henry II (The Fratricidal) of Castile, King of Castile and León / Juana Manuel De Castille |
King Henry II (The Fratricidal) of Castile, King of Castile and León |
Juana Manuel De Castille |
King John I, King of Castile and León
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King Henry III (The Mourner) of Castile, King of Castile and León / Catherine of Lancaster |
King Henry III (The Mourner) of Castile, King of Castile and León |
Catherine of Lancaster |
King John II of Castile, King of Castile and León
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King John II of Castile, King of Castile and León / Isabella of Portugal, Queen of Castile and Leon |
King John II of Castile, King of Castile and León |
Isabella of Portugal, Queen of Castile and Leon |
Isabella I of Castile, Queen of Castile and León
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Fernán González Of Castile, Count of Castile / Sancha Sánchez Jiménez, Countess of Castile |
Fernán González Of Castile, Count of Castile |
Sancha Sánchez Jiménez, Countess of Castile |
Urraca Fernández
García Fernández, Count of Castile and Alava
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Gonzalo Fernández Of Castile, Count of Burgos & Castile / Muniadona Ramirez De Asturi |
Gonzalo Fernández Of Castile, Count of Burgos & Castile |
Muniadona Ramirez De Asturi |
Fernán González Of Castile, Count of Castile
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King Louis Viii (The Lion), King of France / Queen Blanche Of Castile, Queen of France |
King Louis Viii (The Lion), King of France |
Queen Blanche Of Castile, Queen of France |
King Louis Ix, King of France
Robert I (The Good), Count of Artois
Charles I Of Naples, King of Naples
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Sancho García (Of The Good Laws) Of Castile, Count of Castile and Álava / - |
Sancho García (Of The Good Laws) Of Castile, Count of Castile and Álava |
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Muniadona of Castile
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Sancho García (Of The Good Laws) Of Castile, Count of Castile and Álava / Urraca Gomez Of Saldaña |
Sancho García (Of The Good Laws) Of Castile, Count of Castile and Álava |
Urraca Gomez Of Saldaña |
Sancha Sánchez
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Gilbert Of Chalon, Count of Chalon, Autun, Troyes, Avallon, Dijon & Duke of Burgundy / Ermengarde Of Burgundy |
Gilbert Of Chalon, Count of Chalon, Autun, Troyes, Avallon, Dijon & Duke of Burgundy |
Ermengarde Of Burgundy |
Adelaide Of Burgundy Graefin
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Odo Ii, Duke of Burgundy / Marie Of Champagne |
Odo Ii, Duke of Burgundy |
Marie Of Champagne |
Hugh Iii, Duke of Burgundy
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Elias I, Count of Maine / Mathilda Of Château-Du-Loire |
Elias I, Count of Maine |
Mathilda Of Château-Du-Loire |
Ermengarde, Countess of Maine
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Raynald Of Châtillon, Lord of Hebron and Montréal / Constance Of Hauteville, The ruling Princess of Antioch |
Raynald Of Châtillon, Lord of Hebron and Montréal |
Constance Of Hauteville, The ruling Princess of Antioch |
Agnes Of Antioch
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Saint Michael Of Chernigov, Grand Prince of Kiev, Prince of Pereyaslavl, Novgorod-Seversk, Chernigov, Novgorod & Halych / Elena Romanovna Of Halych |
Saint Michael Of Chernigov, Grand Prince of Kiev, Prince of Pereyaslavl, Novgorod-Seversk, Chernigov, Novgorod & Halych |
Elena Romanovna Of Halych |
Rostislav Mikhailovich, Duke of Macsó
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Godfrey I, Duke of Lower Lorraine, Landgrave of Brabant, Count of Louvain & Brussels / Ida Of Chiny |
Godfrey I, Duke of Lower Lorraine, Landgrave of Brabant, Count of Louvain & Brussels |
Ida Of Chiny |
Godfrey Ii, Duke of Lower Lorraine, Landgrave of Brabant, Count of Louvain & Brussels
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Arnold, Duke of Guelders / Catherine Of Cleves |
Arnold, Duke of Guelders |
Catherine Of Cleves |
Catherine Of Guelders, Regent of Guilders
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Emperor Louis Ii (The Blind), Holy Roman Emperor / Anna Of Constantinople |
Emperor Louis Ii (The Blind), Holy Roman Emperor |
Anna Of Constantinople |
Charles-Constantine Of Vienne
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Sir Walter Of Cornwall / Joan Fitzalan |
Sir Walter Of Cornwall |
Joan Fitzalan |
Margaret Cornwall
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King Richard Of Cornwall, King of the Romans / Joan De Valletort |
King Richard Of Cornwall, King of the Romans |
Joan De Valletort |
Sir Walter Of Cornwall
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Arnold-Le-Gros Of Courcerault / - |
Arnold-Le-Gros Of Courcerault |
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Lord Of Echauffour And Montreuil-L'argillé, Giroie
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Robert Ii, Count of Dreux and Braine / Yolande Of Courcy, Countess of Dreux |
Robert Ii, Count of Dreux and Braine |
Yolande Of Courcy, Countess of Dreux |
Robert Iii (Gasteblé), Count of Dreux and Braine
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Peter I Of Courtenay / Elizabeth De Courtenay |
Peter I Of Courtenay |
Elizabeth De Courtenay |
Alice Of Courtenay, Countess of Angoulême
Emperor Peter Ii Of Courtenay, Latin Emperor of Constantinople
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Aymer Iii, 17th Count of Angoulême / Alice Of Courtenay, Countess of Angoulême |
Aymer Iii, 17th Count of Angoulême |
Alice Of Courtenay, Countess of Angoulême |
Isabella, Countess of Angoulême
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Emperor Peter Ii Of Courtenay, Latin Emperor of Constantinople / Yolanda Of Flanders |
Emperor Peter Ii Of Courtenay, Latin Emperor of Constantinople |
Yolanda Of Flanders |
Yolanda De Courtenay
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Sir Alexander Lindsay Of Crawford / - |
Sir Alexander Lindsay Of Crawford |
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Beatrice Lindsay
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Guy Of Dampierre, Count of Flanders / Matilda Of Béthune |
Guy Of Dampierre, Count of Flanders |
Matilda Of Béthune |
Margaret Of Flanders, Duchess of Brabant
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Herman I, Count Palatine of Lotharingia / Heylwig Of Dillingen |
Herman I, Count Palatine of Lotharingia |
Heylwig Of Dillingen |
Ezzo, Count Palatine of Lotharingia
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Hugh Iv, Duke of Burgundy / Yolande Of Dreux, Duchess of Burgundy |
Hugh Iv, Duke of Burgundy |
Yolande Of Dreux, Duchess of Burgundy |
Adelaide Of Burgundy, Duchess of Brabant
Robert Ii, Duke of Burgundy
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Crínán Of Dunkeld / Bethóc Ingen Maíl Coluim Meic Cináeda |
Crínán Of Dunkeld |
Bethóc Ingen Maíl Coluim Meic Cináeda |
King Duncan I (An T-Ilgarach), King of Scotland
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Emperor Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor / Eadgyth Of England |
Emperor Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor |
Eadgyth Of England |
Liutgarde Of Saxony
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King Alfonso VIII (The Noble), King of Castile & Toledo / Eleanor Plantagenet Of England , Queen of Castile |
King Alfonso VIII (The Noble), King of Castile & Toledo |
Eleanor Plantagenet Of England , Queen of Castile |
Berengaria of Castile
Queen Urraca Of Castile, Queen of Portugal
Queen Blanche Of Castile, Queen of France
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Robert I (The Devil), Duke of Normandy / Arlette Of Falaise |
Robert I (The Devil), Duke of Normandy |
Arlette Of Falaise |
King William I (The Conqueror), King of England & Duke of Normandy
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Dirk Ii, Count of Holland / Hildegarde Of Flanders |
Dirk Ii, Count of Holland |
Hildegarde Of Flanders |
Arnulf, Count of Holland
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King William I (The Conqueror), King of England & Duke of Normandy / Matilda Of Flanders |
King William I (The Conqueror), King of England & Duke of Normandy |
Matilda Of Flanders |
Gundred, Countess of Surrey
Saint Adela Of Normandy, Countess of Blois
King Henry I Beauclerc, King of England & Duke of Normandy
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Henry Iii, Count of Louvain & Brussels / Gertrude Of Flanders, Duchess of Lorraine |
Henry Iii, Count of Louvain & Brussels |
Gertrude Of Flanders, Duchess of Lorraine |
Adelaide Of Leuven
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John I (The Victorious), Duke of Brabant, Lothair & Limburg / Margaret Of Flanders, Duchess of Brabant |
John I (The Victorious), Duke of Brabant, Lothair & Limburg |
Margaret Of Flanders, Duchess of Brabant |
Margaret Of Brabant
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Theodoric Ii (The Valiant), Duke of Lorraine / Gertrude Of Flanders, Duchess of Lorraine |
