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List of Families

Family Name	Man	Woman	Children
Gilla Michil O'braenain / Uchdelb Ingen Cearnachain O'gairbita	Gilla Michil O'braenain	Uchdelb Ingen Cearnachain O'gairbita	Orlaith O'braenain
Eusebious O'brissell / -	Eusebious O'brissell		Thomas O`brissell
Muirceartach O'toole / Cachtingen Laigsig O Morda	Muirceartach O'toole	Cachtingen Laigsig O Morda	Mor O'toole
Thomas O`brissell / -	Thomas O`brissell		Mary O'brissell
John Mor Of Balconie 2Nd Laird Munro / Katherine Vass	John Mor Of Balconie 2Nd Laird Munro	Katherine Vass	John Monroe Iii, Earl of Coul
King Gudrød (The Magnificent), King of Vestfold / Åsa Haraldsdottir Of Agder	King Gudrød (The Magnificent), King of Vestfold	Åsa Haraldsdottir Of Agder	King Halfdan (The Black), King of Vestfold
Guigues III (The Old) of Albon, Count of Albon / -	Guigues III (The Old) of Albon, Count of Albon		Guigues IV (le Dauphin) of Albon, Count of Albon
Guigues IV (le Dauphin) of Albon, Count of Albon / -	Guigues IV (le Dauphin) of Albon, Count of Albon		Guigues V of Albon, Count of Albon and Grenoble
Guigues V of Albon, Count of Albon and Grenoble / -	Guigues V of Albon, Count of Albon and Grenoble		Béatrice, Countess of Albon and Dauphine of Viennois
Amadeus Iii, Count of Savoy / Mafalda Of Albon, Countess Consort of Savoy	Amadeus Iii, Count of Savoy	Mafalda Of Albon, Countess Consort of Savoy	Matilda Of Savoy , Queen of Portugal Umberto Iii (The Blessed), Count of Savoy
Huoching Of Alemannia / Berthe De Neustrasia	Huoching Of Alemannia	Berthe De Neustrasia	Hnabi, Duke of Alemannia
Bodilon, Count of Poitiers & Paris / Saint Sigrada Of Alsace	Bodilon, Count of Poitiers & Paris	Saint Sigrada Of Alsace	Saint Warinus, Count of Poitiers
Luitfrid Of Alsace / Edith	Luitfrid Of Alsace	Edith	Hugh Of Tours, Count of Tours & Sens
Thierry Of Alsace, 15th Count of Flanders / Sibylla Of Anjou	Thierry Of Alsace, 15th Count of Flanders	Sibylla Of Anjou	Margaret I, Countess of Flanders
Siegfried Ii, Count of Stade / Adela Of Alsleben	Siegfried Ii, Count of Stade	Adela Of Alsleben	Lothair Udo I, The Margrave of the Nordmark
King James II (The Just), King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica, Count of Barcelona / Blanche of Anjou	King James II (The Just), King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica, Count of Barcelona	Blanche of Anjou	King Alfonso IV (The Kind) of Aragon, King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica, Count of Barcelona
Conan I, Duke of Brittany / Ermengarde Gerberga Of Anjou	Conan I, Duke of Brittany	Ermengarde Gerberga Of Anjou	Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany Judith Of Brittany
- / Ermengarde Gerberga Of Anjou		Ermengarde Gerberga Of Anjou
Geoffrey Ii, Count of Gâtinais / Ermengarde Of Anjou	Geoffrey Ii, Count of Gâtinais	Ermengarde Of Anjou	Fulk Iv, Count of Anjou
Raymond Iii, Count of Rouergue & Quercy / Adelaide-Blanche Of Anjou	Raymond Iii, Count of Rouergue & Quercy	Adelaide-Blanche Of Anjou	William Iii, Count of Toulouse, Albi and Quercy William Arles II
William I, The Margrave of Provence / Adelaide-Blanche Of Anjou	William I, The Margrave of Provence	Adelaide-Blanche Of Anjou	William Ii (The Pious), Count of Provence Constance Of Aries
William Iv, 9th Count of Angoulême / Ermengarde Gerberga Of Anjou	William Iv, 9th Count of Angoulême	Ermengarde Gerberga Of Anjou	Geoffrey, 10th Count of Angoulême
Béla III, King of Hungary and Croatia / Agnes Of Antioch	Béla III, King of Hungary and Croatia	Agnes Of Antioch	King Andrew II of Jerusalem, King of Hungary and Croatia Constance Of Hungary
Bohemond I Of Antioch, Prince of Antioch / Constance Of France, Princess of Antioch	Bohemond I Of Antioch, Prince of Antioch	Constance Of France, Princess of Antioch	Bohemond Ii Of Antioch, Prince of Antioch & Taranto
Bohemond Ii Of Antioch, Prince of Antioch & Taranto / Alice Of Jerusalem, Princess of Antioch	Bohemond Ii Of Antioch, Prince of Antioch & Taranto	Alice Of Jerusalem, Princess of Antioch	Constance Of Hauteville, The ruling Princess of Antioch
Charibert, Count of Loan / Giselle Of Aquitaine	Charibert, Count of Loan	Giselle Of Aquitaine	Queen Bertrada Of Laon
Baudegisel Ii Of Aquitaine, Mayor & Duke of Sueve / Oda De Savoy	Baudegisel Ii Of Aquitaine, Mayor & Duke of Sueve	Oda De Savoy	Saint Arnulf , Bishop Of Metz
King Ramiro II (The Monk), King of Aragon / Queen Agnes Of Aquitaine, Queen of Aragon	King Ramiro II (The Monk), King of Aragon	Queen Agnes Of Aquitaine, Queen of Aragon	Queen Petronilla, Queen of Aragon
William Of Aquitaine, 2nd Count of Toulouse / -	William Of Aquitaine, 2nd Count of Toulouse		Bertha Of Toulouse
King Alphonso X (The Wise), King of Castile, León & Galicia / Violante Yolanda of Aragon	King Alphonso X (The Wise), King of Castile, León & Galicia	Violante Yolanda of Aragon	Don Ferdinand De La Cerda , Infante of Castile King Sancho IV (The Brave), King of Castile, León & Galicia
King John I, King of Castile and León / Eleanor of Aragon , Queen of Castile	King John I, King of Castile and León	Eleanor of Aragon , Queen of Castile	King Henry III (The Mourner) of Castile, King of Castile and León King Ferdinand I (The Just) of Aragon, King of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca & Sicily and Count of Barcelona
King Manuel I (The Fortunate), King of Portugal and the Algarves / Maria of Aragon , Queen of Portugal	King Manuel I (The Fortunate), King of Portugal and the Algarves	Maria of Aragon , Queen of Portugal	Infante Luís Of Portugal, Duke of Beja
King Duarte "Edward" (The Eloquent), King of Portugal and the Algarves / Eleanor Of Aragon , Queen of Portugal	King Duarte "Edward" (The Eloquent), King of Portugal and the Algarves	Eleanor Of Aragon , Queen of Portugal	Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu & Beja
King Alfonso IV (The Kind) of Aragon, King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica, Count of Barcelona / Teresa d'Entença, Countess of Urgell	King Alfonso IV (The Kind) of Aragon, King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica, Count of Barcelona	Teresa d'Entença, Countess of Urgell	King Peter IV (The Ceremonious) of Aragon, King of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca and Count of Barcelona
King Ferdinand I (The Just) of Aragon, King of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca & Sicily and Count of Barcelona / Eleanor, 3rd Countess of Alburquerque	King Ferdinand I (The Just) of Aragon, King of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca & Sicily and Count of Barcelona	Eleanor, 3rd Countess of Alburquerque	King John II (The Great), King of Aragon & Navarre Eleanor Of Aragon , Queen of Portugal
King Peter II (The Catholic) of Aragon, King of Aragon & Count of Barcelona / Marie of Montpellier, Lady of Montpellier	King Peter II (The Catholic) of Aragon, King of Aragon & Count of Barcelona	Marie of Montpellier, Lady of Montpellier	King James I (The Conqueror), King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of Montpellier
King Peter IV (The Ceremonious) of Aragon, King of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca and Count of Barcelona / Eleanor Of Sicily , Queen of Aragon	King Peter IV (The Ceremonious) of Aragon, King of Aragon, Valencia, Majorca and Count of Barcelona	Eleanor Of Sicily , Queen of Aragon	Eleanor of Aragon , Queen of Castile
King Philip III (The Bold), King of France / Isabella of Aragon, Infanta of Aragon	King Philip III (The Bold), King of France	Isabella of Aragon, Infanta of Aragon	Charles, Count of Valois
King Robert Ii (The Pious), King of France / Constance Of Aries	King Robert Ii (The Pious), King of France	Constance Of Aries	King Henry I Capet, King of France Adela Of France Robert I (The Old), Duke of Burgundy Robert I, Duke of Burgundy
Boso Ii Of Arles / Constance Of Vienne	Boso Ii Of Arles	Constance Of Vienne	Rotbold I, Count of Provence William I, The Margrave of Provence
Edmund (Crouchback), Earl of Lancaster & Leicester / Blanche Of Artois	Edmund (Crouchback), Earl of Lancaster & Leicester	Blanche Of Artois	Henry, 3rd Earl of Leicester & Lancaster
King Clovis Ii, King Of Neustria & Burgandy / Saint Balthild Of Ascenia	King Clovis Ii, King Of Neustria & Burgandy	Saint Balthild Of Ascenia	King Theoderic Iii, King of the Franks
Theodo V, Duke of Bavaria / Regintrude Of Austrasia	Theodo V, Duke of Bavaria	Regintrude Of Austrasia	Daughter Of Theodo
Odo Ii, Count of Blois / Ermengarde Of Auvergne	Odo Ii, Count of Blois	Ermengarde Of Auvergne	Theobald Iii, Count of Blois, Meaux and Troyes
Richard (The Justiciar), Duke of Burgandy / Adelaide Of Auxerre	Richard (The Justiciar), Duke of Burgandy	Adelaide Of Auxerre	Adelaide Of Burgandy Ermengarde Of Burgundy
Władysław Ii (The Exile), High Duke of Poland & Duke of Silesia / Agnes Of Babenberg	Władysław Ii (The Exile), High Duke of Poland & Duke of Silesia	Agnes Of Babenberg	Richeza Of Poland , Queen of Castile
Henry V (The Great), Count of Arlon, Luxembourg and Laroche as Henry V, Count of Namur as Henry III and Lord of Ligny as Henry I / Margaret Of Bar	Henry V (The Great), Count of Arlon, Luxembourg and Laroche as Henry V, Count of Namur as Henry III and Lord of Ligny as Henry I	Margaret Of Bar	Henry Vi, Count of Luxembourg & Arlon
Emperor Alfonso VII, Emperor of All Spain / Berenguela Of Barcelona , Queen consort of Castile, León and Galicia	Emperor Alfonso VII, Emperor of All Spain	Berenguela Of Barcelona , Queen consort of Castile, León and Galicia	King Sancho III (The Desired), King of Castile and Toledo King Ferdinand II, King of León and Galicia
Infante John, Constable of Portugal / Isabel Of Barcelos	Infante John, Constable of Portugal	Isabel Of Barcelos	Isabella of Portugal, Queen of Castile and Leon Infanta Beatriz of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu
Gautier Ii, Count of Brienne / Adèle Of Baudemont	Gautier Ii, Count of Brienne	Adèle Of Baudemont	Érard Ii, Count of Brienne
Amadeus Iv, Count of Savoy / Cecile Of Baux, Countess Consort of Savoy	Amadeus Iv, Count of Savoy	Cecile Of Baux, Countess Consort of Savoy	Beatrice Of Savoy , Lady of Villena
Barral Of Baux, Viscount of Marseilles & Lord of Baux / Sibylle D'anduze	Barral Of Baux, Viscount of Marseilles & Lord of Baux	Sibylle D'anduze	Cecile Of Baux, Countess Consort of Savoy
Emperor Louis (The Pious), Holy Roman Emperor / Queen Judith Of Bavaria	Emperor Louis (The Pious), Holy Roman Emperor	Queen Judith Of Bavaria	Gisela Emperor Charles Ii (The Bald), King of West Francia, Italy & Holy Roman Emperor
Ingerman, Count of Hesbaye / Hedwig Of Bavaria	Ingerman, Count of Hesbaye	Hedwig Of Bavaria	Ermengarde Of Hesbaye
John (The Fearless), Duke of Burgundy / Margaret Of Bavaria	John (The Fearless), Duke of Burgundy	Margaret Of Bavaria	Marie Of Burgundy, Duchess of Cleves
Saint Leudwinus, Count of Treves / Willigard Of Bavaria	Saint Leudwinus, Count of Treves	Willigard Of Bavaria	Rotrude Of Treves
Theodo Iv, Duke of Bavaria / Fara Of Bavaria , Duchess	Theodo Iv, Duke of Bavaria	Fara Of Bavaria , Duchess	Theodo V, Duke of Bavaria
Frederick Ii (The One-Eyed), Duke of Swabia / Judith Of Bavaria, Duchess of Swabia	Frederick Ii (The One-Eyed), Duke of Swabia	Judith Of Bavaria, Duchess of Swabia	Emperor Frederick I From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Frederick Barbarossa Friedrich I. Barbarossa.Jpg A Golden Bust Of Frederick I, Given To His Godfather Count Otto Of Cappenberg In 1171. It Was Used As A Reliquary In Cappenberg Abbey And Is Said In The Deed Of The Gift To Have Been Made "In The Likeness Of The Emperor". Holy Roman Emperor Reign 2 January 1155 – 10 June 1190 Coronation 18 June 1155, Rome Predecessor Lothair Iii Successor Henry Vi King Of Italy Reign 1155–1190 Coronation C. 1155, Pavia Predecessor Conrad Iii Successor Henry Vi King Of Germany Formally King Of The Romans Reign 1152–1190 Coronation 9 March 1152, Aachen Predecessor Conrad Iii Successor Henry Vi King Of Burgundy Reign 1152–1190 Coronation 30 June 1178, Arles Born 1122 Died 10 June 1190 (Aged 67–68) Saleph River, Cilician Armenia Burial Church Of St Peter, Antioch Spouse Adelheid Of Vohburg Beatrice I, Countess Of Burgundy Issue More... Frederick V, Duke Of Swabia Henry Vi, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Vi, Duke Of Swabia Otto I, Count Of Burgundy Conrad Ii, Duke Of Swabia Philip, King Of Germany House Hohenstaufen Father Frederick Ii, Duke Of Swabia Mother Judith Of Bavaria Religion Roman Catholicism Frederick I (German: Friedrich; 1122 – 10 June 1190), Also Known As Frederick Barbarossa, Was The Holy Roman Emperor From 1155 Until His Death. He Was Elected King Of Germany At Frankfurt On 4 March 1152 And Crowned In Aachen On 9 March 1152. He Became King Of Italy In 1155 And Was Crowned Roman Emperor By Pope Adrian Iv On 18 June 1155. Two Years Later, The Term Sacrum ("Holy") First Appeared In A Document In Connection With His Empire.[1] He Was Later Formally Crowned King Of Burgundy, At Arles On 30 June 1178. He Got The Name Barbarossa From The Northern Italian Cities He Attempted To Rule: Barbarossa Means "Red Beard" In Italian;[2] In German, He Was Known As Kaiser Rotbart, Which Has The Same Meaning. Before His Imperial Election, Frederick Was By Inheritance Duke Of Swabia (1147–1152, As Frederick Iii). He Was The Son Of Duke Frederick Ii Of The Hohenstaufen Dynasty And Judith, Daughter Of Henry Ix, Duke Of Bavaria, From The Rival House Of Welf. Frederick Therefore Descended From The Two Leading Families In Germany, Making Him An Acceptable Choice For The Empire's Prince-Electors. Historians Consider Him Among The Holy Roman Empire's Greatest Medieval Emperors. He Combined Qualities That Made Him Appear Almost Superhuman To His Contemporaries: His Longevity, His Ambition, His Extraordinary Skills At Organization, His Battlefield Acumen And His Political Perspicuity. Among His Contributions To Central European Society And Culture Include The Reestablishment Of The Corpus Juris Civilis, Or The Roman Rule Of Law, Which Counterbalanced The Papal Power That Dominated The German States Since The Conclusion Of The Investiture Controversy. Contents [Hide] 1 Life And Reign 1.1 Early Years 1.2 Rise To Power 1.3 First Italian Campaign: 1154–55 1.4 Second, Third And Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174 1.5 Later Years 1.6 Third Crusade And Death 2 Frederick And The Justinian Code 3 Charismatic Leader 4 Legend 5 Issue 6 Ancestry 7 In Popular Culture 8 See Also 9 References 9.1 Primary Sources 9.2 Secondary Sources 10 External Links Life And Reign[Edit] Early Years[Edit] Frederick Was Born In 1122. In 1147 He Became Duke Of The Southern German Region Of Swabia (Herzog Von Schwaben), And Shortly Afterwards Made His First Trip To The East, Accompanied By His Uncle, The German King Conrad Iii, On The Second Crusade. The Expedition Proved To Be A Disaster,[3] But Frederick Distinguished Himself And Won The Complete Confidence Of The King. When Conrad Died In February 1152, Only Frederick And The Prince-Bishop Of Bamberg Were At His Deathbed. Both Asserted Afterwards That Conrad Had, In Full Possession Of His Mental Powers, Handed The Royal Insignia To Frederick And Indicated That Frederick, Rather Than Conrad's Own Six-Year-Old Son, The Future Frederick Iv, Duke Of Swabia, Succeed Him As King.[4] Frederick Energetically Pursued The Crown And At Frankfurt On 4 March 1152 The Kingdom's Princely Electors Designated Him As The Next German King.