Theodoric Ii (The Valiant), Duke of Lorraine |
Gertrude Of Flanders, Duchess of Lorraine |
Thierry Of Alsace, 15th Count of Flanders
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Theodoric Ii (The Valiant), Duke of Lorraine / Hedwige Of Formbach |
Theodoric Ii (The Valiant), Duke of Lorraine |
Hedwige Of Formbach |
Simon I, Duke of Lorraine
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Leopold Ii (The Fair), Margrave of Austria / Ida Of Formbach-Ratelnberg |
Leopold Ii (The Fair), Margrave of Austria |
Ida Of Formbach-Ratelnberg |
Saint Leopold III (The Good), Margrave of Austria
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Baldwin V, Count of Flanders / Adela Of France |
Baldwin V, Count of Flanders |
Adela Of France |
Matilda Of Flanders
Robert I, Count of Flanders
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- / Ermentrude Of France |
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Ermentrude Of France |
Cunigunda Of France
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Gerard, Count of Auvergne / Matilda Of France |
Gerard, Count of Auvergne |
Matilda Of France |
Rainulf I, Duke of Aquitaine
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Herbert Ii, Count of Vermandois / Adele Of France |
Herbert Ii, Count of Vermandois |
Adele Of France |
Robert Of Vermandois, Count of Meaux
Adele Of Vermandois, Countess of Flanders
Luitgarde Of Vermandois, Countess of Vermandois
Adalbert I, Count of Vermandois
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King Conrad I (The Peaceful), King of Burgundy / Matilda Of France |
King Conrad I (The Peaceful), King of Burgundy |
Matilda Of France |
Bertha Of Burgundy
Gerberga Of Burgundy
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Wigeric, Count Palatine of Lotharingia / Cunigunda Of France |
Wigeric, Count Palatine of Lotharingia |
Cunigunda Of France |
Frederick I, Duke Upper Lorraine
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Baldwin I (Iron Arm), 1st Count of Flanders / Judith Of France, Countess of Flanders |
Baldwin I (Iron Arm), 1st Count of Flanders |
Judith Of France, Countess of Flanders |
Baldwin Ii (The Bald), 2nd Count of Flanders
Guinidilda Of Flanders
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Robert Ii, Duke of Burgundy / Agnes Of France, Duchess of Burgundy |
Robert Ii, Duke of Burgundy |
Agnes Of France, Duchess of Burgundy |
Queen Joan (The Lame) Of Burgundy, Queen of France
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Adalbert I, The Margrave of Ivrea / Gisela Of Friuli |
Adalbert I, The Margrave of Ivrea |
Gisela Of Friuli |
King Berengar Ii, King of Italy
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Conrad Ii, Duke of Transjurane Burgundy / Judith Of Friuli |
Conrad Ii, Duke of Transjurane Burgundy |
Judith Of Friuli |
Adelgunde Of Burgundy
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Henry, Duke of Franconia / Ingeltrude Of Friuli |
Henry, Duke of Franconia |
Ingeltrude Of Friuli |
Hedwiga
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Eberhard Of Friuli, Frankish Duke of Friuli / Gisela |
Eberhard Of Friuli, Frankish Duke of Friuli |
Gisela |
Judith Of Friuli
Ingeltrude Of Friuli
Emperor Berengar I Of Friuli, Holy Roman Emperor
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Emperor Berengar I Of Friuli, Holy Roman Emperor / Bertila Of Spoleto |
Emperor Berengar I Of Friuli, Holy Roman Emperor |
Bertila Of Spoleto |
Gisela Of Friuli
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Unruoch Ii Of Friuli, Frankish Duke of Friuli / - |
Unruoch Ii Of Friuli, Frankish Duke of Friuli |
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Eberhard Of Friuli, Frankish Duke of Friuli
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Alan Of Galloway , Constable Of Scotland / Lady Margaret Of Scotland |
Alan Of Galloway , Constable Of Scotland |
Lady Margaret Of Scotland |
Dervorguilla Of Galloway
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Roland Of Galloway , Constable of Scotland / Helen De Morville |
Roland Of Galloway , Constable of Scotland |
Helen De Morville |
Alan Of Galloway , Constable Of Scotland
Nicholas De Stuteville , Lord Stuteville
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Uhtred Of Galloway , Lord Of Galloway / - |
Uhtred Of Galloway , Lord Of Galloway |
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Roland Of Galloway , Constable of Scotland
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Amadeus Ii, Count of Savoy / Joan Of Geneva |
Amadeus Ii, Count of Savoy |
Joan Of Geneva |
Umberto Ii (The Fat), Count of Savoy
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Thomas, Count of Savoy / Margaret Of Geneva, Countess of Savoy |
Thomas, Count of Savoy |
Margaret Of Geneva, Countess of Savoy |
Amadeus Iv, Count of Savoy
Beatrice De Savoie
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Frederick I, Duke of Swabia / Agnes Of Germany |
Frederick I, Duke of Swabia |
Agnes Of Germany |
Frederick Ii (The One-Eyed), Duke of Swabia
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Saint Leopold III (The Good), Margrave of Austria / Agnes Of Germany |
Saint Leopold III (The Good), Margrave of Austria |
Agnes Of Germany |
Frederick Ii (The One-Eyed), Duke of Swabia
Agnes Of Babenberg
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Ezzo, Count Palatine of Lotharingia / Matilda Of Germany, Countess Palatine of Lotharingia |
Ezzo, Count Palatine of Lotharingia |
Matilda Of Germany, Countess Palatine of Lotharingia |
Saint Richeza Of Lotharingia , Queen of Poland
Otto Ii, Duke of Swabia
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Rotbold I, Count of Provence / Emilde Of Gévaudan |
Rotbold I, Count of Provence |
Emilde Of Gévaudan |
Rotbold Ii, Count of Provence
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Walter Of Gloucester , Sheriff Of Gloucester / Berta De Baalun |
Walter Of Gloucester , Sheriff Of Gloucester |
Berta De Baalun |
Matilda Maude Fitzwalter
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Bivin Of Gorze, Count of Lotharingia / Richildis Of Turin |
Bivin Of Gorze, Count of Lotharingia |
Richildis Of Turin |
King Boso, King of Lower Burgundy & Provence
Richard (The Justiciar), Duke of Burgandy
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Henry Of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster / Isabel De Beaumont , Duchess of Lancaster |
Henry Of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster |
Isabel De Beaumont , Duchess of Lancaster |
Blanche Of Lancaster
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Dietrich Of Haldensleben, Duke of the Nordmark / - |
Dietrich Of Haldensleben, Duke of the Nordmark |
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Bernard, Margrave of the Nordmark
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Oslac Of Hampshire / - |
Oslac Of Hampshire |
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Osburga
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King Theoderic Iii, King of the Franks / Clotilde Of Heristal |
King Theoderic Iii, King of the Franks |
Clotilde Of Heristal |
Bertrada Of Prum , Merovingian Princess
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Pepin Of Herstal, Duke & Prince of the Franks / Alpaida |
Pepin Of Herstal, Duke & Prince of the Franks |
Alpaida |
Charles Martel, Duke & Prince of the Franks
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Emperor Louis (The Pious), Holy Roman Emperor / Ermengarde Of Hesbaye |
Emperor Louis (The Pious), Holy Roman Emperor |
Ermengarde Of Hesbaye |
Emperor Lothair I, Emperor Of The Romans
Matilda Of France
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Enguerrand I, Count of Ponthieu / Adelina Of Holland |
Enguerrand I, Count of Ponthieu |
Adelina Of Holland |
Hugh Ii, Count of Ponthieu
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Gerolf Of Holland / - |
Gerolf Of Holland |
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Dirk I (Theoderic), Count of Holland
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King Philip I (The Amorous), King of the Franks / Bertha Of Holland |
King Philip I (The Amorous), King of the Franks |
Bertha Of Holland |
Constance Of France, Princess of Antioch
King Louis Vi (The Fat), King of the Franks
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King James I (The Conqueror), King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of Montpellier / Violant of Hungary |
King James I (The Conqueror), King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of Montpellier |
Violant of Hungary |
Violante Yolanda of Aragon
King Peter III (The Great), King of Aragon, Valencia, Sicily and Count of Barcelona
Isabella of Aragon, Infanta of Aragon
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King Ottokar I, King of Bohemia / Constance Of Hungary |
King Ottokar I, King of Bohemia |
Constance Of Hungary |
King Wenceslaus I (One-Eyed), King of Bohemia
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Magnus, Duke of Saxony / Sophia Of Hungary, Countess of Istria and Carniola, Duchess of Saxony |
Magnus, Duke of Saxony |
Sophia Of Hungary, Countess of Istria and Carniola, Duchess of Saxony |
Wulfhilde Billung Of Saxony
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Arnulf Ii, 1st Count of Flanders / Rozala Of Italy |
Arnulf Ii, 1st Count of Flanders |
Rozala Of Italy |
Baldwin Iv (The Bearded), Count of Flanders
Hildeburg De Alençon
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Emperor Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor / Adelaide Of Italy , Holy Roman Empress |
Emperor Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor |
Adelaide Of Italy , Holy Roman Empress |
Emperor Otto Ii (The Red), Holy Roman Emperor
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King Boso, King of Lower Burgundy & Provence / Ermengard Of Italy |
King Boso, King of Lower Burgundy & Provence |
Ermengard Of Italy |
Emperor Louis Ii (The Blind), Holy Roman Emperor
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King Andrew II of Jerusalem, King of Hungary and Croatia / Gertrude Of Merania , Queen of Hungary |
King Andrew II of Jerusalem, King of Hungary and Croatia |
Gertrude Of Merania , Queen of Hungary |
King Béla Iv, King of Hungary & Croatia
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King Andrew II of Jerusalem, King of Hungary and Croatia / Yolanda De Courtenay |
King Andrew II of Jerusalem, King of Hungary and Croatia |
Yolanda De Courtenay |
Violant of Hungary
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King Bodik, King of the Saxons / Irmafreda Of Kent |
King Bodik, King of the Saxons |
Irmafreda Of Kent |
King Berthold, King of the Saxons
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King Edward I (The Elder), King of the Anglo-Saxons / Eadgifu Of Kent |
King Edward I (The Elder), King of the Anglo-Saxons |
Eadgifu Of Kent |
King Edmund I (The Magnificent), King of England
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Álmos, Prince of Hungary / Predslava Of Kiev |
Álmos, Prince of Hungary |
Predslava Of Kiev |
King Béla II (The Blind), King of Hungary and Croatia
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- / Anastasia Of Kiev |
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Anastasia Of Kiev |
Adelaide Of Hungary
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Bernard, Margrave of the Nordmark / Vladimirovna Of Kiev |
Bernard, Margrave of the Nordmark |
Vladimirovna Of Kiev |
Conrad, Count of Haldensleben
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Bolesław Iii (Wrymouth), Duke of Poland / Zbyslava Of Kiev |
Bolesław Iii (Wrymouth), Duke of Poland |
Zbyslava Of Kiev |
Władysław Ii (The Exile), High Duke of Poland & Duke of Silesia
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Casimir I (The Restorer), Duke of Poland / Maria Dobroniega Of Kiev |
Casimir I (The Restorer), Duke of Poland |
Maria Dobroniega Of Kiev |
Władysław I Herman, Duke of Poland
Świętosława Of Poland
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King Géza II, King of Hungary and Croatia / Euphrosyne Of Kiev |
King Géza II, King of Hungary and Croatia |
Euphrosyne Of Kiev |
Béla III, King of Hungary and Croatia
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Igor I Of Kiev, Varangian Ruler of Kievan Rus' / Olga Of Kiev , Ruler of Kievan Rus' |
Igor I Of Kiev, Varangian Ruler of Kievan Rus' |
Olga Of Kiev , Ruler of Kievan Rus' |
Sviatoslav I Igorevich Of Kiev, Grand Prince of Kiev
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Mstislav I Of Kiev, Grand Prince of Kiev / Liubava Dmitrievna Zavidich |
Mstislav I Of Kiev, Grand Prince of Kiev |
Liubava Dmitrievna Zavidich |
Maria Mtislavna Of Kiev,
Euphrosyne Of Kiev
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Sviatoslav I Igorevich Of Kiev, Grand Prince of Kiev / - |
Sviatoslav I Igorevich Of Kiev, Grand Prince of Kiev |
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Vladimir (The Great) Sviatoslavich, Prince of Novgorod, Grand Prince of Kiev & Ruler of Kievan Rus'
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- / Blanche Of Lancaster |
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Blanche Of Lancaster |
Philippa Of Lancaster , Queen of Portugal
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King John I (The Good), King of Portugal and the Algarve / Philippa Of Lancaster , Queen of Portugal |
King John I (The Good), King of Portugal and the Algarve |
Philippa Of Lancaster , Queen of Portugal |
King Duarte "Edward" (The Eloquent), King of Portugal and the Algarves
Infante John, Constable of Portugal
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Pepin Of Landen , Mayor Of The Palace Of Austrasia / Saint Itta Of Metz |
Pepin Of Landen , Mayor Of The Palace Of Austrasia |
Saint Itta Of Metz |
Saint Begga De Landen
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King Bernard, King of the Lombards / Cunigunda Of Laon |
King Bernard, King of the Lombards |
Cunigunda Of Laon |
Pepin Ii, Count of Vermandois
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King Pippin Iii (The Short), King of the Franks / Queen Bertrada Of Laon |
King Pippin Iii (The Short), King of the Franks |
Queen Bertrada Of Laon |
Emperor Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor
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Martin Of Laon / Bertrada Of Prum , Merovingian Princess |
Martin Of Laon |
Bertrada Of Prum , Merovingian Princess |
Charibert, Count of Loan
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Sir Thomas Folkingham Of Leeds / Lady Jane Pigot |
Sir Thomas Folkingham Of Leeds |
Lady Jane Pigot |
John Leids
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Alfonso of Leon , Lord of Molina / - |
Alfonso of Leon , Lord of Molina |
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Maria Alfonso Téllez de Menezes, Lady of Molina
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Alfonso of Leon , Lord of Molina / - |
Alfonso of Leon , Lord of Molina |
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Leonor Afonzo De Molina
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Emperor Ferdinand I (The Great), Emperor of All Spain / Sancha of León |
Emperor Ferdinand I (The Great), Emperor of All Spain |
Sancha of León |
Emperor Alfonso VI (The Brave), Emperor of All Spain
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Bertrand I Of Les Baux , The 1st Baux Prince of Orange / - |
Bertrand I Of Les Baux , The 1st Baux Prince of Orange |
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Hugh Iii, Lord of Baux, Viscount of Marseilles & Barrale
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Simon I, Duke of Lorraine / Adelaide Of Leuven |
Simon I, Duke of Lorraine |
Adelaide Of Leuven |
Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine
Agatha Of Lorraine
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Adalbert I, Count of Vermandois / Gerberge Of Lorraine |
Adalbert I, Count of Vermandois |
Gerberge Of Lorraine |
Herbert Iii, Count of Vermandois
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Hugh Iii, Duke of Burgundy / Alice Of Lorraine |
Hugh Iii, Duke of Burgundy |
Alice Of Lorraine |
Odo Iii, Duke of Burgundy
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Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine / Judith Bertha Of Lorraine |
Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine |
Judith Bertha Of Lorraine |
Alice Of Lorraine
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Reginald Iii, Count of Burgundy / Agatha Of Lorraine |
Reginald Iii, Count of Burgundy |
Agatha Of Lorraine |
Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy
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Stephen I (The Rash), Count of Burgundy, Mâcon and Vienne / Beatrix Of Lorraine |
Stephen I (The Rash), Count of Burgundy, Mâcon and Vienne |
Beatrix Of Lorraine |
Reginald Iii, Count of Burgundy
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Eberhard Iv, Count of Nordgau / Luitgard Of Lotharingia |
Eberhard Iv, Count of Nordgau |
Luitgard Of Lotharingia |
Hedwig Of Nordgau
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Lambert I (The Bearded), 1st Count of Louvain / Gerberga Of Lower Lorraine |
Lambert I (The Bearded), 1st Count of Louvain |
Gerberga Of Lower Lorraine |
Lambert Ii Count of Louvain
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Sigifred Of Lucca / - |
Sigifred Of Lucca |
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Adalbert Atto, Count of Canossa, Reggio and Modena
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Dobromir Of Lusatia / - |
Dobromir Of Lusatia |
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Emnilde , Princes of the Western Slavs
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Baldwin Iv (The Bearded), Count of Flanders / Ogive Of Luxembourg |
Baldwin Iv (The Bearded), Count of Flanders |
Ogive Of Luxembourg |
Baldwin V, Count of Flanders
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Frederick Of Luxembourg, Count of Moselgau / Ermentrude, Countess of Gleiberg |
Frederick Of Luxembourg, Count of Moselgau |
Ermentrude, Countess of Gleiberg |
Ogive Of Luxembourg
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Arnulf, Count of Holland / Lutgardis Of Luxenburg |
Arnulf, Count of Holland |
Lutgardis Of Luxenburg |
Dirk Iii (Hierosolymita), Count of Holland