[4] He Was Crowned King Of The Romans At Aachen Several Days Later, On 9 March 1152.[5] Frederick's Father Was From The Hohenstaufen Family, And His Mother Was From The Welf Family, The Two Most Powerful Families In Germany. The Hohenstaufens Were Often Called Ghibellines, Which Derives From The Italianized Name For Waiblingen Castle, The Family Seat In Swabia; The Welfs, In A Similar Italianization, Were Called Guelfs.[6] The Reigns Of Henry Iv And Henry V Left The Status Of The German Empire In Disarray, Its Power Waning Under The Weight Of The Investiture Controversy. For A Quarter Of A Century Following The Death Of Henry V In 1125, The German Monarchy Was Largely A Nominal Title With No Real Power.[7] The King Was Chosen By The Princes, Was Given No Resources Outside Those Of His Own Duchy, And He Was Prevented From Exercising Any Real Authority Or Leadership In The Realm. The Royal Title Was Furthermore Passed From One Family To Another To Preclude The Development Of Any Dynastic Interest In The German Crown. When Frederick I Of Hohenstaufen Was Chosen As King In 1152, Royal Power Had Been In Effective Abeyance For Over Twenty-Five Years, And To A Considerable Degree For More Than Eighty Years. The Only Real Claim To Wealth Lay In The Rich Cities Of Northern Italy, Which Were Still Within The Nominal Control Of The German King.[8] The Salian Line Had Died Out With The Death Of Henry V In 1125. The German Princes Refused To Give The Crown To His Nephew, The Duke Of Swabia, For Fear He Would Try To Regain The Imperial Power Held By Henry V. Instead, They Chose Lothair Iii (1125–1137), Who Found Himself Embroiled In A Long-Running Dispute With The Hohenstaufens, And Who Married Into The Welfs. One Of The Hohenstaufens Gained The Throne As Conrad Iii Of Germany (1137–1152). When Frederick Barbarossa Succeeded His Uncle In 1152, There Seemed To Be Excellent Prospects For Ending The Feud, Since He Was A Welf On His Mother's Side.[4] The Welf Duke Of Saxony, Henry The Lion, Would Not Be Appeased, However, Remaining An Implacable Enemy Of The Hohenstaufen Monarchy. Barbarossa Had The Duchies Of Swabia And Franconia, The Force Of His Own Personality, And Very Little Else To Construct An Empire.[9] The Germany That Frederick Tried To Unite Was A Patchwork Of More Than 1600 Individual States, Each With Its Own Prince. A Few Of These, Such As Bavaria And Saxony, Were Large. Many Were Too Small To Pinpoint On A Map.[10] The Titles Afforded To The German King Were "Caesar", "Augustus", And "Emperor Of The Romans". By The Time Frederick Would Assume These, They Were Little More Than Propaganda Slogans With Little Other Meaning.[11] Frederick Was A Pragmatist Who Dealt With The Princes By Finding A Mutual Self-Interest. Unlike Henry Ii Of England, Frederick Did Not Attempt To End Medieval Feudalism, But Rather Tried To Restore It, Though This Was Beyond His Ability. The Great Players In The German Civil War Had Been The Pope, Emperor, Ghibellines, And The Guelfs, But None Of These Had Emerged As The Winner.[12] Rise To Power[Edit] Penny Or Denier With Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, Struck In Nijmegen. Eager To Restore The Empire To The Position It Had Occupied Under Charlemagne And Otto I The Great, The New King Saw Clearly That The Restoration Of Order In Germany Was A Necessary Preliminary To The Enforcement Of The Imperial Rights In Italy. Issuing A General Order For Peace, He Made Lavish Concessions To The Nobles.[13] Abroad, Frederick Intervened In The Danish Civil War Between Svend Iii And Valdemar I Of Denmark[14] And Began Negotiations With The Eastern Roman Emperor, Manuel I Comnenus.[15] It Was Probably About This Time That The King Obtained Papal Assent For The Annulment Of His Childless Marriage With Adelheid Of Vohburg, On The Grounds Of Consanguinity (His Great-Great-Grandfather Was A Brother Of Adela's Great-Great-Great-Grandmother, Making Them Fourth Cousins, Once Removed). He Then Made A Vain Effort To Obtain A Bride From The Court Of Constantinople. On His Accession Frederick Had Communicated The News Of His Election To Pope Eugene Iii, But Had Neglected To Ask For The Papal Confirmation. In March 1153, Frederick Concluded The Treaty Of Constance With The Pope, Whereby He Promised, In Return For His Coronation, To Defend The Papacy, To Make No Peace With King Roger Ii Of Sicily Or Other Enemies Of The Church Without The Consent Of Eugene, And To Help Eugene Regain Control Of The City Of Rome.[16] First Italian Campaign: 1154–55[Edit] Frederick Undertook Six Expeditions Into Italy. In The First, Beginning In October 1154,[17] His Plan Was To Launch A Campaign Against The Normans Under King William I Of Sicily.[15] He Marched Down And Almost Immediately Encountered Resistance To His Authority. Obtaining The Submission Of Milan, He Successfully Besieged Tortona In Early 1155, Razing It To The Ground.[18] He Moved On To Pavia, Where He Received The Iron Crown And The Title Of King Of Italy.[19] Moving Through Bologna And Tuscany, He Was Soon Approaching The City Of Rome. There, Pope Adrian Iv Was Struggling With The Forces Of The Republican City Commune Led By Arnold Of Brescia, A Student Of Abelard.[2] As A Sign Of Good Faith, Frederick Dismissed The Ambassadors From The Revived Roman Senate,[15] And Imperial Forces Suppressed The Republicans. Arnold Was Captured And Hanged For Treason And Rebellion. Despite His Unorthodox Teaching Concerning Theology, Arnold Was Not Charged With Heresy.[20] As Frederick Approached The Gates Of Rome, The Pope Advanced To Meet Him. At The Royal Tent The King Received Him, And After Kissing The Pope's Feet, Frederick Expected To Receive The Traditional Kiss Of Peace.[21] Frederick Had Declined To Hold The Pope's Stirrup While Leading Him To The Tent, However, So Adrian Refused To Give The Kiss Until This Protocol Had Been Complied With.[2] Frederick Hesitated, And Adrian Iv Withdrew; After A Day's Negotiation, Frederick Agreed To Perform The Required Ritual, Reportedly Muttering, "Pro Petro, Non Adriano -- For Peter, Not For Adrian."[21] Rome Was Still In An Uproar Over The Fate Of Arnold Of Brescia, So Rather Than Marching Through The Streets Of Rome, Frederick And Adrian Retired To The Vatican. The Next Day, 18 June 1155, Adrian Iv Crowned Frederick I Holy Roman Emperor At St Peter's Basilica, Amidst The Acclamations Of The German Army.[22] The Romans Began To Riot, And Frederick Spent His Coronation Day Putting Down The Revolt, Resulting In The Deaths Of Over 1,000 Romans And Many More Thousands Injured. The Next Day, Frederick, Adrian, And The German Army Travelled To Tivoli. From There, A Combination Of The Unhealthy Italian Summer And The Effects Of His Year-Long Absence From Germany Meant He Was Forced To Put Off His Planned Campaign Against The Normans Of Sicily.[22] On Their Way Northwards, They Attacked Spoleto And Encountered The Ambassadors Of Manuel I Comnenus, Who Showered Frederick With Costly Gifts. At Verona, Frederick Declared His Fury With The Rebellious Milanese Before Finally Returning To Germany.[23] Disorder Was Again Rampant In Germany, Especially In Bavaria, But General Peace Was Restored By Frederick's Vigorous, But Conciliatory, Measures. The Duchy Of Bavaria Was Transferred From Henry Ii Jasomirgott, Margrave Of Austria, To Frederick's Formidable Younger Cousin Henry The Lion, Duke Of Saxony, Of The House Of Guelph, Whose Father Had Previously Held Both Duchies.[24] Henry Ii Jasomirgott Was Named Duke Of Austria In Compensation For His Loss Of Bavaria. As Part Of His General Policy Of Concessions Of Formal Power To The German Princes And Ending The Civil Wars Within The Kingdom, Frederick Further Appeased Henry By Issuing Him With The Privilegium Minus, Granting Him Unprecedented Entitlements As Duke Of Austria. This Was A Large Concession On The Part Of Frederick, Who Realized That Henry The Lion Had To Be Accommodated, Even To The Point Of Sharing Some Power With Him. Frederick Could Not Afford To Make An Outright Enemy Of Henry.[25] On 9 June 1156 At Würzburg, Frederick Married Beatrice Of Burgundy, Daughter And Heiress Of Renaud Iii, Thus Adding To His Possessions The Sizeable Realm Of The County Of Burgundy. In An Attempt To Create Comity, Emperor Frederick Proclaimed The Peace Of The Land,[26] Written Between 1152 And 1157, Which Enacted Punishments For A Variety Of Crimes, As Well As Systems For Adjudicating Many Disputes. He Also Declared Himself The Sole Augustus Of The Roman World, Ceasing To Recognise Manuel I At Constantinople.[27] Second, Third And Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174[Edit] Frederick Barbarossa As A Crusader, Miniature From A Copy Of The Historia Hierosolymitana, 1188. The Retreat Of Frederick In 1155 Forced Pope Adrian Iv To Come To Terms With King William I Of Sicily, Granting To William I Territories That Frederick Viewed As His Dominion.[28] This Aggrieved Frederick, And He Was Further Displeased When Papal Legates Chose To Interpret A Letter From Adrian To Frederick In A Manner That Seemed To Imply That The Imperial Crown Was A Gift From The Papacy And That In Fact The Empire Itself Was A Fief Of The Papacy.[29] Disgusted With The Pope, And Still Wishing To Crush The Normans In The South Of Italy, In June 1158, Frederick Set Out Upon His Second Italian Expedition, Accompanied By Henry The Lion And His Saxon Troops.[30] This Expedition Resulted In The Revolt And Capture Of Milan,[31] The Diet Of Roncaglia That Saw The Establishment Of Imperial Officers And Ecclesiastical Reforms In The Cities Of Northern Italy,[32] And The Beginning Of The Long Struggle With Pope Alexander Iii. The Death Of Pope Adrian Iv In 1159 Led To The Election Of Two Rival Popes, Alexander Iii And The Antipope Victor Iv, And Both Sought Frederick's Support.[33] Frederick, Busy With The Siege Of Crema, Appeared Unsupportive Of Alexander Iii, And After The Sacking Of Crema Demanded That Alexander Appear Before The Emperor At Pavia And To Accept The Imperial Decree.[34] Alexander Refused, And Frederick Recognised Victor Iv As The Legitimate Pope In 1160.[35] In Response, Alexander Iii Excommunicated Both Frederick I And Victor Iv.[36] Frederick Attempted To Convoke A Joint Council With King Louis Vii Of France In 1162 To Decide The Issue Of Who Should Be Pope.[35] Louis Neared The Meeting Site, But When He Became Aware That Frederick Had Stacked The Votes For Alexander, Louis Decided Not To Attend The Council. As A Result, The Issue Was Not Resolved At That Time.[37] The Political Result Of The Struggle With Pope Alexander Was An Alliance Formed Between The Norman State Of Sicily And Pope Alexander Iii Against Frederick.[38] In The Meantime, Frederick Had To Deal With Another Rebellion At Milan, In Which The City Surrendered On 6 March 1162; Much Of It Was Destroyed Three Weeks Later On The Emperor's Orders.[39] The Fate Of Milan Led To The Submission Of Brescia, Placentia, And Many Other Northern Italian Cities.[40] Returning To Germany Towards The Close Of 1162, Frederick Prevented The Escalation Of Conflicts Between Henry The Lion From Saxony And A Number Of Neighbouring Princes Who Were Growing Weary Of Henry's Power, Influence, And Territorial Gains. He Also Severely Punished The Citizens Of Mainz For Their Rebellion Against Archbishop Arnold. In Frederick's Third Visit To Italy In 1163, His Plans For The Conquest Of Sicily Were Ruined By The Formation Of A Powerful League Against Him, Brought Together Mainly By Opposition To Imperial Taxes. In 1164 Frederick Took What Are Believed To Be The Relics Of The "Biblical Magi" (The Wise Men Or Three Kings) From The Basilica Di Sant'eustorgio In Milan And Gave Them As A Gift (Or As Loot) To The Archbishop Of Cologne, Rainald Of Dassel. The Relics Had Great Religious Significance And Could Be Counted Upon To Draw Pilgrims From All Over Christendom. Today They Are Kept In The Shrine Of The Three Kings In The Cologne Cathedral. After The Death Of The Antipope Victor Iv, Frederick Supported Antipope Paschal Iii, But He Was Soon Driven From Rome, Leading To The Return Of Pope Alexander Iii In 1165.[41] In The Meantime Frederick Was Focused On Restoring Peace In The Rhineland, Where He Organized A Magnificent Celebration Of The Canonization Of Charles The Great (Charlemagne) At Aachen, Under The Authority Of The Antipope Paschal Iii. Concerned Over Rumours That Alexander Iii Was About To Enter Into An Alliance With The Byzantine Emperor Manuel I,[42] In October 1166 Frederick Embarked On His Fourth Italian Campaign, Hoping As Well To Secure The Claim Of Paschal Iii And The Coronation Of His Wife Beatrice As Holy Roman Empress. This Time, Henry The Lion Refused To Join Frederick On His Italian Trip, Tending Instead To His Own Disputes With Neighbors And His Continuing Expansion Into Slavic Territories In Northeastern Germany. In 1167 Frederick Began Besieging Ancona, Which Had Acknowledged The Authority Of Manuel I;[43] At The Same Time, His Forces Achieved A Great Victory Over The Romans At The Battle Of Monte Porzio.[44] Heartened By This Victory, Frederick Lifted The Siege Of Ancona And Hurried To Rome, Where He Had His Wife Crowned Empress And Also Received A Second Coronation From Paschal Iii.[44] Unfortunately, His Campaign Was Halted By The Sudden Outbreak Of An Epidemic (Malaria Or The Plague), Which Threatened To Destroy The Imperial Army And Drove The Emperor As A Fugitive To Germany,[45][46] Where He Remained For The Ensuing Six Years. During This Period, Frederick Decided Conflicting Claims To Various Bishoprics, Asserted Imperial Authority Over Bohemia, Poland, And Hungary, Initiated Friendly Relations With Manuel I, And Tried To Come To A Better Understanding With Henry Ii Of England And Louis Vii Of France. Many Swabian Counts, Including His Cousin The Young Duke Of Swabia, Frederick Iv, Died In 1167, So He Was Able To Organize A New Mighty Territory In The Duchy Of Swabia Under His Reign In This Time. Consequently, His Younger Son Frederick V Became The New Duke Of Swabia In 1167,[47] While His Eldest Son Henry Was Crowned King Of The Romans In 1169, Alongside His Father Who Also Retained The Title.[45] Later Years[Edit] Frederick Barbarossa, Middle, Flanked By Two Of His Children, King Henry Vi (Left) And Duke Frederick Vi (Right). From The Historia Welforum. Increasing Anti-German Sentiment Swept Through Lombardy, Culminating In The Restoration Of Milan In 1169.[48] In 1174 Frederick Made His Fifth Expedition To Italy. (It Was Probably During This Time That The Famous Tafelgüterverzeichnis, A Record Of The Royal Estates, Was Made.[49]) He Was Opposed By The Pro-Papal Lombard League (Now Joined By Venice, Sicily, And Constantinople), Which Had Previously Formed To Stand Against Him.[50] The Cities Of Northern Italy Had Become Exceedingly Wealthy Through Trade, Representing A Marked Turning Point In The Transition From Medieval Feudalism. While Continental Feudalism Had Remained Strong Socially And Economically, It Was In Deep Political Decline By The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa. When The Northern Italian Cities Inflicted A Defeat On Frederick At Alessandria In 1175, The European World Was Shocked.[51][52] With The Refusal Of Henry The Lion To Bring Help To Italy, The Campaign Was A Complete Failure. Frederick Suffered A Heavy Defeat At The Battle Of Legnano Near Milan, On 29 May 1176, Where He Was Wounded And For Some Time Was Believed To Be Dead.[53] This Battle Marked The Turning Point In Frederick's Claim To Empire.[54] He Had No Choice Other Than To Begin Negotiations For Peace With Alexander Iii And The Lombard League. In The Peace Of Anagni In 1176, Frederick Recognized Alexander Iii As Pope, And In The Peace Of Venice In 1177, Frederick And Alexander Iii Were Formally Reconciled.[55] The Scene Was Similar To That Which Had Occurred Between Pope Gregory Vii And Henry Iv, Holy Roman Emperor At Canossa A Century Earlier. The Conflict Was The Same As That Resolved In The Concordat Of Worms: Did The Holy Roman Emperor Have The Power To Name The Pope And Bishops? The Investiture Controversy From Previous Centuries Had Been Brought To A Tendentious Peace With The Concordat Of Worms And Affirmed In The First Council Of The Lateran. Now It Had Recurred, In A Slightly Different Form. Frederick Had To Humble Himself Before Alexander Iii At Venice.[56] The Emperor Acknowledged The Pope's Sovereignty Over The Papal States, And In Return Alexander Acknowledged The Emperor's Overlordship Of The Imperial Church. Also In The Peace Of Venice, A Truce Was Made With The Lombard Cities, Which Took Effect In August 1178.[57] The Grounds For A Permanent Peace Were Not Established Until 1183, However, In The Peace Of Constance, When Frederick Conceded Their Right To Freely Elect Town Magistrates. By This Move, Frederick Recovered His Nominal Domination Over Italy, Which Became His Chief Means Of Applying Pressure On The Papacy.[58] In A Move To Consolidate His Reign After The Disastrous Expedition Into Italy, Frederick Was Formally Crowned King Of Burgundy At Arles On 30 June 1178. Although Traditionally The German Kings Had Automatically Inherited The Royal Crown Of Arles Since The Time Of Conrad Ii, Frederick Felt The Need To Be Crowned By The Archbishop Of Arles, Regardless Of His Laying Claim To The Title From 1152. Frederick Did Not Forgive Henry The Lion For Refusing To Come To His Aid In 1176.[59] By 1180, Henry Had Successfully Established A Powerful And Contiguous State Comprising Saxony, Bavaria, And Substantial Territories In The North And East Of Germany. Taking Advantage Of The Hostility Of Other German Princes To Henry, Frederick Had Henry Tried In Absentia By A Court Of Bishops And Princes In 1180, Declared That Imperial Law Overruled Traditional German Law, And Had Henry Stripped Of His Lands And Declared An Outlaw.[60] He Then Invaded Saxony With An Imperial Army To Force His Cousin To Surrender. Henry's Allies Deserted Him, And He Finally Had To Submit In November 1181. Henry Spent Three Years In Exile At The Court Of His Father-In-Law Henry Ii Of England In Normandy Before Being Allowed Back Into Germany. He Finished His Days In Germany, As The Much-Diminished Duke Of Brunswick.[61] Frederick's Desire For Revenge Was Sated. Henry The Lion Lived A Relatively Quiet Life, Sponsoring Arts And Architecture. Frederick's Victory Over Henry Did Not Gain Him As Much In The German Feudalistic System As It Would Have In The English Feudalistic System. While In England The Pledge Of Fealty Went In A Direct Line From Overlords To Those Under Them, The Germans Pledged Oaths Only To The Direct Overlord, So That In Henry's Case, Those Below Him In The Feudal Chain Owed Nothing To Frederick. Thus, Despite The Diminished Stature Of Henry The Lion, Frederick Did Not Gain His Allegiances.[62] Frederick Was Faced With The Reality Of Disorder Among The German States, Where Continuous Civil Wars Were Waged Between Pretenders And The Ambitious Who Wanted The Crown For Themselves. Italian Unity Under German Rule Was More Myth Than Truth. Despite Proclamations Of German Hegemony, The Pope Was The Most Powerful Force In Italy.[63] When Frederick Returned To Germany After His Defeat In Northern Italy, He Was A Bitter And Exhausted Man. The German Princes, Far From Being Subordinated To Royal Control, Were Intensifying Their Hold On Wealth And Power In Germany And Entrenching Their Positions. There Began To Be A Generalized Social Desire To "Create Greater Germany" By Conquering The Slavs To The East.[64] Although The Italian City States Had Achieved A Measure Of Independence From Frederick As A Result Of His Failed Fifth Expedition Into Italy,[65] The Emperor Had Not Given Up On His Italian Dominions. In 1184, He Held A Massive Celebration When His Two Eldest Sons Were Knighted, And Thousands Of Knights Were Invited From All Over Germany. While Payments Upon The Knighting Of A Son Were Part Of The Expectations Of An Overlord In England And France, Only A "Gift" Was Given In Germany For Such An Occasion. Frederick's Monetary Gain From This Celebration Is Said To Have Been Modest.[66] Later In 1184, Frederick Again Moved Into Italy, This Time Joining Forces With The Local Rural Nobility To Reduce The Power Of The Tuscan Cities.[67] In 1186, He Engineered The Marriage Of His Son Henry To Constance Of Sicily, Heiress To The Kingdom Of Sicily, Over The Objections Of Pope Urban Iii.[68] Third Crusade And Death[Edit] Pope Urban Iii Died Shortly After, And Was Succeeded By Gregory Viii, Who Was More Concerned With Troubling Reports From The Holy Land Than With A Power Struggle With Barbarossa. After Making His Peace With The New Pope, Frederick Vowed To Take Up The Cross At The Diet Of Mainz In 1188.[50] Frederick Embarked On The Third Crusade (1189–92), A Massive Expedition In Conjunction With The French, Led By King Philip Augustus, And The English, Under King Richard The Lionheart. Frederick Organized A Grand Army Of 100,000 Men (Including 20,000 Knights) And Set Out On The Overland Route To The Holy Land;[69] Some Historians Believe That This Is An Exaggeration, However, And That The True Figure Might Be Closer To 15,000 Men, Including 3,000 Knights.[70] Barbarossa Drowns In The Saleph. From The Gotha Manuscript Of The Saxon World Chronicle The Saleph River, Now Known As The Göksu The Crusaders Passed Through Hungary, Serbia, And Bulgaria Before Entering Byzantine Territory And Arriving At Constantinople In The Autumn Of 1189. Matters Were Complicated By A Secret Alliance Between The Emperor Of Constantinople And Saladin, Warning Of Which Was Supplied By A Note From Sibylla, Ex-Queen Of Jerusalem.[71] While In Hungary, Barbarossa Personally Asked The Hungarian Prince Géza, Brother Of King Béla Iii Of Hungary, To Join The Crusade. The King Agreed, And A Hungarian Army Of 2,000 Men Led By Géza Escorted The German Emperor's Forces. The Armies Coming From Western Europe Pushed On Through Anatolia, Where They Were Victorious In Taking Aksehir And Defeating The Turks In The Battle Of Iconium, And Entered Cilician Armenia. The Approach Of The Immense German Army Greatly Concerned Saladin And The Other Muslim Leaders, Who Began To Rally Troops Of Their Own To Confront Barbarossa's Forces.[2] On 10 June 1190, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa Drowned Near Silifke Castle In The Saleph River.[72] Accounts Of The Event Are Conflicting. Some Historians Believe He May Have Had A Heart Attack That Complicated Matters. Some Of Frederick's Men Put Him In A Barrel Of Vinegar To Preserve His Body. Frederick's Death Plunged His Army Into Chaos. Leaderless, Panicking, And Attacked On All Sides By Turks, Many Germans Deserted, Were Killed, Or Committed Suicide. Only 5,000 Soldiers, A Small Fraction Of The Original Force, Arrived In Acre. Barbarossa's Son, Frederick Vi Of Swabia, Carried On With The Remnants Of The German Army, Along With The Hungarian Army Under The Command Of Prince Géza, With The Aim Of Burying The Emperor In Jerusalem, But Efforts To Conserve His Body In Vinegar Failed. Hence, His Flesh Was Interred In The Church Of St Peter In Antioch, His Bones In The Cathedral Of Tyre, And His Heart And Inner Organs In Tarsus.[2] The Unexpected Demise Of Frederick Left The Crusader Army Under The Command Of The Rivals Philip Ii And Richard, Who Had Traveled To Palestine Separately By Sea, And Ultimately Led To Its Dissolution. Richard Continued To The East Where He Defeated Saladin In Many Battles, Winning Significant Territories Along The Shores Of Palestine, But Ultimately Failed To Win The War By Conquering Jerusalem Itself Before He Was Forced To Return To His Own Territories In North-Western Europe, Known As The Angevin Empire. He Returned Home After He Signed The Treaty Of Ramla Agreeing That Jerusalem Would Remain Under Muslim Control While Allowing Unarmed Christian Pilgrims And Traders To Visit The City. The Treaty Also Reduced The Latin Kingdom To A Geopolitical Coastal Strip Extending From Tyre To Jaffa. Frederick And The Justinian Code[Edit] The Increase In Wealth Of The Trading Cities Of Northern Italy Led To A Revival In The Study Of The Justinian Code, A Latin Legal System That Had Become Extinct Centuries Earlier. Legal Scholars Renewed Its Application. It Is Speculated That Pope Gregory Vii Personally Encouraged The Justinian Rule Of Law And Had A Copy Of It. The Historian Norman Cantor Described Corpus Iuris Civilis (Justinian Body Of Civil Law) As "The Greatest Legal Code Ever Devised".[73] It Envisaged The Law Of The State As A Reflection Of Natural Moral Law (As Seen By The Men Of The Justinian System), The Principle Of Rationality In The Universe. By The Time Frederick Assumed The Throne, This Legal System Was Well Established On Both Sides Of The Alps. He Was The First To Utilize The Availability Of The New Professional Class Of Lawyers. The Civil Law Allowed Frederick To Use These Lawyers To Administer His Kingdom In A Logical And Consistent Manner. It Also Provided A Framework To Legitimize His Claim To The Right To Rule Both Germany And Northern Italy. In The Old Days Of Henry V And Henry Vi, The Claim Of Divine Right Of Kings Had Been Severely Undermined By The Investiture Controversy. The Church Had Won That Argument In The Common Man's Mind. There Was No Divine Right For The German King To Also Control The Church By Naming Both Bishops And Popes. The Institution Of The Justinian Code Was Used, Perhaps Unscrupulously, By Frederick To Lay Claim To Divine Powers.[74] In Germany, Frederick Was A Political Realist, Taking What He Could And Leaving The Rest. In Italy, He Tended To Be A Romantic Reactionary, Reveling In The Antiquarian Spirit Of The Age, Exemplified By A Revival Of Classical Studies And Roman Law. It Was Through The Use Of The Restored Justinian Code That Frederick Came To View Himself As A New Roman Emperor.[75] Roman Law Gave A Rational Purpose For The Existence Of Frederick And His Imperial Ambitions. It Was A Counterweight To The Claims Of The Church To Have Authority Because Of Divine Revelation. The Church Was Opposed To Frederick For Ideological Reasons, Not The Least Of Which Was The Humanist Nature Found In The Revival Of The Old Roman Legal System.[76] When Pepin The Short Sought To Become King Of The Franks In The 8Th Century, The Church Needed Military Protection, So Pepin Found It Convenient To Make An Ally Of The Pope. Frederick, However, Desired To Put The Pope Aside And Claim The Crown Of Old Rome Simply Because He Was In The Likeness Of The Greatest Emperors Of The Pre-Christian Era. Pope Adrian Iv Was Naturally Opposed To This View And Undertook A Vigorous Propaganda Campaign Designed To Diminish Frederick And His Ambition. To A Large Extent, This Was Successful.[77] Charismatic Leader[Edit] Historians Have Compared Frederick To Henry Ii Of England. Both Were Considered The Greatest And Most Charismatic Leaders Of Their Age. Each Possessed A Rare Combination Of Qualities That Made Him Appear Superhuman To His Contemporaries: Longevity, Boundless Ambition, Extraordinary Organizing Skill, And Greatness On The Battlefield. Both Were Handsome And Proficient In Courtly Skills, Without Appearing Effeminate Or Affected. Both Came To The Throne In The Prime Of Manhood. Each Had An Element Of Learning, Without Being Considered Impractical Intellectuals But Rather More Inclined To Practicality. Each Found Himself In The Possession Of New Legal Institutions That Were Put To Creative Use In Governing. Both Henry And Frederick Were Viewed To Be Sufficiently And Formally Devout To The Teachings Of The Church, Without Being Moved To The Extremes Of Spirituality Seen In The Great Saints Of The 12Th Century. In Making Final Decisions, Each Relied Solely Upon His Own Judgment,[78] And Both Were Interested In Gathering As Much Power As They Could.[79] In Keeping With This View Of Frederick, His Uncle, Otto Of Freising, Wrote An Account Of Frederick's Reign Entitled Gesta Friderici I Imperatoris (Deeds Of The Emperor Frederick). Otto Died After Finishing The First Two Books, Leaving The Last Two To Rahewin, His Provost. The Text Is In Places Heavily Dependent On Classical Precedent.[80] For Example, Rahewin's Physical Description Of Frederick Reproduces Word-For-Word (Except For Details Of Hair And Beard) A Description Of Another Monarch Written Nearly Eight Hundred Years Earlier By Sidonius Apollinaris:[81] His Character Is Such That Not Even Those Envious Of His Power Can Belittle Its Praise. His Person Is Well-Proportioned. He Is Shorter Than Very Tall Men, But Taller And More Noble Than Men Of Medium Height. His Hair Is Golden, Curling A Little Above His Forehead ... His Eyes Are Sharp And Piercing, His Beard Reddish [Barba Subrufa], His Lips Delicate ... His Whole Face Is Bright And Cheerful. His Teeth Are Even And Snow-White In Color ... Modesty Rather Than Anger Causes Him To Blush Frequently. His Shoulders Are Rather Broad, And He Is Strongly Built ... Frederick's Charisma Led To A Fantastic Juggling Act That, Over A Quarter Of A Century, Restored The Imperial Authority In The German States. His Formidable Enemies Defeated Him On Almost Every Side, Yet In The End He Emerged Triumphant. When Frederick Came To The Throne, The Prospects For The Revival Of German Imperial Power Were Extremely Thin. The Great German Princes Had Increased Their Power And Land Holdings. The King Had Been Left With Only The Traditional Family Domains And A Vestige Of Power Over The Bishops And Abbeys. The Backwash Of The Investiture Controversy Had Left The German States In Continuous Turmoil. Rival States Were In Perpetual War. These Conditions Allowed Frederick To Be Both Warrior And Occasional Peace-Maker, Both To His Advantage.[9] Legend[Edit] Frederick Sends Out The Boy To See Whether The Ravens Still Fly. Frederick Is The Subject Of Many Legends, Including That Of A Sleeping Hero, Like The Much Older British Celtic Legends Of Arthur Or Bran The Blessed. Legend Says He Is Not Dead, But Asleep With His Knights In A Cave In The Kyffhäuser Mountain In Thuringia Or Mount Untersberg In Bavaria, Germany, And That When The Ravens Cease To Fly Around The Mountain He Will Awake And Restore Germany To Its Ancient Greatness. According To The Story, His Red Beard Has Grown Through The Table At Which He Sits. His Eyes Are Half Closed In Sleep, But Now And Then He Raises His Hand And Sends A Boy Out To See If The Ravens Have Stopped Flying.[82] A Similar Story, Set In Sicily, Was Earlier Attested About His Grandson, Frederick Ii.[83] To Garner Political Support The German Empire Built Atop The Kyffhäuser The Kyffhäuser Monument, Which Declared Kaiser Wilhelm I The Reincarnation Of Frederick; The 1896 Dedication Occurred On 18 June, The Day Of Frederick's Coronation.