Adelina Of Holland
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Geoffrey, Count of Gâtinais / Beatrice Of Mâcon |
Geoffrey, Count of Gâtinais |
Beatrice Of Mâcon |
Geoffrey Ii, Count of Gâtinais
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King Adalbert, King of Italy / Gerberga Of Mâcon |
King Adalbert, King of Italy |
Gerberga Of Mâcon |
Otto William I, Count of Mâcon, Nevers & Burgundy
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Theobald Iii, Count of Blois, Meaux and Troyes / Gersende Of Maine |
Theobald Iii, Count of Blois, Meaux and Troyes |
Gersende Of Maine |
Stephen Ii Henry, Count of Blois and Chartres
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King Robert I (The Bruce), King Of Scots / Isabella Of Mar |
King Robert I (The Bruce), King Of Scots |
Isabella Of Mar |
Marjorie Bruce
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Bertrand Of Marseille, Count / - |
Bertrand Of Marseille, Count |
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Dulcia Of Marseille
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King Louis Vi (The Fat), King of the Franks / Adelaide Of Maurienne |
King Louis Vi (The Fat), King of the Franks |
Adelaide Of Maurienne |
Robert I (The Great), Count of Dreux
Peter I Of Courtenay
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Hugh Ii, Duke of Burgundy / Felicia-Matilda Of Mayenne |
Hugh Ii, Duke of Burgundy |
Felicia-Matilda Of Mayenne |
Odo Ii, Duke of Burgundy
Matilda Of Burgundy
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Geoffrey I, Count of Anjou / Adele Of Meaux |
Geoffrey I, Count of Anjou |
Adele Of Meaux |
Ermengarde Gerberga Of Anjou
Fulk Iii, Count of Anjou
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King Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem / Morphia Of Melitene |
King Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem |
Morphia Of Melitene |
Alice Of Jerusalem, Princess of Antioch
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Boleslaus Ii, Duke of Bohemia / Emma Of Mělník |
Boleslaus Ii, Duke of Bohemia |
Emma Of Mělník |
Oldřich, Duke of Bohemia
|
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King Alfred (The Great), King of the Anglo-Saxons / Ealhswith Of Mercia |
King Alfred (The Great), King of the Anglo-Saxons |
Ealhswith Of Mercia |
Aelfthryth Of Wessex, Countess of Flanders
King Edward I (The Elder), King of the Anglo-Saxons
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Theodoric I, Count of Bar & Duke of Upper Lorraine / Richilde Of Metz |
Theodoric I, Count of Bar & Duke of Upper Lorraine |
Richilde Of Metz |
Hildegard
Gisèla
|
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King Sigibert I Of Metz, King of Austrasia / Brunhilda Of Austria |
King Sigibert I Of Metz, King of Austrasia |
Brunhilda Of Austria |
Carloman De Landen
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Amadeus Ii Of Montfaucon, Count of Montbéliard & Lord of Montfaucon / Beatrice De Joinville |
Amadeus Ii Of Montfaucon, Count of Montbéliard & Lord of Montfaucon |
Beatrice De Joinville |
Agnes De Montfaucon
|
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William VIII of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier / Eudokia Komnene |
William VIII of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier |
Eudokia Komnene |
Marie of Montpellier, Lady of Montpellier
|
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William I Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier / - |
William I Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier |
|
William Ii Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier
|
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William Ii Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier / Adelaide |
William Ii Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier |
Adelaide |
William Iii Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier
|
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William Iii Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier / Beliardis |
William Iii Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier |
Beliardis |
William Iv Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier
|
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William Iv Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier / Ermengarde Of Melgueil |
William Iv Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier |
Ermengarde Of Melgueil |
William V Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier
|
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William V Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier / Ermensenda Of Mauguio |
William V Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier |
Ermensenda Of Mauguio |
William Vi Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier
|
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William Vi Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier / Sibille |
William Vi Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier |
Sibille |
William Vii Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier
|
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William Vii Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier / Matilda Of Burgundy |
William Vii Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier |
Matilda Of Burgundy |
William VIII of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier
|
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William Iv, Count of Toulouse / Emma Of Mortain |
William Iv, Count of Toulouse |
Emma Of Mortain |
Philippa, Countess of Toulouse
|
|
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Gérard, Duke of Lorraine / Hedwige Of Namur |
Gérard, Duke of Lorraine |
Hedwige Of Namur |
Theodoric Ii (The Valiant), Duke of Lorraine
|
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Charles II (The Lame) of Naples, King of Naples & Albania, Prince of Salerno & Achaea, Count of Provence, Forcalquier & Anjou / Mary Of Hungary , Queen of Naples |
Charles II (The Lame) of Naples, King of Naples & Albania, Prince of Salerno & Achaea, Count of Provence, Forcalquier & Anjou |
Mary Of Hungary , Queen of Naples |
Margaret, Countess of Anjou
Blanche of Anjou
Eleanor of Anjou
|
|
|
|
Charles I Of Naples, King of Naples / Beatrice Of Provence, Countess of Provence and Forcalquier |
Charles I Of Naples, King of Naples |
Beatrice Of Provence, Countess of Provence and Forcalquier |
Charles II (The Lame) of Naples, King of Naples & Albania, Prince of Salerno & Achaea, Count of Provence, Forcalquier & Anjou
|
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King Sancho III (The Desired), King of Castile and Toledo / Blanche Of Navarre |
King Sancho III (The Desired), King of Castile and Toledo |
Blanche Of Navarre |
King Alfonso VIII (The Noble), King of Castile & Toledo
|
|
|
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King García Ramírez Of Navarre, Lord of Monzón and Logroño & King of Navarre / Margaret Of L’aigle , Queen Consort of Navarre |
King García Ramírez Of Navarre, Lord of Monzón and Logroño & King of Navarre |
Margaret Of L’aigle , Queen Consort of Navarre |
Blanche Of Navarre
|
|
|
|
Count Ulric Iii Of Neuchatel / Jolande Von Urach |
Count Ulric Iii Of Neuchatel |
Jolande Von Urach |
Agnes De Neuchatel
|
|
|
|
Lambert Ii, Count of Austrasia / Chrotlind Of Neustria |
Lambert Ii, Count of Austrasia |
Chrotlind Of Neustria |
Robert I, Duke of Neustria
|
|
|
|
Ragenold Of Neustria, Count of Herbauges, Maine and Margrave of Neustria / Rothilde |
Ragenold Of Neustria, Count of Herbauges, Maine and Margrave of Neustria |
Rothilde |
Hugh I, Count of Maine
|
|
|
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Sigfried, Count of the Ardennes / Hedwig Of Nordgau |
Sigfried, Count of the Ardennes |
Hedwig Of Nordgau |
Frederick Of Luxembourg, Count of Moselgau
|
|
|
|
Lord Of Galloway, Fergus / Sibylla of Normandy |
Lord Of Galloway, Fergus |
Sibylla of Normandy |
Uhtred Of Galloway , Lord Of Galloway
Gille Brigte , Lord of Galloway
|
|
|
|
Reginald I, Count of Burgundy / Alice Of Normandy |
Reginald I, Count of Burgundy |
Alice Of Normandy |
William I (The Great), Count of Burgundy
Alberada Of Buonalbergo
|
|
|
|
Stephen Ii Henry, Count of Blois and Chartres / Saint Adela Of Normandy, Countess of Blois |
Stephen Ii Henry, Count of Blois and Chartres |
Saint Adela Of Normandy, Countess of Blois |
Theobald Ii (The Great), Count of Champagne
|
|
|
|
King Æthelred Ii (The Unready), King of the English / Elfled Of Northunbria |
King Æthelred Ii (The Unready), King of the English |
Elfled Of Northunbria |
King Edmund Ii (Ironside), King of England
|
|
|
|
Ordulf, Duke of Saxony / Wulfhild Of Norway |
Ordulf, Duke of Saxony |
Wulfhild Of Norway |
Magnus, Duke of Saxony
|
|
|
|
Hnabi, Duke of Alemannia / Hereswind Of Nuestria |
Hnabi, Duke of Alemannia |
Hereswind Of Nuestria |
Emma Of Alamannia
|
|
|
|
Emperor Charles Ii (The Bald), King of West Francia, Italy & Holy Roman Emperor / Ermantrude Of Orleans, Queen of the Franks |
Emperor Charles Ii (The Bald), King of West Francia, Italy & Holy Roman Emperor |
Ermantrude Of Orleans, Queen of the Franks |