[84] In Medieval Europe, The Golden Legend Became Refined By Jacopo Da Voragine. This Was A Popularized Interpretation Of The Biblical End Of The World. It Consisted Of Three Things: (1) Terrible Natural Disasters; (2) The Arrival Of The Antichrist; (3) The Establishment Of A Good King To Combat The Anti-Christ. These Millennial Fables Were Common And Freely Traded By The Populations On Continental Europe. End-Time Accounts Had Been Around For Thousands Of Years, But Entered The Christian Tradition With The Writings Of The Apostle Peter. German Propaganda Played Into The Exaggerated Fables Believed By The Common People By Characterizing Frederick Barbarossa And Frederick Ii As Personification Of The "Good King".[85] Frederick's Uncle, Otto, Bishop Of Freising Wrote A Biography Entitled The Deeds Of Frederick Barbarosa, Which Is Considered To Be An Accurate History Of The King. Otto's Other Major Work, The Two Cities Was An Exposition Of The Work Of St. Augustine Of Hippo Of A Similar Title. The Latter Work Was Full Of Augustinian Negativity Concerning The Nature Of The World And History. His Work On Frederick Is Of Opposite Tone, Being An Optimistic Portrayal Of The Glorious Potentials Of Imperial Authority. (See Description Supra.)[86] Another Legend States That When Barbarossa Was In The Process Of Seizing Milan In 1158, His Wife, The Empress Beatrice, Was Taken Captive By The Enraged Milanese And Forced To Ride Through The City On A Donkey In A Humiliating Manner. Some Sources Of This Legend Indicate That Barbarossa Implemented His Revenge For This Insult By Forcing The Magistrates Of The City To Remove A Fig From The Anus Of A Donkey Using Only Their Teeth.[87] Another Source States That Barbarossa Took His Wrath Upon Every Able-Bodied Man In The City, And That It Was Not A Fig They Were Forced To Hold In Their Mouth, But Excrement From The Donkey. To Add To This Debasement, They Were Made To Announce, "Ecco La Fica", (Meaning "Behold The Fig"), With The Feces Still In Their Mouths. It Used To Be Said That The Insulting Gesture, (Called Fico), Of Holding One's Fist With The Thumb In Between The Middle And Forefinger Came By Its Origin From This Event.[88] Issue[Edit] Frederick's First Marriage, To Adelheid Of Vohburg, Did Not Produce Any Issue And Was Annulled.[89] From His Second Marriage, To Beatrice Of Burgundy,[89] He Had The Following Children: Beatrice (1162–1174). She Was Betrothed To King William Ii Of Sicily But Died Before They Could Be Married. Frederick V, Duke Of Swabia (Pavia, 16 July 1164 – 28 November 1170). Henry Vi, Holy Roman Emperor (Nijmegen, November 1165 – Messina, 28 September 1197).[89] Conrad (Modigliana, February 1167 – Acre, 20 January 1191), Later Renamed Frederick Vi, Duke Of Swabia After The Death Of His Older Brother.[89] Gisela (October/November 1168 – 1184). Otto I, Count Of Burgundy (June/July 1170 – Killed, Besançon, 13 January 1200).[89] Conrad Ii, Duke Of Swabia And Rothenburg (February/March 1172 – Killed, Durlach, 15 August 1196).[89] Renaud (October/November 1173 – In Infancy). William (June/July 1176 – In Infancy). Philip Of Swabia (August 1177 – Killed, Bamberg, 21 June 1208) King Of Germany In 1198.[89] Agnes (1181 – 8 October 1184). She Was Betrothed To King Emeric Of Hungary But Died Before They Could Be Married. Ancestry[Edit] This Section Does Not Cite Any Sources. Please Help Improve This Section By Adding Citations To Reliable Sources. Unsourced Material May Be Challenged And Removed. (January 2016) (Learn How And When To Remove This Template Message) [Show]Ancestors Of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor In Popular Culture[Edit] In Victor Hugo's Romantic Play Les Burgraves (1843), Frederick (As Character Frédéric De Hohenstaufen) Returns Many Years After He Was Presumed Dead, As Expected By Some Medieval Legends. Cyrus Townsend Brady's Hohenzollern; A Story Of The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa (1901) Begins With A Dedication To "The Descendants Of The Great Germanic Race Who In Europe, In America, And In The Far East Rule The World".[90] Land Of Unreason (1941), By L. Sprague De Camp And Fletcher Pratt, Mentions The Castle Of The Kyffhäuser. John Crowley's Novel Little, Big (1981) Features Frederick Barbarossa As A Character In Modern Times, Awoken From His Centuries Of Sleep. In The Book, He Becomes The President Of The United States And Rules As A Tyrant.[91] Umberto Eco's Novel Baudolino (2000) Is Set Partly At Frederick's Court, And Also Deals With The Mystery Of Frederick's Death. The Imaginary Hero, Baudolino, Is The Emperor's Adopted Son And Confidant. In 1999 Film The Thomas Crown Affair, The Title Character Is Said To Be In Possession Of "An Ornament Worn By Frederick Barbarossa At His Coronation In 1152." The 1999 Real-Time Strategy Video Game Age Of Empires Ii: The Age Of Kings Developed By Ensemble Studios Has A Campaign Which Follows Fredrick Barbarossa From The Period Of His Struggles In Germany To His Death On The Third Crusade. It Is Of Note That Barbarossa Never Appears As An Actual Unit In The Game, Though The Objective Of The Final Level (After His Death) Is To Take A Unit Named "Emperor In A Barrel" To The Dome Of The Rock In Jerusalem. In The 2002 Real-Time Strategy Video Game Stronghold: Crusader, Emperor Frederick Is An Ai Opponent That Players Can Challenge In Skirmish Play. The 2006 Turn-Based Strategy Video Game Medieval Ii Total War: Kingdoms Developed By Creative Assembly Features Frederick Barbarossa In The Crusade Campaign. Barbarossa Launches A Crusade To The Holy Land With 100,000 Strong Men. During The Next 'Turn,' He Drowns In The Sea And Because Of His Death The Crusade Is Canceled. Andreas Seiler's Novel Real Wizard (2008) Is An Attribution To The 1,000-Year-Old Myth, With Aspects Of Life And Death Of The Emperor. It Includes A Generalised German History Of Unification As A Background To The Story. Isbn 978-0-646-49625-2 In The 2009 Movie Barbarossa (Also Entitled Sword Of War And Barbarossa: Siege Lord), Barbarossa Is One Of The Main Characters, Played By Rutger Hauer. Frederick Barbarossa Leads The German Civilization In The 2016 4X Video Game Civilization Vi Developed By Firaxis Games.[92][93] See Also[Edit] German Monarchs Family Tree Dukes Of Swabia Family Tree Operation Barbarossa, The Codename Of The German Invasion Of The Soviet Union In 1941.[94] References[Edit] This Article Incorporates Text From A Publication Now In The Public Domain: Chisholm, Hugh, Ed. (1911). "Frederick I., Roman Emperor". Encyclopædia Britannica (11Th Ed.). Cambridge University Press. Jump Up ^ Peter Moraw, Heiliges Reich, In: Lexikon Des Mittelalters, Munich & Zurich: Artemis 1977–1999, Vol. 4, Pp. 2025–28. ^ Jump Up To: A B C D E Canduci (2010), P. 263 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 199 ^ Jump Up To: A B C Comyn (1851), P. 200 Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 266 Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), Pp. 300–302 Jump Up ^ Bryce (1913), P. 166 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 302–303 ^ Jump Up To: A B Cantor (1969), Pp. 428–429 Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 359 Jump Up ^ Brown (1972) Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 318–319 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 202 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 201 ^ Jump Up To: A B C Comyn (1851), P. 230 Jump Up ^ Falco (1964), Pp. 218 Et Seq. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 227 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 228 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 229 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 368–369 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 231 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 232 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 233 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 203 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 319 Jump Up ^ "Peace Of The Land Established By Frederick Barbarossa Between 1152 And 1157 A.D.". The Avalon Project. Yale Law School. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 234 Jump Up ^ Wikisource-Logo.Svg Ua Clerigh, Arthur (1913). "Pope Adrian Iv". In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 235 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 236 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 238 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 240 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 241 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 242 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 243 Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 295 Jump Up ^ Munz (1969), P. 228 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 326–327 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 245 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 246 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 247 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 248 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 249 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 250 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 251 Jump Up ^ See Entry For The Contemporary Chroniclers, Ottone And Acerbo Morena. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 252 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 253 Jump Up ^ Leyser (1988), P. 157 ^ Jump Up To: A B Kampers, Franz. "Frederick I (Barbarossa)". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 21 May 2009. Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 104 Jump Up ^ Reprint Of B. Arthaud. La Civilization De L'occident Medieval, Paris, 1964. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 257 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 332 Et Seq. Jump Up ^ Brown (1972), Pp. 164–165 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 260 Jump Up ^ See Yale Avalon Project. Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), Pp. 96–97 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 263 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 333 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 264 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 433–434 Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), Pp. 102–103 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 429 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 262 Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 240 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 265 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 266 Jump Up ^ J. Phillips, The Fourth Crusade And The Sack Of Constantinople, 66 Jump Up ^ Konstam, Historical Atlas Of The Crusades, 162 Jump Up ^ The Crusade Of Frederick Barbarossa: Letters, Fordham University. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 267 Jump Up ^ Cantor, Norman F. (1993). The Civilization Of The Middle Ages. New York: Harpercollins. P. 309. Isbn 0060170336. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 340–342 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 332 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 324 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 325 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 422–423 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 424 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 360 Jump Up ^ Sidonius Apollinaris, Epistles 1.2, A Description Of Theodoric Ii Of The Visigoths (453–66). See Mierow And Emery (1953) P. 331. Jump Up ^ Brown (1972), P. 172 Jump Up ^ Kantorowicz, Frederick Ii; Last Chapter Jump Up ^ Jarausch (1997), P. 35 Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 190 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 359–360 Jump Up ^ Walford, Cox & Apperson (1885), P. 119 Jump Up ^ Novobatzky & Shea (2001) ^ Jump Up To: A B C D E F G Gislebertus (Of Mons), Chronicle Of Hainaut, Transl. Laura Napran, (Boydell Press, 2005), 55 Note245. Jump Up ^ Brady (1901) Jump Up ^ Crowley (2006), Pp. 346, 429 Jump Up ^ "Civilization Vi: Frederick Barbarossa Leads Germany". Official Civilization Website. August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016. Jump Up ^ "Frederick Barbarossa Leads Germany In 'Civilization Vi'". Digital Trends. August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016. Jump Up ^ Kershaw (2001), P. 335 Primary Sources[Edit] Otto Of Freising And His Continuator Rahewin, The Deeds Of Frederick Barbarossa Tr. Charles Christopher Mierow With Richard Emery. New York: Columbia University Press, 1953. Reprinted: Toronto: University Of Toronto Press, 1994. Ibn Al-Athir Romuald Of Salerno. Chronicon In Rerum Italicarum Scriptores. Otto Of Sankt Blasien The "Bergamo Master". Carmen De Gestis Frederici I Imperatoris In Lombardia. Chronicon Vincentii Canonici Pragensis In Monumenta Historica Boemiae By Fr. Gelasius Dobner (1764)[1] [2] Secondary Sources[Edit] Brady, Charles Townsend (1901). Hohenzollern; A Story Of The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa. New York: The Century Co. Brown, R. A. (1972). The Origins Of Modern Europe. Boydell Press. Bryce, James (1913). The Holy Roman Empire. Macmillan. Canduci, Alexander (2010). Triumph & Tragedy: The Rise And Fall Of Rome's Immortal Emperors. Pier 9. Isbn 978-1-74196-598-8. Cantor, N. F. (1969). Medieval History. Macmillan And Company. Comyn, Robert (1851). History Of The Western Empire, From Its Restoration By Charlemagne To The Accession Of Charles V. I. Crowley, John William (2006). Little, Big. New York: Perennial. Isbn 978-0-06-112005-3. Dahmus, J. (1969). The Middle Ages, A Popular History. Garden City, Ny: Doubleday. Davis, R. H. C. (1957). A History Of Medieval Europe. Longmans. Falco, G. (1964). The Holy Roman Republic. New York: Barnes And Co. Freed, John (2016). Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince And The Myth. New Haven, Ct: Yale University Press. Isbn 978-0-300-122763. Jarausch, K. H. (1997). After Unity; Reconfiguring German Identities. New York: Berghahn Books. Isbn 1-57181-041-2. Kershaw, Ian (2001). Hitler, 1936–45: Nemesis. Penguin. Le Goff, J. (2000). Medieval Civilization, 400–1500. New York: Barnes And Noble. Leyser, Karl J. (1988). Frederick Barbarossa And The Hohenstaufen Polity. University Of California Press. Munz, Peter (1969). Frederick Barbarossa: A Study In Medieval Politics. Ithaca And London: Cornell University Press. Novobatzky, Peter; Shea, Ammon (2001). Depraved And Insulting English. Orlando: Harcourt. Walford, Edward; Cox, John Charles; Apperson, George Latimer (1885). "Digit Folklore, Part Ii". The Antiquary. Xi: 119–123. External Links[Edit] Wikimedia Commons Has Media Related To Friedrich I. Barbarossa. Wikisource Has Original Works Written By Or About: Frederick I Msn Encarta – Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire) (Archived 2009-10-31) Famous Men Of The Middle Ages – Frederick Barbarossa Charter Given By Emperor Frederick For The Bishopric Of Bamberg Showing The Emperor's Seal, 6.4.1157 . Taken From The Collections Of The Lichtbildarchiv Älterer Originalurkunden At Marburg University Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor House Of Hohenstaufen Born: 1122 Died: 1190 Regnal Titles Preceded By Conrad Iii German King Formally King Of The Romans 1152–1190 Succeeded By Henry Vi King Of Italy 1155–1190 Preceded By Lothair Iii King Of Arles 1152–1190 Holy Roman Emperor 1155–1190 Preceded By Frederick Ii Duke Of Swabia 1147–1152 Succeeded By Frederick Iv Preceded By Beatrice I As Sole Ruler Count Palatine Of Burgundy 1156–1190 With Beatrice I Succeeded By Otto I [Show] V T E Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Emperors [Show] V T E Monarchs Of Germany Authority Control Worldcat Identities Viaf: 66596013 Lccn: N50047907 Isni: 0000 0001 1885 1477 Gnd: 118535757 Selibr: 230780 Sudoc: 034094296 Bnf: Cb12488571M (Data) Ulan: 500329612 Nla: 35683449 Nkc: Jn20000700567 Bne: Xx856878 Categories: Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor1122 Births1190 Deathschristians Of The Third Crusadedeaths By Drowningdukes Of Swabiahohenstaufen Dynastyholy Roman Emperorsgerman Kings Of Burgundyreleased From Excommunicationpeople From Baden-Württemberg12Th-Century Monarchs In Europe Navigation Menu Not Logged Intalkcontributionscreate Accountlog Inarticletalkreadeditview Historysearch From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Frederick Barbarossa Friedrich I. Barbarossa.Jpg A Golden Bust Of Frederick I, Given To His Godfather Count Otto Of Cappenberg In 1171. It Was Used As A Reliquary In Cappenberg Abbey And Is Said In The Deed Of The Gift To Have Been Made "In The Likeness Of The Emperor". Holy Roman Emperor Reign 2 January 1155 – 10 June 1190 Coronation 18 June 1155, Rome Predecessor Lothair Iii Successor Henry Vi King Of Italy Reign 1155–1190 Coronation C. 1155, Pavia Predecessor Conrad Iii Successor Henry Vi King Of Germany Formally King Of The Romans Reign 1152–1190 Coronation 9 March 1152, Aachen Predecessor Conrad Iii Successor Henry Vi King Of Burgundy Reign 1152–1190 Coronation 30 June 1178, Arles Born 1122 Died 10 June 1190 (Aged 67–68) Saleph River, Cilician Armenia Burial Church Of St Peter, Antioch Spouse Adelheid Of Vohburg Beatrice I, Countess Of Burgundy Issue More... Frederick V, Duke Of Swabia Henry Vi, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Vi, Duke Of Swabia Otto I, Count Of Burgundy Conrad Ii, Duke Of Swabia Philip, King Of Germany House Hohenstaufen Father Frederick Ii, Duke Of Swabia Mother Judith Of Bavaria Religion Roman Catholicism Frederick I (German: Friedrich; 1122 – 10 June 1190), Also Known As Frederick Barbarossa, Was The Holy Roman Emperor From 1155 Until His Death. He Was Elected King Of Germany At Frankfurt On 4 March 1152 And Crowned In Aachen On 9 March 1152. He Became King Of Italy In 1155 And Was Crowned Roman Emperor By Pope Adrian Iv On 18 June 1155. Two Years Later, The Term Sacrum ("Holy") First Appeared In A Document In Connection With His Empire.[1] He Was Later Formally Crowned King Of Burgundy, At Arles On 30 June 1178. He Got The Name Barbarossa From The Northern Italian Cities He Attempted To Rule: Barbarossa Means "Red Beard" In Italian;[2] In German, He Was Known As Kaiser Rotbart, Which Has The Same Meaning. Before His Imperial Election, Frederick Was By Inheritance Duke Of Swabia (1147–1152, As Frederick Iii). He Was The Son Of Duke Frederick Ii Of The Hohenstaufen Dynasty And Judith, Daughter Of Henry Ix, Duke Of Bavaria, From The Rival House Of Welf. Frederick Therefore Descended From The Two Leading Families In Germany, Making Him An Acceptable Choice For The Empire's Prince-Electors. Historians Consider Him Among The Holy Roman Empire's Greatest Medieval Emperors. He Combined Qualities That Made Him Appear Almost Superhuman To His Contemporaries: His Longevity, His Ambition, His Extraordinary Skills At Organization, His Battlefield Acumen And His Political Perspicuity. Among His Contributions To Central European Society And Culture Include The Reestablishment Of The Corpus Juris Civilis, Or The Roman Rule Of Law, Which Counterbalanced The Papal Power That Dominated The German States Since The Conclusion Of The Investiture Controversy. Contents [Hide] 1 Life And Reign 1.1 Early Years 1.2 Rise To Power 1.3 First Italian Campaign: 1154–55 1.4 Second, Third And Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174 1.5 Later Years 1.6 Third Crusade And Death 2 Frederick And The Justinian Code 3 Charismatic Leader 4 Legend 5 Issue 6 Ancestry 7 In Popular Culture 8 See Also 9 References 9.1 Primary Sources 9.2 Secondary Sources 10 External Links Life And Reign[Edit] Early Years[Edit] Frederick Was Born In 1122. In 1147 He Became Duke Of The Southern German Region Of Swabia (Herzog Von Schwaben), And Shortly Afterwards Made His First Trip To The East, Accompanied By His Uncle, The German King Conrad Iii, On The Second Crusade. The Expedition Proved To Be A Disaster,[3] But Frederick Distinguished Himself And Won The Complete Confidence Of The King. When Conrad Died In February 1152, Only Frederick And The Prince-Bishop Of Bamberg Were At His Deathbed. Both Asserted Afterwards That Conrad Had, In Full Possession Of His Mental Powers, Handed The Royal Insignia To Frederick And Indicated That Frederick, Rather Than Conrad's Own Six-Year-Old Son, The Future Frederick Iv, Duke Of Swabia, Succeed Him As King.[4] Frederick Energetically Pursued The Crown And At Frankfurt On 4 March 1152 The Kingdom's Princely Electors Designated Him As The Next German King.[4] He Was Crowned King Of The Romans At Aachen Several Days Later, On 9 March 1152.[5] Frederick's Father Was From The Hohenstaufen Family, And His Mother Was From The Welf Family, The Two Most Powerful Families In Germany. The Hohenstaufens Were Often Called Ghibellines, Which Derives From The Italianized Name For Waiblingen Castle, The Family Seat In Swabia; The Welfs, In A Similar Italianization, Were Called Guelfs.[6] The Reigns Of Henry Iv And Henry V Left The Status Of The German Empire In Disarray, Its Power Waning Under The Weight Of The Investiture Controversy. For A Quarter Of A Century Following The Death Of Henry V In 1125, The German Monarchy Was Largely A Nominal Title With No Real Power.[7] The King Was Chosen By The Princes, Was Given No Resources Outside Those Of His Own Duchy, And He Was Prevented From Exercising Any Real Authority Or Leadership In The Realm. The Royal Title Was Furthermore Passed From One Family To Another To Preclude The Development Of Any Dynastic Interest In The German Crown. When Frederick I Of Hohenstaufen Was Chosen As King In 1152, Royal Power Had Been In Effective Abeyance For Over Twenty-Five Years, And To A Considerable Degree For More Than Eighty Years. The Only Real Claim To Wealth Lay In The Rich Cities Of Northern Italy, Which Were Still Within The Nominal Control Of The German King.[8] The Salian Line Had Died Out With The Death Of Henry V In 1125. The German Princes Refused To Give The Crown To His Nephew, The Duke Of Swabia, For Fear He Would Try To Regain The Imperial Power Held By Henry V. Instead, They Chose Lothair Iii (1125–1137), Who Found Himself Embroiled In A Long-Running Dispute With The Hohenstaufens, And Who Married Into The Welfs. One Of The Hohenstaufens Gained The Throne As Conrad Iii Of Germany (1137–1152). When Frederick Barbarossa Succeeded His Uncle In 1152, There Seemed To Be Excellent Prospects For Ending The Feud, Since He Was A Welf On His Mother's Side.[4] The Welf Duke Of Saxony, Henry The Lion, Would Not Be Appeased, However, Remaining An Implacable Enemy Of The Hohenstaufen Monarchy. Barbarossa Had The Duchies Of Swabia And Franconia, The Force Of His Own Personality, And Very Little Else To Construct An Empire.[9] The Germany That Frederick Tried To Unite Was A Patchwork Of More Than 1600 Individual States, Each With Its Own Prince. A Few Of These, Such As Bavaria And Saxony, Were Large. Many Were Too Small To Pinpoint On A Map.[10] The Titles Afforded To The German King Were "Caesar", "Augustus", And "Emperor Of The Romans". By The Time Frederick Would Assume These, They Were Little More Than Propaganda Slogans With Little Other Meaning.[11] Frederick Was A Pragmatist Who Dealt With The Princes By Finding A Mutual Self-Interest. Unlike Henry Ii Of England, Frederick Did Not Attempt To End Medieval Feudalism, But Rather Tried To Restore It, Though This Was Beyond His Ability. The Great Players In The German Civil War Had Been The Pope, Emperor, Ghibellines, And The Guelfs, But None Of These Had Emerged As The Winner.[12] Rise To Power[Edit] Penny Or Denier With Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, Struck In Nijmegen. Eager To Restore The Empire To The Position It Had Occupied Under Charlemagne And Otto I The Great, The New King Saw Clearly That The Restoration Of Order In Germany Was A Necessary Preliminary To The Enforcement Of The Imperial Rights In Italy. Issuing A General Order For Peace, He Made Lavish Concessions To The Nobles.[13] Abroad, Frederick Intervened In The Danish Civil War Between Svend Iii And Valdemar I Of Denmark[14] And Began Negotiations With The Eastern Roman Emperor, Manuel I Comnenus.[15] It Was Probably About This Time That The King Obtained Papal Assent For The Annulment Of His Childless Marriage With Adelheid Of Vohburg, On The Grounds Of Consanguinity (His Great-Great-Grandfather Was A Brother Of Adela's Great-Great-Great-Grandmother, Making Them Fourth Cousins, Once Removed). He Then Made A Vain Effort To Obtain A Bride From The Court Of Constantinople. On His Accession Frederick Had Communicated The News Of His Election To Pope Eugene Iii, But Had Neglected To Ask For The Papal Confirmation. In March 1153, Frederick Concluded The Treaty Of Constance With The Pope, Whereby He Promised, In Return For His Coronation, To Defend The Papacy, To Make No Peace With King Roger Ii Of Sicily Or Other Enemies Of The Church Without The Consent Of Eugene, And To Help Eugene Regain Control Of The City Of Rome.[16] First Italian Campaign: 1154–55[Edit] Frederick Undertook Six Expeditions Into Italy. In The First, Beginning In October 1154,[17] His Plan Was To Launch A Campaign Against The Normans Under King William I Of Sicily.[15] He Marched Down And Almost Immediately Encountered Resistance To His Authority. Obtaining The Submission Of Milan, He Successfully Besieged Tortona In Early 1155, Razing It To The Ground.[18] He Moved On To Pavia, Where He Received The Iron Crown And The Title Of King Of Italy.[19] Moving Through Bologna And Tuscany, He Was Soon Approaching The City Of Rome. There, Pope Adrian Iv Was Struggling With The Forces Of The Republican City Commune Led By Arnold Of Brescia, A Student Of Abelard.[2] As A Sign Of Good Faith, Frederick Dismissed The Ambassadors From The Revived Roman Senate,[15] And Imperial Forces Suppressed The Republicans. Arnold Was Captured And Hanged For Treason And Rebellion. Despite His Unorthodox Teaching Concerning Theology, Arnold Was Not Charged With Heresy.[20] As Frederick Approached The Gates Of Rome, The Pope Advanced To Meet Him. At The Royal Tent The King Received Him, And After Kissing The Pope's Feet, Frederick Expected To Receive The Traditional Kiss Of Peace.[21] Frederick Had Declined To Hold The Pope's Stirrup While Leading Him To The Tent, However, So Adrian Refused To Give The Kiss Until This Protocol Had Been Complied With.[2] Frederick Hesitated, And Adrian Iv Withdrew; After A Day's Negotiation, Frederick Agreed To Perform The Required Ritual, Reportedly Muttering, "Pro Petro, Non Adriano -- For Peter, Not For Adrian."[21] Rome Was Still In An Uproar Over The Fate Of Arnold Of Brescia, So Rather Than Marching Through The Streets Of Rome, Frederick And Adrian Retired To The Vatican. The Next Day, 18 June 1155, Adrian Iv Crowned Frederick I Holy Roman Emperor At St Peter's Basilica, Amidst The Acclamations Of The German Army.[22] The Romans Began To Riot, And Frederick Spent His Coronation Day Putting Down The Revolt, Resulting In The Deaths Of Over 1,000 Romans And Many More Thousands Injured. The Next Day, Frederick, Adrian, And The German Army Travelled To Tivoli. From There, A Combination Of The Unhealthy Italian Summer And The Effects Of His Year-Long Absence From Germany Meant He Was Forced To Put Off His Planned Campaign Against The Normans Of Sicily.[22] On Their Way Northwards, They Attacked Spoleto And Encountered The Ambassadors Of Manuel I Comnenus, Who Showered Frederick With Costly Gifts. At Verona, Frederick Declared His Fury With The Rebellious Milanese Before Finally Returning To Germany.[23] Disorder Was Again Rampant In Germany, Especially In Bavaria, But General Peace Was Restored By Frederick's Vigorous, But Conciliatory, Measures. The Duchy Of Bavaria Was Transferred From Henry Ii Jasomirgott, Margrave Of Austria, To Frederick's Formidable Younger Cousin Henry The Lion, Duke Of Saxony, Of The House Of Guelph, Whose Father Had Previously Held Both Duchies.[24] Henry Ii Jasomirgott Was Named Duke Of Austria In Compensation For His Loss Of Bavaria. As Part Of His General Policy Of Concessions Of Formal Power To The German Princes And Ending The Civil Wars Within The Kingdom, Frederick Further Appeased Henry By Issuing Him With The Privilegium Minus, Granting Him Unprecedented Entitlements As Duke Of Austria. This Was A Large Concession On The Part Of Frederick, Who Realized That Henry The Lion Had To Be Accommodated, Even To The Point Of Sharing Some Power With Him. Frederick Could Not Afford To Make An Outright Enemy Of Henry.[25] On 9 June 1156 At Würzburg, Frederick Married Beatrice Of Burgundy, Daughter And Heiress Of Renaud Iii, Thus Adding To His Possessions The Sizeable Realm Of The County Of Burgundy. In An Attempt To Create Comity, Emperor Frederick Proclaimed The Peace Of The Land,[26] Written Between 1152 And 1157, Which Enacted Punishments For A Variety Of Crimes, As Well As Systems For Adjudicating Many Disputes. He Also Declared Himself The Sole Augustus Of The Roman World, Ceasing To Recognise Manuel I At Constantinople.[27] Second, Third And Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174[Edit] Frederick Barbarossa As A Crusader, Miniature From A Copy Of The Historia Hierosolymitana, 1188. The Retreat Of Frederick In 1155 Forced Pope Adrian Iv To Come To Terms With King William I Of Sicily, Granting To William I Territories That Frederick Viewed As His Dominion.[28] This Aggrieved Frederick, And He Was Further Displeased When Papal Legates Chose To Interpret A Letter From Adrian To Frederick In A Manner That Seemed To Imply That The Imperial Crown Was A Gift From The Papacy And That In Fact The Empire Itself Was A Fief Of The Papacy.[29] Disgusted With The Pope, And Still Wishing To Crush The Normans In The South Of Italy, In June 1158, Frederick Set Out Upon His Second Italian Expedition, Accompanied By Henry The Lion And His Saxon Troops.[30] This Expedition Resulted In The Revolt And Capture Of Milan,[31] The Diet Of Roncaglia That Saw The Establishment Of Imperial Officers And Ecclesiastical Reforms In The Cities Of Northern Italy,[32] And The Beginning Of The Long Struggle With Pope Alexander Iii. The Death Of Pope Adrian Iv In 1159 Led To The Election Of Two Rival Popes, Alexander Iii And The Antipope Victor Iv, And Both Sought Frederick's Support.[33] Frederick, Busy With The Siege Of Crema, Appeared Unsupportive Of Alexander Iii, And After The Sacking Of Crema Demanded That Alexander Appear Before The Emperor At Pavia And To Accept The Imperial Decree.[34] Alexander Refused, And Frederick Recognised Victor Iv As The Legitimate Pope In 1160.[35] In Response, Alexander Iii Excommunicated Both Frederick I And Victor Iv.