Judith Of France, Countess of Flanders
King Louis (The Stammerer), King of West Francia
|
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|
|
García Jiménez Of Pamplona / Dadildis De Pallars |
García Jiménez Of Pamplona |
Dadildis De Pallars |
King Sancho I, King of Pamplona
|
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|
King Alfonso Iii (The Great), King of León, Galicia & Asturias / Jimena Of Pamplona |
King Alfonso Iii (The Great), King of León, Galicia & Asturias |
Jimena Of Pamplona |
King Fruela Ii, King of Leon
King Ordoño Ii, King of Galicia & León
|
|
|
|
King Sancho I, King of Pamplona / Toda Of Pamplona |
King Sancho I, King of Pamplona |
Toda Of Pamplona |
King García Sánchez I, King of Pamplona
|
|
|
|
King García Sánchez II of Pamplona, King of Pamplona & Count of Aragon / - |
King García Sánchez II of Pamplona, King of Pamplona & Count of Aragon |
|
King Sancho Garcés III (The Great) of Pamplona, King of Pamplona & Count of Aragon
|
|
|
|
King Sancho Garcés III (The Great) of Pamplona, King of Pamplona & Count of Aragon / Muniadona of Castile |
King Sancho Garcés III (The Great) of Pamplona, King of Pamplona & Count of Aragon |
Muniadona of Castile |
Emperor Ferdinand I (The Great), Emperor of All Spain
King García Sánchez Iii Of Pamplona, King Of Navarre
|
|
|
|
King Sancho Garcés III (The Great) of Pamplona, King of Pamplona & Count of Aragon / Sancha of Aybar |
King Sancho Garcés III (The Great) of Pamplona, King of Pamplona & Count of Aragon |
Sancha of Aybar |
King Ramiro I, King of Aragon
|
|
|
|
King García Sánchez Iii Of Pamplona, King Of Navarre / - |
King García Sánchez Iii Of Pamplona, King Of Navarre |
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Lord Sancho Garcés, Lord of Uncastillo
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King Louis (The Stammerer), King of West Francia / Adélaïde Of Paris |
King Louis (The Stammerer), King of West Francia |
Adélaïde Of Paris |
Ermentrude Of France
King Charles Iii (The Simple), King of West Francia
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Odo I, Count of Orleans / Engeltrude Of Paris |
Odo I, Count of Orleans |
Engeltrude Of Paris |
Ermantrude Of Orleans, Queen of the Franks
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Vulfard, Count of Flavigny / Suzanne Of Paris |
Vulfard, Count of Flavigny |
Suzanne Of Paris |
Adalard Of Paris, 8th Count of Paris & Count Palatine
Wulgrin I, 1st Count of Angoulême
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Adalard Of Paris, 8th Count of Paris & Count Palatine / - |
Adalard Of Paris, 8th Count of Paris & Count Palatine |
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Adélaïde Of Paris
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Henry Iii (The Black), Holy Roman Emperor / Agnes Of Poitou |
Henry Iii (The Black), Holy Roman Emperor |
Agnes Of Poitou |
Henry Iv, Holy Roman Emperor
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Emperor Alfonso VII, Emperor of All Spain / Richeza Of Poland , Queen of Castile |
Emperor Alfonso VII, Emperor of All Spain |
Richeza Of Poland , Queen of Castile |
Sancha Of Castile , Queen of Aragon
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Mieszko I Of Poland , Ruler of Polans / Doubravka Of Bohemia , Duchess of the Polans |
Mieszko I Of Poland , Ruler of Polans |
Doubravka Of Bohemia , Duchess of the Polans |
King Bolesław I (The Brave), 1st King of Poland
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King Béla I (The Champion), King of Hungary / Richeza Of Poland, Queen of Hungary |
King Béla I (The Champion), King of Hungary |
Richeza Of Poland, Queen of Hungary |
King Géza I, King of Hungary
Sophia Of Hungary, Countess of Istria and Carniola, Duchess of Saxony
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King Ferdinand IV (The Summoned), King of Castile, León & Galicia / Infanta Constance of Portugal |
King Ferdinand IV (The Summoned), King of Castile, León & Galicia |
Infanta Constance of Portugal |
King Alfonso XI (The Avenger) of Castile, King of Castile, León and Galicia
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King Ferdinand II, King of León and Galicia / Urraca Of Portugal |
King Ferdinand II, King of León and Galicia |
Urraca Of Portugal |
King Alphonso IX, King of León & Galicia
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Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu & Beja / Infanta Beatriz of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu |
Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu & Beja |
Infanta Beatriz of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu |
King Manuel I (The Fortunate), King of Portugal and the Algarves
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King Afonso IV (The Brave) of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarves / Beatriz Sancha of Castile |
King Afonso IV (The Brave) of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarves |
Beatriz Sancha of Castile |
King Peter I (The Just) Of Portugal, King of Portugal and of the Algarves
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Infante Luís Of Portugal, Duke of Beja / Violante Gomez |
Infante Luís Of Portugal, Duke of Beja |
Violante Gomez |
Capitan Juan Gomez de Portugal
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King Afonso Ii (The Fat) Of Portugal, King of Portugal / Queen Urraca Of Castile, Queen of Portugal |
King Afonso Ii (The Fat) Of Portugal, King of Portugal |
Queen Urraca Of Castile, Queen of Portugal |
King Afonso Iii Of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarve
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King Afonso Iii Of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarve / Beatrice Of Castile |
King Afonso Iii Of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarve |
Beatrice Of Castile |
King Denis (The Poet King) Of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarve
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King Denis (The Poet King) Of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarve / - |
King Denis (The Poet King) Of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarve |
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King Denis (The Poet King) Of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarve / Saint Elizabeth of Aragon |
King Denis (The Poet King) Of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarve |
Saint Elizabeth of Aragon |
Infanta Constance of Portugal
King Afonso IV (The Brave) of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarves
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King Peter I (The Just) Of Portugal, King of Portugal and of the Algarves / Teresa Gille Lourenço |
King Peter I (The Just) Of Portugal, King of Portugal and of the Algarves |
Teresa Gille Lourenço |
Beatriz De Portugal
King John I (The Good), King of Portugal and the Algarve
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King Sancho I (The Populator) Of Portugal, King of Portugal / Dulce of Aragon |
King Sancho I (The Populator) Of Portugal, King of Portugal |
Dulce of Aragon |
King Afonso Ii (The Fat) Of Portugal, King of Portugal
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Geoffroi Of Provence Count / Dulcia Of Marseille |
Geoffroi Of Provence Count |
Dulcia Of Marseille |
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King Henry Iii, King of England, Lord of Ireland & Duke of Aquitaine / Eleanor Of Provence |
King Henry Iii, King of England, Lord of Ireland & Duke of Aquitaine |
Eleanor Of Provence |
Edmund (Crouchback), Earl of Lancaster & Leicester
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William Iii, Count of Toulouse, Albi and Quercy / Emma Of Provence |
William Iii, Count of Toulouse, Albi and Quercy |
Emma Of Provence |
Pons, Count of Toulouse
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- / Margaret Of Provence, Queen of France |
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Margaret Of Provence, Queen of France |
King Philip III (The Bold), King of France
Blanche Of France , Infanta of Castile
Agnes Of France, Duchess of Burgundy
Maria Alfonso Téllez de Menezes, Lady of Molina
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Siegfried I, Count of Sponheim / Richgard Of Puster Valley |
Siegfried I, Count of Sponheim |
Richgard Of Puster Valley |
Herman Sponheim , Burgrave of Magdeburg
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Dietrich, Count of Westphalia / Reinhild Of Ringleheim |
Dietrich, Count of Westphalia |
Reinhild Of Ringleheim |
Saint Matilda Of Ringleheim
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King Henry I (The Fowler), King of Germany / Saint Matilda Of Ringleheim |
King Henry I (The Fowler), King of Germany |
Saint Matilda Of Ringleheim |
Gerberga Of Saxony
Emperor Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor
Hedwiga Of Saxony
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Berthold, Duke of Merania / Agnes Of Rochlitz |
Berthold, Duke of Merania |
Agnes Of Rochlitz |
Gertrude Of Merania , Queen of Hungary
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Gallo-Roman Senator Of Narbo, Ferreolus Of Rodez / Saint Dode De Reims , Abbess Of St. Pierre |