[36] Frederick Attempted To Convoke A Joint Council With King Louis Vii Of France In 1162 To Decide The Issue Of Who Should Be Pope.[35] Louis Neared The Meeting Site, But When He Became Aware That Frederick Had Stacked The Votes For Alexander, Louis Decided Not To Attend The Council. As A Result, The Issue Was Not Resolved At That Time.[37] The Political Result Of The Struggle With Pope Alexander Was An Alliance Formed Between The Norman State Of Sicily And Pope Alexander Iii Against Frederick.[38] In The Meantime, Frederick Had To Deal With Another Rebellion At Milan, In Which The City Surrendered On 6 March 1162; Much Of It Was Destroyed Three Weeks Later On The Emperor's Orders.[39] The Fate Of Milan Led To The Submission Of Brescia, Placentia, And Many Other Northern Italian Cities.[40] Returning To Germany Towards The Close Of 1162, Frederick Prevented The Escalation Of Conflicts Between Henry The Lion From Saxony And A Number Of Neighbouring Princes Who Were Growing Weary Of Henry's Power, Influence, And Territorial Gains. He Also Severely Punished The Citizens Of Mainz For Their Rebellion Against Archbishop Arnold. In Frederick's Third Visit To Italy In 1163, His Plans For The Conquest Of Sicily Were Ruined By The Formation Of A Powerful League Against Him, Brought Together Mainly By Opposition To Imperial Taxes. In 1164 Frederick Took What Are Believed To Be The Relics Of The "Biblical Magi" (The Wise Men Or Three Kings) From The Basilica Di Sant'eustorgio In Milan And Gave Them As A Gift (Or As Loot) To The Archbishop Of Cologne, Rainald Of Dassel. The Relics Had Great Religious Significance And Could Be Counted Upon To Draw Pilgrims From All Over Christendom. Today They Are Kept In The Shrine Of The Three Kings In The Cologne Cathedral. After The Death Of The Antipope Victor Iv, Frederick Supported Antipope Paschal Iii, But He Was Soon Driven From Rome, Leading To The Return Of Pope Alexander Iii In 1165.[41] In The Meantime Frederick Was Focused On Restoring Peace In The Rhineland, Where He Organized A Magnificent Celebration Of The Canonization Of Charles The Great (Charlemagne) At Aachen, Under The Authority Of The Antipope Paschal Iii. Concerned Over Rumours That Alexander Iii Was About To Enter Into An Alliance With The Byzantine Emperor Manuel I,[42] In October 1166 Frederick Embarked On His Fourth Italian Campaign, Hoping As Well To Secure The Claim Of Paschal Iii And The Coronation Of His Wife Beatrice As Holy Roman Empress. This Time, Henry The Lion Refused To Join Frederick On His Italian Trip, Tending Instead To His Own Disputes With Neighbors And His Continuing Expansion Into Slavic Territories In Northeastern Germany. In 1167 Frederick Began Besieging Ancona, Which Had Acknowledged The Authority Of Manuel I;[43] At The Same Time, His Forces Achieved A Great Victory Over The Romans At The Battle Of Monte Porzio.[44] Heartened By This Victory, Frederick Lifted The Siege Of Ancona And Hurried To Rome, Where He Had His Wife Crowned Empress And Also Received A Second Coronation From Paschal Iii.[44] Unfortunately, His Campaign Was Halted By The Sudden Outbreak Of An Epidemic (Malaria Or The Plague), Which Threatened To Destroy The Imperial Army And Drove The Emperor As A Fugitive To Germany,[45][46] Where He Remained For The Ensuing Six Years. During This Period, Frederick Decided Conflicting Claims To Various Bishoprics, Asserted Imperial Authority Over Bohemia, Poland, And Hungary, Initiated Friendly Relations With Manuel I, And Tried To Come To A Better Understanding With Henry Ii Of England And Louis Vii Of France. Many Swabian Counts, Including His Cousin The Young Duke Of Swabia, Frederick Iv, Died In 1167, So He Was Able To Organize A New Mighty Territory In The Duchy Of Swabia Under His Reign In This Time. Consequently, His Younger Son Frederick V Became The New Duke Of Swabia In 1167,[47] While His Eldest Son Henry Was Crowned King Of The Romans In 1169, Alongside His Father Who Also Retained The Title.[45] Later Years[Edit] Frederick Barbarossa, Middle, Flanked By Two Of His Children, King Henry Vi (Left) And Duke Frederick Vi (Right). From The Historia Welforum. Increasing Anti-German Sentiment Swept Through Lombardy, Culminating In The Restoration Of Milan In 1169.[48] In 1174 Frederick Made His Fifth Expedition To Italy. (It Was Probably During This Time That The Famous Tafelgüterverzeichnis, A Record Of The Royal Estates, Was Made.[49]) He Was Opposed By The Pro-Papal Lombard League (Now Joined By Venice, Sicily, And Constantinople), Which Had Previously Formed To Stand Against Him.[50] The Cities Of Northern Italy Had Become Exceedingly Wealthy Through Trade, Representing A Marked Turning Point In The Transition From Medieval Feudalism. While Continental Feudalism Had Remained Strong Socially And Economically, It Was In Deep Political Decline By The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa. When The Northern Italian Cities Inflicted A Defeat On Frederick At Alessandria In 1175, The European World Was Shocked.[51][52] With The Refusal Of Henry The Lion To Bring Help To Italy, The Campaign Was A Complete Failure. Frederick Suffered A Heavy Defeat At The Battle Of Legnano Near Milan, On 29 May 1176, Where He Was Wounded And For Some Time Was Believed To Be Dead.[53] This Battle Marked The Turning Point In Frederick's Claim To Empire.[54] He Had No Choice Other Than To Begin Negotiations For Peace With Alexander Iii And The Lombard League. In The Peace Of Anagni In 1176, Frederick Recognized Alexander Iii As Pope, And In The Peace Of Venice In 1177, Frederick And Alexander Iii Were Formally Reconciled.[55] The Scene Was Similar To That Which Had Occurred Between Pope Gregory Vii And Henry Iv, Holy Roman Emperor At Canossa A Century Earlier. The Conflict Was The Same As That Resolved In The Concordat Of Worms: Did The Holy Roman Emperor Have The Power To Name The Pope And Bishops? The Investiture Controversy From Previous Centuries Had Been Brought To A Tendentious Peace With The Concordat Of Worms And Affirmed In The First Council Of The Lateran. Now It Had Recurred, In A Slightly Different Form. Frederick Had To Humble Himself Before Alexander Iii At Venice.[56] The Emperor Acknowledged The Pope's Sovereignty Over The Papal States, And In Return Alexander Acknowledged The Emperor's Overlordship Of The Imperial Church. Also In The Peace Of Venice, A Truce Was Made With The Lombard Cities, Which Took Effect In August 1178.[57] The Grounds For A Permanent Peace Were Not Established Until 1183, However, In The Peace Of Constance, When Frederick Conceded Their Right To Freely Elect Town Magistrates. By This Move, Frederick Recovered His Nominal Domination Over Italy, Which Became His Chief Means Of Applying Pressure On The Papacy.[58] In A Move To Consolidate His Reign After The Disastrous Expedition Into Italy, Frederick Was Formally Crowned King Of Burgundy At Arles On 30 June 1178. Although Traditionally The German Kings Had Automatically Inherited The Royal Crown Of Arles Since The Time Of Conrad Ii, Frederick Felt The Need To Be Crowned By The Archbishop Of Arles, Regardless Of His Laying Claim To The Title From 1152. Frederick Did Not Forgive Henry The Lion For Refusing To Come To His Aid In 1176.[59] By 1180, Henry Had Successfully Established A Powerful And Contiguous State Comprising Saxony, Bavaria, And Substantial Territories In The North And East Of Germany. Taking Advantage Of The Hostility Of Other German Princes To Henry, Frederick Had Henry Tried In Absentia By A Court Of Bishops And Princes In 1180, Declared That Imperial Law Overruled Traditional German Law, And Had Henry Stripped Of His Lands And Declared An Outlaw.[60] He Then Invaded Saxony With An Imperial Army To Force His Cousin To Surrender. Henry's Allies Deserted Him, And He Finally Had To Submit In November 1181. Henry Spent Three Years In Exile At The Court Of His Father-In-Law Henry Ii Of England In Normandy Before Being Allowed Back Into Germany. He Finished His Days In Germany, As The Much-Diminished Duke Of Brunswick.[61] Frederick's Desire For Revenge Was Sated. Henry The Lion Lived A Relatively Quiet Life, Sponsoring Arts And Architecture. Frederick's Victory Over Henry Did Not Gain Him As Much In The German Feudalistic System As It Would Have In The English Feudalistic System. While In England The Pledge Of Fealty Went In A Direct Line From Overlords To Those Under Them, The Germans Pledged Oaths Only To The Direct Overlord, So That In Henry's Case, Those Below Him In The Feudal Chain Owed Nothing To Frederick. Thus, Despite The Diminished Stature Of Henry The Lion, Frederick Did Not Gain His Allegiances.[62] Frederick Was Faced With The Reality Of Disorder Among The German States, Where Continuous Civil Wars Were Waged Between Pretenders And The Ambitious Who Wanted The Crown For Themselves. Italian Unity Under German Rule Was More Myth Than Truth. Despite Proclamations Of German Hegemony, The Pope Was The Most Powerful Force In Italy.[63] When Frederick Returned To Germany After His Defeat In Northern Italy, He Was A Bitter And Exhausted Man. The German Princes, Far From Being Subordinated To Royal Control, Were Intensifying Their Hold On Wealth And Power In Germany And Entrenching Their Positions. There Began To Be A Generalized Social Desire To "Create Greater Germany" By Conquering The Slavs To The East.[64] Although The Italian City States Had Achieved A Measure Of Independence From Frederick As A Result Of His Failed Fifth Expedition Into Italy,[65] The Emperor Had Not Given Up On His Italian Dominions. In 1184, He Held A Massive Celebration When His Two Eldest Sons Were Knighted, And Thousands Of Knights Were Invited From All Over Germany. While Payments Upon The Knighting Of A Son Were Part Of The Expectations Of An Overlord In England And France, Only A "Gift" Was Given In Germany For Such An Occasion. Frederick's Monetary Gain From This Celebration Is Said To Have Been Modest.[66] Later In 1184, Frederick Again Moved Into Italy, This Time Joining Forces With The Local Rural Nobility To Reduce The Power Of The Tuscan Cities.[67] In 1186, He Engineered The Marriage Of His Son Henry To Constance Of Sicily, Heiress To The Kingdom Of Sicily, Over The Objections Of Pope Urban Iii.[68] Third Crusade And Death[Edit] Pope Urban Iii Died Shortly After, And Was Succeeded By Gregory Viii, Who Was More Concerned With Troubling Reports From The Holy Land Than With A Power Struggle With Barbarossa. After Making His Peace With The New Pope, Frederick Vowed To Take Up The Cross At The Diet Of Mainz In 1188.[50] Frederick Embarked On The Third Crusade (1189–92), A Massive Expedition In Conjunction With The French, Led By King Philip Augustus, And The English, Under King Richard The Lionheart. Frederick Organized A Grand Army Of 100,000 Men (Including 20,000 Knights) And Set Out On The Overland Route To The Holy Land;[69] Some Historians Believe That This Is An Exaggeration, However, And That The True Figure Might Be Closer To 15,000 Men, Including 3,000 Knights.[70] Barbarossa Drowns In The Saleph. From The Gotha Manuscript Of The Saxon World Chronicle The Saleph River, Now Known As The Göksu The Crusaders Passed Through Hungary, Serbia, And Bulgaria Before Entering Byzantine Territory And Arriving At Constantinople In The Autumn Of 1189. Matters Were Complicated By A Secret Alliance Between The Emperor Of Constantinople And Saladin, Warning Of Which Was Supplied By A Note From Sibylla, Ex-Queen Of Jerusalem.[71] While In Hungary, Barbarossa Personally Asked The Hungarian Prince Géza, Brother Of King Béla Iii Of Hungary, To Join The Crusade. The King Agreed, And A Hungarian Army Of 2,000 Men Led By Géza Escorted The German Emperor's Forces. The Armies Coming From Western Europe Pushed On Through Anatolia, Where They Were Victorious In Taking Aksehir And Defeating The Turks In The Battle Of Iconium, And Entered Cilician Armenia. The Approach Of The Immense German Army Greatly Concerned Saladin And The Other Muslim Leaders, Who Began To Rally Troops Of Their Own To Confront Barbarossa's Forces.[2] On 10 June 1190, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa Drowned Near Silifke Castle In The Saleph River.[72] Accounts Of The Event Are Conflicting. Some Historians Believe He May Have Had A Heart Attack That Complicated Matters. Some Of Frederick's Men Put Him In A Barrel Of Vinegar To Preserve His Body. Frederick's Death Plunged His Army Into Chaos. Leaderless, Panicking, And Attacked On All Sides By Turks, Many Germans Deserted, Were Killed, Or Committed Suicide. Only 5,000 Soldiers, A Small Fraction Of The Original Force, Arrived In Acre. Barbarossa's Son, Frederick Vi Of Swabia, Carried On With The Remnants Of The German Army, Along With The Hungarian Army Under The Command Of Prince Géza, With The Aim Of Burying The Emperor In Jerusalem, But Efforts To Conserve His Body In Vinegar Failed. Hence, His Flesh Was Interred In The Church Of St Peter In Antioch, His Bones In The Cathedral Of Tyre, And His Heart And Inner Organs In Tarsus.[2] The Unexpected Demise Of Frederick Left The Crusader Army Under The Command Of The Rivals Philip Ii And Richard, Who Had Traveled To Palestine Separately By Sea, And Ultimately Led To Its Dissolution. Richard Continued To The East Where He Defeated Saladin In Many Battles, Winning Significant Territories Along The Shores Of Palestine, But Ultimately Failed To Win The War By Conquering Jerusalem Itself Before He Was Forced To Return To His Own Territories In North-Western Europe, Known As The Angevin Empire. He Returned Home After He Signed The Treaty Of Ramla Agreeing That Jerusalem Would Remain Under Muslim Control While Allowing Unarmed Christian Pilgrims And Traders To Visit The City. The Treaty Also Reduced The Latin Kingdom To A Geopolitical Coastal Strip Extending From Tyre To Jaffa. Frederick And The Justinian Code[Edit] The Increase In Wealth Of The Trading Cities Of Northern Italy Led To A Revival In The Study Of The Justinian Code, A Latin Legal System That Had Become Extinct Centuries Earlier. Legal Scholars Renewed Its Application. It Is Speculated That Pope Gregory Vii Personally Encouraged The Justinian Rule Of Law And Had A Copy Of It. The Historian Norman Cantor Described Corpus Iuris Civilis (Justinian Body Of Civil Law) As "The Greatest Legal Code Ever Devised".[73] It Envisaged The Law Of The State As A Reflection Of Natural Moral Law (As Seen By The Men Of The Justinian System), The Principle Of Rationality In The Universe. By The Time Frederick Assumed The Throne, This Legal System Was Well Established On Both Sides Of The Alps. He Was The First To Utilize The Availability Of The New Professional Class Of Lawyers. The Civil Law Allowed Frederick To Use These Lawyers To Administer His Kingdom In A Logical And Consistent Manner. It Also Provided A Framework To Legitimize His Claim To The Right To Rule Both Germany And Northern Italy. In The Old Days Of Henry V And Henry Vi, The Claim Of Divine Right Of Kings Had Been Severely Undermined By The Investiture Controversy. The Church Had Won That Argument In The Common Man's Mind. There Was No Divine Right For The German King To Also Control The Church By Naming Both Bishops And Popes. The Institution Of The Justinian Code Was Used, Perhaps Unscrupulously, By Frederick To Lay Claim To Divine Powers.