Gallo-Roman Senator Of Narbo, Ferreolus Of Rodez |
Saint Dode De Reims , Abbess Of St. Pierre |
Gallo-Roman Senator, Ansbertus
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Erard I, Count of Brienne / Alix Of Roucy-Ramerupt |
Erard I, Count of Brienne |
Alix Of Roucy-Ramerupt |
Gautier Ii, Count of Brienne
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Robert Ii , Archbishop Of Rouen / Harleve Of Rouen |
Robert Ii , Archbishop Of Rouen |
Harleve Of Rouen |
Richard, Count of Évreux
Robert D' Evereux
William D'evreux
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Roger I, Count of Carcassonne, Comminges and Couserans / Adelaide Of Rouergue |
Roger I, Count of Carcassonne, Comminges and Couserans |
Adelaide Of Rouergue |
Ermesinde Of Carcassonne
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Sunyer, Count of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona / Richilde Of Rougergue |
Sunyer, Count of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona |
Richilde Of Rougergue |
Borrell Ii, Count of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona
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Rainou Of Sabran , Lord of Castellar & Forcalquier / Garsenda Of Forcalquier |
Rainou Of Sabran , Lord of Castellar & Forcalquier |
Garsenda Of Forcalquier |
Garsenda, Countess of Forcalquier
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Theodo V, Duke of Bavaria / Folchaide Of Salzburg |
Theodo V, Duke of Bavaria |
Folchaide Of Salzburg |
Willigard Of Bavaria
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Henry Iv, Holy Roman Emperor / Bertha Of Savoy |
Henry Iv, Holy Roman Emperor |
Bertha Of Savoy |
Agnes Of Germany
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King Afonso I, 1st King of Portugal / Matilda Of Savoy , Queen of Portugal |
King Afonso I, 1st King of Portugal |
Matilda Of Savoy , Queen of Portugal |
Urraca Of Portugal
King Sancho I (The Populator) Of Portugal, King of Portugal
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Giwis of Saxony / - |
Giwis of Saxony |
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Esla Gewisson
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Arnoldus , Bishop Of Metz / Oda De Metz Of Saxony |
Arnoldus , Bishop Of Metz |
Oda De Metz Of Saxony |
Doda De Heristal De Saxony
Saint Itta Of Metz
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Baldwin Iii, Count of Flanders / Mathilde Billung Of Saxony |
Baldwin Iii, Count of Flanders |
Mathilde Billung Of Saxony |
Arnulf Ii, 1st Count of Flanders
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Burchard I, Duke of Swabia / Liutgard Of Saxony |
Burchard I, Duke of Swabia |
Liutgard Of Saxony |
Burchard Ii, Duke of Swabia
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Conrad (The Red), Duke of Lorraine / Liutgarde Of Saxony |
Conrad (The Red), Duke of Lorraine |
Liutgarde Of Saxony |
Otto I Of Worms, Duke of Carinthia
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Dirk Iii (Hierosolymita), Count of Holland / Othelindis Of Saxony |
Dirk Iii (Hierosolymita), Count of Holland |
Othelindis Of Saxony |
Floris I, Count of Holland
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Floris I, Count of Holland / Gertrude Billung Of Saxony |
Floris I, Count of Holland |
Gertrude Billung Of Saxony |
Bertha Of Holland
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Giselbert, Duke of Lorraine / Gerberga Of Saxony |
Giselbert, Duke of Lorraine |
Gerberga Of Saxony |
Alberade De Lorraine
Gerberge Of Lorraine
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Henry Ix (The Black), Duke of Bavaria / Wulfhilde Billung Of Saxony |
Henry Ix (The Black), Duke of Bavaria |
Wulfhilde Billung Of Saxony |
Judith Of Bavaria, Duchess of Swabia
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Hugh (The Great), Duke of the Franks & Count of Paris / Hedwiga Of Saxony |
Hugh (The Great), Duke of the Franks & Count of Paris |
Hedwiga Of Saxony |
Beatrice De France
King Hugh Capet, King of France
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King Louis Iv (D'outremer ), King of West Francia / Gerberga Of Saxony |
King Louis Iv (D'outremer ), King of West Francia |
Gerberga Of Saxony |
Matilda Of France
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King Sigismund, King of the Saxons / Julanda Of Saxony |
King Sigismund, King of the Saxons |
Julanda Of Saxony |
Dieterick (Theodoric), The Margrave of Lausitz
Gotfrid, Duke of Alemania
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Lothar I, Count of Stade / Oda Of Saxony |
Lothar I, Count of Stade |
Oda Of Saxony |
Lothar Ii, Count of Stade
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Lothar Ii, Count of Stade / Swanhild Of Saxony |
Lothar Ii, Count of Stade |
Swanhild Of Saxony |
Henry I (The Bald), Count of Stade
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Robert I, Count of Flanders / Gertrude Billung Of Saxony |
Robert I, Count of Flanders |
Gertrude Billung Of Saxony |
Gertrude Of Flanders, Duchess of Lorraine
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Welf I, Count of Altdorf / Hedwig Of Saxony |
Welf I, Count of Altdorf |
Hedwig Of Saxony |
Conrad I, Count of Aargau, Auxerre & Paris
Queen Judith Of Bavaria
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Berno, 2nd Duke of Saxony / Hasalda Of Saxony, Princess Holstein-Sachsen |
Berno, 2nd Duke of Saxony |
Hasalda Of Saxony, Princess Holstein-Sachsen |
Brun, 3rd Duke of Saxony
Bernard (The Dane), Rollo's Chief Councilor
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Bernard Ii, Duke of Saxony and Count in Frisia / Eilika Of Schweinfurt |
Bernard Ii, Duke of Saxony and Count in Frisia |
Eilika Of Schweinfurt |
Ordulf, Duke of Saxony
Gertrude Billung Of Saxony
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Bretislav I, Duke of Bohemia / Judith Of Schweinfurt , Duchess of Bohemia |
Bretislav I, Duke of Bohemia |
Judith Of Schweinfurt , Duchess of Bohemia |
King Vratislaus Ii Of Bohemia, 1st King of Bohemia
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Berthold Of Schweinfurt, The Margrave of the Nordgau / Eilika Of Walbeck |
Berthold Of Schweinfurt, The Margrave of the Nordgau |
Eilika Of Walbeck |
Henry Of Schweinfurt, The Margrave of the Nordgau
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Henry Of Schweinfurt, The Margrave of the Nordgau / Gerberga Of Gleiberg |
Henry Of Schweinfurt, The Margrave of the Nordgau |
Gerberga Of Gleiberg |
Judith Of Schweinfurt , Duchess of Bohemia
Eilika Of Schweinfurt
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Henry Of Scotland / Ada De Warenne |
Henry Of Scotland |
Ada De Warenne |
David Of Scotland, 8th Earl of Huntingdon
Marjorie Of Huntingdon
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King Malcolm Iii (Canmore), King of Scots / Saint Margaret Of Scotland |
King Malcolm Iii (Canmore), King of Scots |
Saint Margaret Of Scotland |
Matilda Of Scotland
King David I, King Of The Scots
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David Of Scotland, 8th Earl of Huntingdon / Matilda Of Chester |
David Of Scotland, 8th Earl of Huntingdon |
Matilda Of Chester |
Lady Margaret Of Scotland
Isobel Of Huntington
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King Béla II (The Blind), King of Hungary and Croatia / Helena Of Serbia, Queen of Hungary |
King Béla II (The Blind), King of Hungary and Croatia |
Helena Of Serbia, Queen of Hungary |
King Géza II, King of Hungary and Croatia
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King Edmund I (The Magnificent), King of England / Saint Ælfgifu Of Shaftesbury |
King Edmund I (The Magnificent), King of England |
Saint Ælfgifu Of Shaftesbury |
King Edgar I (The Peaceful), King of England
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King Frederick III of Sicily, King Of Sicily / Eleanor of Anjou |
King Frederick III of Sicily, King Of Sicily |
Eleanor of Anjou |
King Peter II Of Sicily, King Of Sicily
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King Peter III (The Great), King of Aragon, Valencia, Sicily and Count of Barcelona / Constance of Sicily, Queen of Aragon |
King Peter III (The Great), King of Aragon, Valencia, Sicily and Count of Barcelona |
Constance of Sicily, Queen of Aragon |
King James II (The Just), King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica, Count of Barcelona
Saint Elizabeth of Aragon
King Frederick III of Sicily, King Of Sicily
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King Peter II Of Sicily, King Of Sicily / - |
King Peter II Of Sicily, King Of Sicily |
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Eleanor Of Sicily , Queen of Aragon
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Henry Of Speyer, Count in the Rhenish Franconian Wormsgau / Adelaide Of Metz |
Henry Of Speyer, Count in the Rhenish Franconian Wormsgau |
Adelaide Of Metz |
Conrad Ii (The Elder), Holy Roman Emperor
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Adelchis I Of Spoleto / - |
Adelchis I Of Spoleto |
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Suppo Ii
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Vratislaus I, Duke of Bohemia / Drahomíra Of Stodor , Duchess of Bohemia |
Vratislaus I, Duke of Bohemia |
Drahomíra Of Stodor , Duchess of Bohemia |
Boleslaus I (The Cruel), Duke of Bohemia
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Otto I, Count of Savoy / Adelaide Of Susa, Marchioness of Turin |
Otto I, Count of Savoy |
Adelaide Of Susa, Marchioness of Turin |
Amadeus Ii, Count of Savoy
Bertha Of Savoy
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Burchard Ii, Duke of Swabia / Regilinde Of Swabia |
Burchard Ii, Duke of Swabia |
Regilinde Of Swabia |
Hicha Of Swabia
Bertha Of Swabia
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Conrad Ii (The Elder), Holy Roman Emperor / Gisela Of Swabia |
Conrad Ii (The Elder), Holy Roman Emperor |
Gisela Of Swabia |
Henry Iii (The Black), Holy Roman Emperor
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Henry Ii, Duke of Brabant & Lothier / Maria Of Swabia |
Henry Ii, Duke of Brabant & Lothier |
Maria Of Swabia |
Matilda Of Brabant, Countess of Artois
Henry Iii, Duke of Brabant & Lothier
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Herman Iii, Count of Werl / Richenza Of Swabia |
Herman Iii, Count of Werl |
Richenza Of Swabia |
Oda Of Werl
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King Ferdinand III (The Saint), King of Castile, León & Galicia / Elisabeth Beatrice Of Swabia |
King Ferdinand III (The Saint), King of Castile, León & Galicia |
Elisabeth Beatrice Of Swabia |
King Alphonso X (The Wise), King of Castile, León & Galicia
Infante Manuel De Castile , Lord of Escalona, Peñafiel, Cuéllar, and Villena
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King Rudolph Ii, King of Burgundy & Italy / Bertha Of Swabia |
King Rudolph Ii, King of Burgundy & Italy |
Bertha Of Swabia |
King Conrad I (The Peaceful), King of Burgundy
Adelaide Of Italy , Holy Roman Empress
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King Wenceslaus I (One-Eyed), King of Bohemia / Kunigunde Of Swabia |
King Wenceslaus I (One-Eyed), King of Bohemia |
Kunigunde Of Swabia |
King Ottokar Ii (The Iron And Golden King), King of Bohemia, Duke of Austria, Styria & Carinthia and Margrave of Carniola
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Werner V (Salian), Count in the Nahegau, Speyergau & Wormsgau / Hicha Of Swabia |
Werner V (Salian), Count in the Nahegau, Speyergau & Wormsgau |
Hicha Of Swabia |
Conrad (The Red), Duke of Lorraine
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King Philip Of Swabia, Prince of the House of Hohenstaufen & King of Germany / Irene Angelina |
King Philip Of Swabia, Prince of the House of Hohenstaufen & King of Germany |
Irene Angelina |
Maria Of Swabia
Kunigunde Of Swabia
Elisabeth Beatrice Of Swabia
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Yaroslav I (The Wise), Grand Prince of Rus' / Ingegerd Olofsdotter Of Sweden , Grand Princess of Kievan Rus' |
Yaroslav I (The Wise), Grand Prince of Rus' |
Ingegerd Olofsdotter Of Sweden , Grand Princess of Kievan Rus' |
Iziaslav Yaroslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev, Prince of Novgorod and Turov
Sviatoslav Ii Yaroslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev
Vsevolod I Yaroslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev
Anne Of Kiev , Queen of France & Regent of France
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Werniche Of The Saxons / Gunilda Of The Rugen |
Werniche Of The Saxons |
Gunilda Of The Rugen |
Saint Widukind, Duke of Saxony
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Gotfrid, Duke of Alemania / Daughter Of Theodo |
Gotfrid, Duke of Alemania |
Daughter Of Theodo |
Huoching Of Alemannia
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- / Ingund Of Thuringia , Queen Of The Franks |
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Ingund Of Thuringia , Queen Of The Franks |
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King Bisinus, King of Thuringii / Basina Of Thuringia |
King Bisinus, King of Thuringii |
Basina Of Thuringia |
King Baderic, Co-King of Thuringii
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King Childeric I, King of the Salian Franks / Basina Of Thuringia |
King Childeric I, King of the Salian Franks |
Basina Of Thuringia |
King Clovis I, King of Salian Franks
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King Clothar I, King of the Franks / Aregunda Of Thuringia , Queen Of France |
King Clothar I, King of the Franks |
Aregunda Of Thuringia , Queen Of France |
King Chilperic I, King of Neustria
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King Clothar I, King of the Franks / Ingund Of Thuringia , Queen Of The Franks |
King Clothar I, King of the Franks |
Ingund Of Thuringia , Queen Of The Franks |
King Charibert I, King of Paris
King Sigibert I Of Metz, King of Austrasia
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King Vladislaus Ii, King of Bohemia / Judith Of Thuringia |
King Vladislaus Ii, King of Bohemia |
Judith Of Thuringia |
King Ottokar I, King of Bohemia
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Borrell Ii, Count of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona / Letgarda Of Toulouse |
Borrell Ii, Count of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona |
Letgarda Of Toulouse |
Ramon Borrell, Count of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona
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- / Garsinde Of Toulouse |
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Garsinde Of Toulouse |
Adelaide Of Rouergue
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King Carloman (Pepin Of Italy), King of the Lombards / Bertha Of Toulouse |
King Carloman (Pepin Of Italy), King of the Lombards |
Bertha Of Toulouse |
King Bernard, King of the Lombards
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Conrad I, Count of Aargau, Auxerre & Paris / Adelaide Of Tours |
Conrad I, Count of Aargau, Auxerre & Paris |
Adelaide Of Tours |
Conrad Ii, Duke of Transjurane Burgundy
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Emperor Lothair I, Emperor Of The Romans / Ermengarde Of Tours |
Emperor Lothair I, Emperor Of The Romans |
Ermengarde Of Tours |
Emperor Louis Ii (The Younger), King of Italy & Roman Emperor
Ermengarde Of Lorraine
King Lothair Ii, King of Lotharingia
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Robert Iv (The Strong), The Margrave of Neustria / Adelaide Of Tours |
Robert Iv (The Strong), The Margrave of Neustria |
Adelaide Of Tours |
King Robert I, King of France
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Hugh Of Tours, Count of Tours & Sens / Bava |
Hugh Of Tours, Count of Tours & Sens |
Bava |
Ermengarde Of Tours
Adelaide Of Tours
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Manfred I Of Turin, Marquis of Susa / Prangarda |
Manfred I Of Turin, Marquis of Susa |
Prangarda |
Ulric Manfred Ii Of Turin, Count of Turin and Marquis of Susa
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Ulric Manfred Ii Of Turin, Count of Turin and Marquis of Susa / Bertha Of Milan |
Ulric Manfred Ii Of Turin, Count of Turin and Marquis of Susa |
Bertha Of Milan |
Adelaide Of Susa, Marchioness of Turin
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King Anund of Uppsala, King of Sweden / - |
King Anund of Uppsala, King of Sweden |
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King Eric Anundsson, King of Sweden
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Count Egino Iv Of Urach / Anna Von Zährigen |
Count Egino Iv Of Urach |
Anna Von Zährigen |
Jolande Von Urach
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Herbert Iv, Count of Vermandois / Adele Of Valois |
Herbert Iv, Count of Vermandois |
Adele Of Valois |
Adelaide, Countess of Vermandois
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Raoul Iii Of Valois / Adele De Bar-Sur-Aube |
Raoul Iii Of Valois |
Adele De Bar-Sur-Aube |
Adele Of Valois
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King Woden, King of the Saxons / Frea Of Vanaland |
King Woden, King of the Saxons |
Frea Of Vanaland |
Bældæg Wodenson
Wecta Wodenson, East Saxony Chieftain
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Odo Iii, Duke of Burgundy / Alice Of Vergy |
Odo Iii, Duke of Burgundy |
Alice Of Vergy |
Hugh Iv, Duke of Burgundy
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King Robert I, King of France / Beatrice Of Vermandois , Queen Of France |
King Robert I, King of France |
Beatrice Of Vermandois , Queen Of France |
Adele Of France
Hugh (The Great), Duke of the Franks & Count of Paris
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Arnulf I (The Great), 3rd Count of Flanders / Adele Of Vermandois, Countess of Flanders |
Arnulf I (The Great), 3rd Count of Flanders |
Adele Of Vermandois, Countess of Flanders |
Hildegarde Of Flanders
Baldwin Iii, Count of Flanders
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Robert Of Vermandois, Count of Meaux / Adelaide Of Burgundy Graefin |
Robert Of Vermandois, Count of Meaux |
Adelaide Of Burgundy Graefin |
Adele Of Meaux
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Theobald I (The Trickster), Count of Blois, Chartres, Châteaudun and Tours / Luitgarde Of Vermandois, Countess of Vermandois |
Theobald I (The Trickster), Count of Blois, Chartres, Châteaudun and Tours |
Luitgarde Of Vermandois, Countess of Vermandois |
Odo I, Count of Blois, Chartres, Reims, Provins, Châteaudun, and Omois
Emma Of Blois
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Saint Widukind, Duke of Saxony / Geva of Vestfold |
Saint Widukind, Duke of Saxony |
Geva of Vestfold |
Hasalda Of Saxony, Princess Holstein-Sachsen
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Charles-Constantine Of Vienne / Thiberge De Troyes |
Charles-Constantine Of Vienne |
Thiberge De Troyes |
Constance Of Vienne
Garsinde Of Toulouse
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Gerold of Vinzgau, Count of Kraichgau & Anglachgau / Emma Of Alamannia |
Gerold of Vinzgau, Count of Kraichgau & Anglachgau |
Emma Of Alamannia |
Hildegard Of Vinzgouw
Adrian, Count of Orleans
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Emperor Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor / Hildegard Of Vinzgouw |
Emperor Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor |
Hildegard Of Vinzgouw |
King Carloman (Pepin Of Italy), King of the Lombards
Emperor Louis (The Pious), Holy Roman Emperor
Gisella
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King Rechila, Suevic King of Galicia / Amalaberge Of Wailia |
King Rechila, Suevic King of Galicia |
Amalaberge Of Wailia |
Flavius Ricimer , Magister Militum Of The Western Empire
Caratone , Queen Of Burgundy
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Dieterick (Theodoric), The Margrave of Lausitz / Dobzogera Of Wendon |
Dieterick (Theodoric), The Margrave of Lausitz |
Dobzogera Of Wendon |
Gerold Mayenne
Werniche Of The Saxons
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Ceolwald Of Wessex / - |
Ceolwald Of Wessex |
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Coenred Of Wessex
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Coenred Of Wessex / - |
Coenred Of Wessex |
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Ingild Of Wessex
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Cuthwine Of Wessex / - |
Cuthwine Of Wessex |
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Cutha Cathwulf
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Eafa Of Wessex / - |
Eafa Of Wessex |
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King Ealhmund, King Of Kent
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Eoppa Of Wessex / - |
Eoppa Of Wessex |
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Eafa Of Wessex
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Ingild Of Wessex / - |
Ingild Of Wessex |
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Eoppa Of Wessex
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King Æthelred, King of Wessex / Wulfthryth Of Wessex |
King Æthelred, King of Wessex |
Wulfthryth Of Wessex |
Æthelhelm, Ealdorman of Wiltshire
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King Charles Iii (The Simple), King of West Francia / Eadgifu Of Wessex |
King Charles Iii (The Simple), King of West Francia |
Eadgifu Of Wessex |
King Louis Iv (D'outremer ), King of West Francia
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King Edward I (The Elder), King of the Anglo-Saxons / Ecgwynn Of Wessex |
King Edward I (The Elder), King of the Anglo-Saxons |
Ecgwynn Of Wessex |
Edith Of Wessex
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Baldwin Ii (The Bald), 2nd Count of Flanders / Aelfthryth Of Wessex, Countess of Flanders |
Baldwin Ii (The Bald), 2nd Count of Flanders |
Aelfthryth Of Wessex, Countess of Flanders |
Arnulf I (The Great), 3rd Count of Flanders
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King Egbert Of Wessex, Bretwalda (King Of Britain) / - |
King Egbert Of Wessex, Bretwalda (King Of Britain) |
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King Æthelwulf, King of Wessex
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Conrad Ii, Duke of Transjurane Burgundy / Waldrada Of Worms |
Conrad Ii, Duke of Transjurane Burgundy |
Waldrada Of Worms |
Adelaide Of Auxerre
King Rudolph I, King of Upper Burgandy
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Robert Iii, Count of Worms & Rheingau / Waldrada Of Worms |
Robert Iii, Count of Worms & Rheingau |
Waldrada Of Worms |
Robert Iv (The Strong), The Margrave of Neustria
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Otto I Of Worms, Duke of Carinthia / Judith Of Bavaria |
Otto I Of Worms, Duke of Carinthia |
Judith Of Bavaria |
Henry Of Speyer, Count in the Rhenish Franconian Wormsgau
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Robert Ii, Count of Wormsgau / Theoderata Of Wormsgau |
Robert Ii, Count of Wormsgau |
Theoderata Of Wormsgau |
Robert Iii, Count of Worms & Rheingau
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Casimir Ii (The Just), High Duke of Poland & Duke of Masovia / Helen Of Znojmo |
Casimir Ii (The Just), High Duke of Poland & Duke of Masovia |
Helen Of Znojmo |
Anastasia Of Poland
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Erenfried Ii / Richwara Of Zülpichgau |
Erenfried Ii |
Richwara Of Zülpichgau |
Herman I, Count Palatine of Lotharingia
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John Offley / Margery Dillarne |
John Offley |
Margery Dillarne |
William Offley
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Richard Offley / - |
Richard Offley |
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John Offley
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William Offley / Elizabeth Dillorne |
William Offley |
Elizabeth Dillorne |
Margery Offley
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King Sigtrygg (Silkbeard) Olafsson, King of Dublin / - |
King Sigtrygg (Silkbeard) Olafsson, King of Dublin |
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Ragnhild Skjolding
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King Sigtrygg (Silkbeard) Olafsson, King of Dublin / Sláine |
King Sigtrygg (Silkbeard) Olafsson, King of Dublin |
Sláine |
King Amlaíb Mac Sitriuc, King of Dublin
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John Oldham / Elizabeth Poley |
John Oldham |
Elizabeth Poley |
William Oldham
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William Oldham / Philippa Sowter |
William Oldham |
Philippa Sowter |
Lucretia Oldham
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Vsevolod Ii Olgovich, Grand Prince of Kiev / Maria Mtislavna Of Kiev, |
Vsevolod Ii Olgovich, Grand Prince of Kiev |
Maria Mtislavna Of Kiev, |
Sviatoslav Iii Vsevolodovich, Grand Prince of Kiev
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Nicolas Bernardo Ortiz / Josefa Bustamante Y Tagle |
Nicolas Bernardo Ortiz |
Josefa Bustamante Y Tagle |
Maria Josepha De Jesus Ortiz
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Nicolas Francisco Ortiz / Juana Baca |
Nicolas Francisco Ortiz |
Juana Baca |
Nicolas Bernardo Ortiz
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Nicolas Ortiz / Mariana Coronado De Varga Barba |
Nicolas Ortiz |
Mariana Coronado De Varga Barba |
Nicolas Francisco Ortiz
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Nicolas Ortiz De Leon / Antonia Ladron De Guevara |
Nicolas Ortiz De Leon |
Antonia Ladron De Guevara |
Nicolas Ortiz
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Captain Thomas Osborne / Anne Burt |
Captain Thomas Osborne |
Anne Burt |
Thomas Osborne
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Captain Thomas Osborne / Sarah Morris Evans |
Captain Thomas Osborne |
Sarah Morris Evans |
Kesiah Osborne
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John Osborne / Ann Friend |
John Osborne |
Ann Friend |
John Osborne
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John Osborne / Jane Smyth |
John Osborne |
Jane Smyth |
Captain Thomas Osborne
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Richard Osborne / - |
Richard Osborne |
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John Osborne
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Thomas Osborne / Joan Simmons |
Thomas Osborne |
Joan Simmons |
Captain Thomas Osborne
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- / Margaret Oseth |
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Margaret Oseth |
Judith Dillingham
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Johann Ott / Ursula A Heintz |
Johann Ott |
Ursula A Heintz |
Johann Philipp Ott
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Johann Philipp Ott / Anna Katharina Münch |
Johann Philipp Ott |
Anna Katharina Münch |
Anna Catharina Ott
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- / Tangwystl Verch Owain |
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Tangwystl Verch Owain |
Hyfaidd Ap Bleiddig
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Edward Owen / Joyce Barnett |
Edward Owen |
Joyce Barnett |
Joseph Owen
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Joseph Owen / Phoebe Staples |
Joseph Owen |
Phoebe Staples |
Josiah Owen
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Josiah Owen / Rita Bryan |
Josiah Owen |
Rita Bryan |
Rebecca Owen
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