[74] In Germany, Frederick Was A Political Realist, Taking What He Could And Leaving The Rest. In Italy, He Tended To Be A Romantic Reactionary, Reveling In The Antiquarian Spirit Of The Age, Exemplified By A Revival Of Classical Studies And Roman Law. It Was Through The Use Of The Restored Justinian Code That Frederick Came To View Himself As A New Roman Emperor.[75] Roman Law Gave A Rational Purpose For The Existence Of Frederick And His Imperial Ambitions. It Was A Counterweight To The Claims Of The Church To Have Authority Because Of Divine Revelation. The Church Was Opposed To Frederick For Ideological Reasons, Not The Least Of Which Was The Humanist Nature Found In The Revival Of The Old Roman Legal System.[76] When Pepin The Short Sought To Become King Of The Franks In The 8Th Century, The Church Needed Military Protection, So Pepin Found It Convenient To Make An Ally Of The Pope. Frederick, However, Desired To Put The Pope Aside And Claim The Crown Of Old Rome Simply Because He Was In The Likeness Of The Greatest Emperors Of The Pre-Christian Era. Pope Adrian Iv Was Naturally Opposed To This View And Undertook A Vigorous Propaganda Campaign Designed To Diminish Frederick And His Ambition. To A Large Extent, This Was Successful.[77] Charismatic Leader[Edit] Historians Have Compared Frederick To Henry Ii Of England. Both Were Considered The Greatest And Most Charismatic Leaders Of Their Age. Each Possessed A Rare Combination Of Qualities That Made Him Appear Superhuman To His Contemporaries: Longevity, Boundless Ambition, Extraordinary Organizing Skill, And Greatness On The Battlefield. Both Were Handsome And Proficient In Courtly Skills, Without Appearing Effeminate Or Affected. Both Came To The Throne In The Prime Of Manhood. Each Had An Element Of Learning, Without Being Considered Impractical Intellectuals But Rather More Inclined To Practicality. Each Found Himself In The Possession Of New Legal Institutions That Were Put To Creative Use In Governing. Both Henry And Frederick Were Viewed To Be Sufficiently And Formally Devout To The Teachings Of The Church, Without Being Moved To The Extremes Of Spirituality Seen In The Great Saints Of The 12Th Century. In Making Final Decisions, Each Relied Solely Upon His Own Judgment,[78] And Both Were Interested In Gathering As Much Power As They Could.[79] In Keeping With This View Of Frederick, His Uncle, Otto Of Freising, Wrote An Account Of Frederick's Reign Entitled Gesta Friderici I Imperatoris (Deeds Of The Emperor Frederick). Otto Died After Finishing The First Two Books, Leaving The Last Two To Rahewin, His Provost. The Text Is In Places Heavily Dependent On Classical Precedent.[80] For Example, Rahewin's Physical Description Of Frederick Reproduces Word-For-Word (Except For Details Of Hair And Beard) A Description Of Another Monarch Written Nearly Eight Hundred Years Earlier By Sidonius Apollinaris:[81] His Character Is Such That Not Even Those Envious Of His Power Can Belittle Its Praise. His Person Is Well-Proportioned. He Is Shorter Than Very Tall Men, But Taller And More Noble Than Men Of Medium Height. His Hair Is Golden, Curling A Little Above His Forehead ... His Eyes Are Sharp And Piercing, His Beard Reddish [Barba Subrufa], His Lips Delicate ... His Whole Face Is Bright And Cheerful. His Teeth Are Even And Snow-White In Color ... Modesty Rather Than Anger Causes Him To Blush Frequently. His Shoulders Are Rather Broad, And He Is Strongly Built ... Frederick's Charisma Led To A Fantastic Juggling Act That, Over A Quarter Of A Century, Restored The Imperial Authority In The German States. His Formidable Enemies Defeated Him On Almost Every Side, Yet In The End He Emerged Triumphant. When Frederick Came To The Throne, The Prospects For The Revival Of German Imperial Power Were Extremely Thin. The Great German Princes Had Increased Their Power And Land Holdings. The King Had Been Left With Only The Traditional Family Domains And A Vestige Of Power Over The Bishops And Abbeys. The Backwash Of The Investiture Controversy Had Left The German States In Continuous Turmoil. Rival States Were In Perpetual War. These Conditions Allowed Frederick To Be Both Warrior And Occasional Peace-Maker, Both To His Advantage.[9] Legend[Edit] Frederick Sends Out The Boy To See Whether The Ravens Still Fly. Frederick Is The Subject Of Many Legends, Including That Of A Sleeping Hero, Like The Much Older British Celtic Legends Of Arthur Or Bran The Blessed. Legend Says He Is Not Dead, But Asleep With His Knights In A Cave In The Kyffhäuser Mountain In Thuringia Or Mount Untersberg In Bavaria, Germany, And That When The Ravens Cease To Fly Around The Mountain He Will Awake And Restore Germany To Its Ancient Greatness. According To The Story, His Red Beard Has Grown Through The Table At Which He Sits. His Eyes Are Half Closed In Sleep, But Now And Then He Raises His Hand And Sends A Boy Out To See If The Ravens Have Stopped Flying.[82] A Similar Story, Set In Sicily, Was Earlier Attested About His Grandson, Frederick Ii.[83] To Garner Political Support The German Empire Built Atop The Kyffhäuser The Kyffhäuser Monument, Which Declared Kaiser Wilhelm I The Reincarnation Of Frederick; The 1896 Dedication Occurred On 18 June, The Day Of Frederick's Coronation.[84] In Medieval Europe, The Golden Legend Became Refined By Jacopo Da Voragine. This Was A Popularized Interpretation Of The Biblical End Of The World. It Consisted Of Three Things: (1) Terrible Natural Disasters; (2) The Arrival Of The Antichrist; (3) The Establishment Of A Good King To Combat The Anti-Christ. These Millennial Fables Were Common And Freely Traded By The Populations On Continental Europe. End-Time Accounts Had Been Around For Thousands Of Years, But Entered The Christian Tradition With The Writings Of The Apostle Peter. German Propaganda Played Into The Exaggerated Fables Believed By The Common People By Characterizing Frederick Barbarossa And Frederick Ii As Personification Of The "Good King".[85] Frederick's Uncle, Otto, Bishop Of Freising Wrote A Biography Entitled The Deeds Of Frederick Barbarosa, Which Is Considered To Be An Accurate History Of The King. Otto's Other Major Work, The Two Cities Was An Exposition Of The Work Of St. Augustine Of Hippo Of A Similar Title. The Latter Work Was Full Of Augustinian Negativity Concerning The Nature Of The World And History. His Work On Frederick Is Of Opposite Tone, Being An Optimistic Portrayal Of The Glorious Potentials Of Imperial Authority. (See Description Supra.)[86] Another Legend States That When Barbarossa Was In The Process Of Seizing Milan In 1158, His Wife, The Empress Beatrice, Was Taken Captive By The Enraged Milanese And Forced To Ride Through The City On A Donkey In A Humiliating Manner. Some Sources Of This Legend Indicate That Barbarossa Implemented His Revenge For This Insult By Forcing The Magistrates Of The City To Remove A Fig From The Anus Of A Donkey Using Only Their Teeth.[87] Another Source States That Barbarossa Took His Wrath Upon Every Able-Bodied Man In The City, And That It Was Not A Fig They Were Forced To Hold In Their Mouth, But Excrement From The Donkey. To Add To This Debasement, They Were Made To Announce, "Ecco La Fica", (Meaning "Behold The Fig"), With The Feces Still In Their Mouths. It Used To Be Said That The Insulting Gesture, (Called Fico), Of Holding One's Fist With The Thumb In Between The Middle And Forefinger Came By Its Origin From This Event.[88] Issue[Edit] Frederick's First Marriage, To Adelheid Of Vohburg, Did Not Produce Any Issue And Was Annulled.[89] From His Second Marriage, To Beatrice Of Burgundy,[89] He Had The Following Children: Beatrice (1162–1174). She Was Betrothed To King William Ii Of Sicily But Died Before They Could Be Married. Frederick V, Duke Of Swabia (Pavia, 16 July 1164 – 28 November 1170). Henry Vi, Holy Roman Emperor (Nijmegen, November 1165 – Messina, 28 September 1197).[89] Conrad (Modigliana, February 1167 – Acre, 20 January 1191), Later Renamed Frederick Vi, Duke Of Swabia After The Death Of His Older Brother.[89] Gisela (October/November 1168 – 1184). Otto I, Count Of Burgundy (June/July 1170 – Killed, Besançon, 13 January 1200).[89] Conrad Ii, Duke Of Swabia And Rothenburg (February/March 1172 – Killed, Durlach, 15 August 1196).[89] Renaud (October/November 1173 – In Infancy). William (June/July 1176 – In Infancy). Philip Of Swabia (August 1177 – Killed, Bamberg, 21 June 1208) King Of Germany In 1198.[89] Agnes (1181 – 8 October 1184). She Was Betrothed To King Emeric Of Hungary But Died Before They Could Be Married. Ancestry[Edit] This Section Does Not Cite Any Sources. Please Help Improve This Section By Adding Citations To Reliable Sources. Unsourced Material May Be Challenged And Removed. (January 2016) (Learn How And When To Remove This Template Message) [Show]Ancestors Of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor In Popular Culture[Edit] In Victor Hugo's Romantic Play Les Burgraves (1843), Frederick (As Character Frédéric De Hohenstaufen) Returns Many Years After He Was Presumed Dead, As Expected By Some Medieval Legends. Cyrus Townsend Brady's Hohenzollern; A Story Of The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa (1901) Begins With A Dedication To "The Descendants Of The Great Germanic Race Who In Europe, In America, And In The Far East Rule The World".[90] Land Of Unreason (1941), By L. Sprague De Camp And Fletcher Pratt, Mentions The Castle Of The Kyffhäuser. John Crowley's Novel Little, Big (1981) Features Frederick Barbarossa As A Character In Modern Times, Awoken From His Centuries Of Sleep. In The Book, He Becomes The President Of The United States And Rules As A Tyrant.[91] Umberto Eco's Novel Baudolino (2000) Is Set Partly At Frederick's Court, And Also Deals With The Mystery Of Frederick's Death. The Imaginary Hero, Baudolino, Is The Emperor's Adopted Son And Confidant. In 1999 Film The Thomas Crown Affair, The Title Character Is Said To Be In Possession Of "An Ornament Worn By Frederick Barbarossa At His Coronation In 1152." The 1999 Real-Time Strategy Video Game Age Of Empires Ii: The Age Of Kings Developed By Ensemble Studios Has A Campaign Which Follows Fredrick Barbarossa From The Period Of His Struggles In Germany To His Death On The Third Crusade. It Is Of Note That Barbarossa Never Appears As An Actual Unit In The Game, Though The Objective Of The Final Level (After His Death) Is To Take A Unit Named "Emperor In A Barrel" To The Dome Of The Rock In Jerusalem. In The 2002 Real-Time Strategy Video Game Stronghold: Crusader, Emperor Frederick Is An Ai Opponent That Players Can Challenge In Skirmish Play. The 2006 Turn-Based Strategy Video Game Medieval Ii Total War: Kingdoms Developed By Creative Assembly Features Frederick Barbarossa In The Crusade Campaign. Barbarossa Launches A Crusade To The Holy Land With 100,000 Strong Men. During The Next 'Turn,' He Drowns In The Sea And Because Of His Death The Crusade Is Canceled. Andreas Seiler's Novel Real Wizard (2008) Is An Attribution To The 1,000-Year-Old Myth, With Aspects Of Life And Death Of The Emperor. It Includes A Generalised German History Of Unification As A Background To The Story. Isbn 978-0-646-49625-2 In The 2009 Movie Barbarossa (Also Entitled Sword Of War And Barbarossa: Siege Lord), Barbarossa Is One Of The Main Characters, Played By Rutger Hauer. Frederick Barbarossa Leads The German Civilization In The 2016 4X Video Game Civilization Vi Developed By Firaxis Games.[92][93] See Also[Edit] German Monarchs Family Tree Dukes Of Swabia Family Tree Operation Barbarossa, The Codename Of The German Invasion Of The Soviet Union In 1941.[94] References[Edit] This Article Incorporates Text From A Publication Now In The Public Domain: Chisholm, Hugh, Ed. (1911). "Frederick I., Roman Emperor". Encyclopædia Britannica (11Th Ed.). Cambridge University Press. Jump Up ^ Peter Moraw, Heiliges Reich, In: Lexikon Des Mittelalters, Munich & Zurich: Artemis 1977–1999, Vol. 4, Pp. 2025–28. ^ Jump Up To: A B C D E Canduci (2010), P. 263 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 199 ^ Jump Up To: A B C Comyn (1851), P. 200 Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 266 Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), Pp. 300–302 Jump Up ^ Bryce (1913), P. 166 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 302–303 ^ Jump Up To: A B Cantor (1969), Pp. 428–429 Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 359 Jump Up ^ Brown (1972) Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 318–319 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 202 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 201 ^ Jump Up To: A B C Comyn (1851), P. 230 Jump Up ^ Falco (1964), Pp. 218 Et Seq. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 227 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 228 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 229 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 368–369 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 231 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 232 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 233 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 203 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 319 Jump Up ^ "Peace Of The Land Established By Frederick Barbarossa Between 1152 And 1157 A.D.". The Avalon Project. Yale Law School. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 234 Jump Up ^ Wikisource-Logo.Svg Ua Clerigh, Arthur (1913). "Pope Adrian Iv". In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 235 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 236 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 238 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 240 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 241 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 242 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 243 Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 295 Jump Up ^ Munz (1969), P. 228 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 326–327 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 245 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 246 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 247 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 248 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 249 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 250 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 251 Jump Up ^ See Entry For The Contemporary Chroniclers, Ottone And Acerbo Morena. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 252 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 253 Jump Up ^ Leyser (1988), P. 157 ^ Jump Up To: A B Kampers, Franz. "Frederick I (Barbarossa)". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 21 May 2009. Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 104 Jump Up ^ Reprint Of B. Arthaud. La Civilization De L'occident Medieval, Paris, 1964. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 257 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 332 Et Seq. Jump Up ^ Brown (1972), Pp. 164–165 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 260 Jump Up ^ See Yale Avalon Project. Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), Pp. 96–97 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 263 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 333 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 264 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 433–434 Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), Pp. 102–103 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 429 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 262 Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 240 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 265 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 266 Jump Up ^ J. Phillips, The Fourth Crusade And The Sack Of Constantinople, 66 Jump Up ^ Konstam, Historical Atlas Of The Crusades, 162 Jump Up ^ The Crusade Of Frederick Barbarossa: Letters, Fordham University. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 267 Jump Up ^ Cantor, Norman F. (1993). The Civilization Of The Middle Ages. New York: Harpercollins. P. 309. Isbn 0060170336. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 340–342 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 332 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 324 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 325 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 422–423 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 424 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 360 Jump Up ^ Sidonius Apollinaris, Epistles 1.2, A Description Of Theodoric Ii Of The Visigoths (453–66). See Mierow And Emery (1953) P. 331. Jump Up ^ Brown (1972), P. 172 Jump Up ^ Kantorowicz, Frederick Ii; Last Chapter Jump Up ^ Jarausch (1997), P. 35 Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 190 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 359–360 Jump Up ^ Walford, Cox & Apperson (1885), P. 119 Jump Up ^ Novobatzky & Shea (2001) ^ Jump Up To: A B C D E F G Gislebertus (Of Mons), Chronicle Of Hainaut, Transl. Laura Napran, (Boydell Press, 2005), 55 Note245. Jump Up ^ Brady (1901) Jump Up ^ Crowley (2006), Pp. 346, 429 Jump Up ^ "Civilization Vi: Frederick Barbarossa Leads Germany". Official Civilization Website. August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016. Jump Up ^ "Frederick Barbarossa Leads Germany In 'Civilization Vi'". Digital Trends. August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016. Jump Up ^ Kershaw (2001), P. 335 Primary Sources[Edit] Otto Of Freising And His Continuator Rahewin, The Deeds Of Frederick Barbarossa Tr. Charles Christopher Mierow With Richard Emery. New York: Columbia University Press, 1953. Reprinted: Toronto: University Of Toronto Press, 1994. Ibn Al-Athir Romuald Of Salerno. Chronicon In Rerum Italicarum Scriptores. Otto Of Sankt Blasien The "Bergamo Master". Carmen De Gestis Frederici I Imperatoris In Lombardia. Chronicon Vincentii Canonici Pragensis In Monumenta Historica Boemiae By Fr. Gelasius Dobner (1764)[1] [2] Secondary Sources[Edit] Brady, Charles Townsend (1901). Hohenzollern; A Story Of The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa. New York: The Century Co. Brown, R. A. (1972). The Origins Of Modern Europe. Boydell Press. Bryce, James (1913). The Holy Roman Empire. Macmillan. Canduci, Alexander (2010). Triumph & Tragedy: The Rise And Fall Of Rome's Immortal Emperors. Pier 9. Isbn 978-1-74196-598-8. Cantor, N. F. (1969). Medieval History. Macmillan And Company. Comyn, Robert (1851). History Of The Western Empire, From Its Restoration By Charlemagne To The Accession Of Charles V. I. Crowley, John William (2006). Little, Big. New York: Perennial. Isbn 978-0-06-112005-3. Dahmus, J. (1969). The Middle Ages, A Popular History. Garden City, Ny: Doubleday. Davis, R. H. C. (1957). A History Of Medieval Europe. Longmans. Falco, G. (1964). The Holy Roman Republic. New York: Barnes And Co. Freed, John (2016). Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince And The Myth. New Haven, Ct: Yale University Press. Isbn 978-0-300-122763. Jarausch, K. H. (1997). After Unity; Reconfiguring German Identities. New York: Berghahn Books. Isbn 1-57181-041-2. Kershaw, Ian (2001). Hitler, 1936–45: Nemesis. Penguin. Le Goff, J. (2000). Medieval Civilization, 400–1500. New York: Barnes And Noble. Leyser, Karl J. (1988). Frederick Barbarossa And The Hohenstaufen Polity. University Of California Press. Munz, Peter (1969). Frederick Barbarossa: A Study In Medieval Politics. Ithaca And London: Cornell University Press. Novobatzky, Peter; Shea, Ammon (2001). Depraved And Insulting English. Orlando: Harcourt. Walford, Edward; Cox, John Charles; Apperson, George Latimer (1885). "Digit Folklore, Part Ii". The Antiquary. Xi: 119–123. External Links[Edit] Wikimedia Commons Has Media Related To Friedrich I. Barbarossa. Wikisource Has Original Works Written By Or About: Frederick I Msn Encarta – Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire) (Archived 2009-10-31) Famous Men Of The Middle Ages – Frederick Barbarossa Charter Given By Emperor Frederick For The Bishopric Of Bamberg Showing The Emperor's Seal, 6.4.1157 . Taken From The Collections Of The Lichtbildarchiv Älterer Originalurkunden At Marburg University Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor House Of Hohenstaufen Born: 1122 Died: 1190 Regnal Titles Preceded By Conrad Iii German King Formally King Of The Romans 1152–1190 Succeeded By Henry Vi King Of Italy 1155–1190 Preceded By Lothair Iii King Of Arles 1152–1190 Holy Roman Emperor 1155–1190 Preceded By Frederick Ii Duke Of Swabia 1147–1152 Succeeded By Frederick Iv Preceded By Beatrice I As Sole Ruler Count Palatine Of Burgundy 1156–1190 With Beatrice I Succeeded By Otto I [Show] V T E Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Emperors [Show] V T E Monarchs Of Germany Authority Control Worldcat Identities Viaf: 66596013 Lccn: N50047907 Isni: 0000 0001 1885 1477 Gnd: 118535757 Selibr: 230780 Sudoc: 034094296 Bnf: Cb12488571M (Data) Ulan: 500329612 Nla: 35683449 Nkc: Jn20000700567 Bne: Xx856878 Categories: Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor1122 Births1190 Deathschristians Of The Third Crusadedeaths By Drowningdukes Of Swabiahohenstaufen Dynastyholy Roman Emperorsgerman Kings Of Burgundyreleased From Excommunicationpeople From Baden-Württemberg12Th-Century Monarchs In Europe Navigation Menu Not Logged Intalkcontributionscreate Accountlog Inarticletalkreadeditview Historysearch Frederick I, Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor Judith Bertha Of Lorraine
Rollo, 1st Ruler of Normandy / Poppa Of Bayeux	Rollo, 1st Ruler of Normandy	Poppa Of Bayeux	William I (Longsword), 2nd Ruler of Normandy Gerloc (Adela)
Seigneur William Of Bellême / Mathilde Of Condé-Sur-Noireau	Seigneur William Of Bellême	Mathilde Of Condé-Sur-Noireau	William I Talvas , Seigneur Of Alençon
Bolesław Iii (Wrymouth), Duke of Poland / Salomea Of Berg	Bolesław Iii (Wrymouth), Duke of Poland	Salomea Of Berg	Casimir Ii (The Just), High Duke of Poland & Duke of Masovia
Vladislaus I, Duke of Bohemia / Richeza Of Berg	Vladislaus I, Duke of Bohemia	Richeza Of Berg	King Vladislaus Ii, King of Bohemia
King Ramiro I, King of Aragon / Ermesinda Gerberga of Bigorre	King Ramiro I, King of Aragon	Ermesinda Gerberga of Bigorre	King Sancho Ramírez, King of Aragon and Navarre
Count Garcia Jimenez Of Bigorre / -	Count Garcia Jimenez Of Bigorre		Count Jimeno Garcez Arista Of Bigorre
Count Jimeno Garcez Arista Of Bigorre / -	Count Jimeno Garcez Arista Of Bigorre		King Íñigo (Arista), King of Pamplona
Liudolf, Duke of the Eastern Saxons & Count of Eastphalia / Oda Of Billung	Liudolf, Duke of the Eastern Saxons & Count of Eastphalia	Oda Of Billung	Liutgard Of Saxony Oda Of Saxony Otto I (The Illustrious), Duke of Saxony
William Iv, Duke of Aquitaine / Emma Of Blois	William Iv, Duke of Aquitaine	Emma Of Blois	William V, Duke of Aquitaine
Bořivoj I, 1st Duke of Bohemia / Saint Ludmilla Of Bohemia	Bořivoj I, 1st Duke of Bohemia	Saint Ludmilla Of Bohemia	Vratislaus I, Duke of Bohemia
King John (The Blind), King of Bohemia, Count of Luxembourg, Arlon and Durbuy / Elizabeth Of Bohemia	King John (The Blind), King of Bohemia, Count of Luxembourg, Arlon and Durbuy	Elizabeth Of Bohemia	Bonne Of Bohemia
King John Ii (The Good), King of France / Bonne Of Bohemia	King John Ii (The Good), King of France	Bonne Of Bohemia	Philip Ii (The Bold), Duke of Burgundy and jure uxoris Count of Flanders, Artois and Burgundy
King Vratislaus Ii Of Bohemia, 1st King of Bohemia / Adelaide Of Hungary	King Vratislaus Ii Of Bohemia, 1st King of Bohemia	Adelaide Of Hungary	Judith Of Bohemia, Bohemian Princess & Duchess of Poland
King Vratislaus Ii Of Bohemia, 1st King of Bohemia / Świętosława Of Poland	King Vratislaus Ii Of Bohemia, 1st King of Bohemia	Świętosława Of Poland	Vladislaus I, Duke of Bohemia
Henry Vii, Holy Roman Emperor / Margaret Of Brabant	Henry Vii, Holy Roman Emperor	Margaret Of Brabant	King John (The Blind), King of Bohemia, Count of Luxembourg, Arlon and Durbuy
Robert I (The Good), Count of Artois / Matilda Of Brabant, Countess of Artois	Robert I (The Good), Count of Artois	Matilda Of Brabant, Countess of Artois	Blanche Of Artois
Richard II (The Good), Duke of Normandy / Judith Of Brittany	Richard II (The Good), Duke of Normandy	Judith Of Brittany	Robert I (The Devil), Duke of Normandy Alice Of Normandy
Aron Of Bulgaria / -	Aron Of Bulgaria		Ivan Vladislav , Tsar of Bulgaria
Troian Of Bulgaria / Konstostephane Aballanta	Troian Of Bulgaria	Konstostephane Aballanta	Maria Of Bulgaria
Boso, The Margrave of Tuscany / Willa Of Burgandy	Boso, The Margrave of Tuscany	Willa Of Burgandy	Richilde D'arles Willa D'arles
King Clovis I, King of Salian Franks / Saint Clotilde Of Burgandy	King Clovis I, King of Salian Franks	Saint Clotilde Of Burgandy	King Clothar I, King of the Franks
Reginar Ii, Count of Hainaut / Adelaide Of Burgandy	Reginar Ii, Count of Hainaut	Adelaide Of Burgandy	Reginar Iii, Count of Hainaut
William Ii (The Pious), Count of Provence / Gerberga Of Burgandy	William Ii (The Pious), Count of Provence	Gerberga Of Burgandy	Geoffrey I, The Margrave of Provence
Emperor Alfonso VI (The Brave), Emperor of All Spain / Constance of Burgundy	Emperor Alfonso VI (The Brave), Emperor of All Spain	Constance of Burgundy	Urraca of León Tereza Nunes De Queixada
Erenfried I, Count of Bliesgau, Keldachgau, Bonngau & Charmois / Adelgunde Of Burgundy	Erenfried I, Count of Bliesgau, Keldachgau, Bonngau & Charmois	Adelgunde Of Burgundy	Eberhard I, Count of Bonngau
Henry (The Gallant) Of Burgundy / -	Henry (The Gallant) Of Burgundy		Odo I (The Red), Duke of Burgundy
Herman Ii, Duke of Swabia / Gerberga Of Burgundy	Herman Ii, Duke of Swabia	Gerberga Of Burgundy	Gisela Of Swabia
King Rudolph I, King of Upper Burgandy / Guilla Of Burgundy	King Rudolph I, King of Upper Burgandy	Guilla Of Burgundy	King Rudolph Ii, King of Burgundy & Italy Willa Of Burgandy
Odo I, Count of Blois, Chartres, Reims, Provins, Châteaudun, and Omois / Bertha Of Burgundy	Odo I, Count of Blois, Chartres, Reims, Provins, Châteaudun, and Omois	Bertha Of Burgundy	Odo Ii, Count of Blois
William V, Duke of Aquitaine / Agnes Of Burgundy	William V, Duke of Aquitaine	Agnes Of Burgundy	Agnes Of Poitou William Viii, Duke Of Aquitaine
William Viii, Duke Of Aquitaine / Hildegarde Of Burgundy	William Viii, Duke Of Aquitaine	Hildegarde Of Burgundy	William Ix, Duke of Aquitaine
Amadeus Iv, Count of Savoy / Marguerite of Burgundy, Countess of Savoy	Amadeus Iv, Count of Savoy	Marguerite of Burgundy, Countess of Savoy	Beatrice of Savoy, Marchioness of Saluzzo
Adolph I, Duke of Cleves / Marie Of Burgundy, Duchess of Cleves	Adolph I, Duke of Cleves	Marie Of Burgundy, Duchess of Cleves	Catherine Of Cleves
Henry Iii, Duke of Brabant & Lothier / Adelaide Of Burgundy, Duchess of Brabant	Henry Iii, Duke of Brabant & Lothier	Adelaide Of Burgundy, Duchess of Brabant	John I (The Victorious), Duke of Brabant, Lothair & Limburg
King Philip Vi (The Fortunate), King of France / Queen Joan (The Lame) Of Burgundy, Queen of France	King Philip Vi (The Fortunate), King of France	Queen Joan (The Lame) Of Burgundy, Queen of France	King John Ii (The Good), King of France
Odo I (The Red), Duke of Burgundy / Sibylla Of Burgundy, Duchess of Burgundy	Odo I (The Red), Duke of Burgundy	Sibylla Of Burgundy, Duchess of Burgundy	Hugh Ii, Duke of Burgundy
Raymond Of Burgundy, Count of Portugal / Urraca of León	Raymond Of Burgundy, Count of Portugal	Urraca of León	Emperor Alfonso VII, Emperor of All Spain
Emperor Anthemius, Western Roman Emperor / Marcia Euphemia Of Byzantium	Emperor Anthemius, Western Roman Emperor	Marcia Euphemia Of Byzantium	Alypia
Peter Of Cantabria, Duke of Cantabria / -	Peter Of Cantabria, Duke of Cantabria		Fruela Pérez De Cantabria
Ramon Borrell, Count of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona / Ermesinde Of Carcassonne	Ramon Borrell, Count of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona	Ermesinde Of Carcassonne	Berenguer Ramon I (The Hunchback), Count of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona
Sunifred, Count of Barcelona / Ermesende Of Carcassonne	Sunifred, Count of Barcelona	Ermesende Of Carcassonne	Wilfred (The Hairy), Count of Urgell, Cerdanya, Barcelona, Girona, Besalú and Ausona
Theobald Ii (The Great), Count of Champagne / Matilda Of Carinthia	Theobald Ii (The Great), Count of Champagne	Matilda Of Carinthia	Marie Of Champagne
Cailean Of Carrick / -	Cailean Of Carrick		Niall, 2nd Earl of Carrick
King Alphonso IX, King of León & Galicia / Berengaria of Castile	King Alphonso IX, King of León & Galicia	Berengaria of Castile	Urraca Alfonso De León King Ferdinand III (The Saint), King of Castile, León & Galicia Alfonso of Leon , Lord of Molina Berengaria Of Leon
King Bermudo II (The Gouty), King of Galicia & León / Elvira García of Castile	King Bermudo II (The Gouty), King of Galicia & León	Elvira García of Castile	King Alfonso V (The Noble), King of León
Alfonso II (The Chaste), King of Aragon & Count of Barcelona / Sancha Of Castile , Queen of Aragon	Alfonso II (The Chaste), King of Aragon & Count of Barcelona	Sancha Of Castile , Queen of Aragon	Alfonso II, Count of Provence King Peter II (The Catholic) of Aragon, King of Aragon & Count of Barcelona
King Alfonso XI (The Avenger) of Castile, King of Castile, León and Galicia / Leonor Núñez De Guzmán Ponce De León	King Alfonso XI (The Avenger) of Castile, King of Castile, León and Galicia	Leonor Núñez De Guzmán Ponce De León	Fadrique Alfonso De Castile , 1st Señor de Haro & 25th Master of the Order of Santiago King Henry II (The Fratricidal) of Castile, King of Castile and León Sancho Alfonso, 1st Count of Alburquerque
King Ferdinand II (The Catholic), King Of Sicily & Aragon / Isabella I of Castile, Queen of Castile and León	King Ferdinand II (The Catholic), King Of Sicily & Aragon	Isabella I of Castile, Queen of Castile and León	Maria of Aragon , Queen of Portugal
King Henry II (The Fratricidal) of Castile, King of Castile and León / Juana Manuel De Castille	King Henry II (The Fratricidal) of Castile, King of Castile and León	Juana Manuel De Castille	King John I, King of Castile and León
King Henry III (The Mourner) of Castile, King of Castile and León / Catherine of Lancaster	King Henry III (The Mourner) of Castile, King of Castile and León	Catherine of Lancaster	King John II of Castile, King of Castile and León
King John II of Castile, King of Castile and León / Isabella of Portugal, Queen of Castile and Leon	King John II of Castile, King of Castile and León	Isabella of Portugal, Queen of Castile and Leon	Isabella I of Castile, Queen of Castile and León
Fernán González Of Castile, Count of Castile / Sancha Sánchez Jiménez, Countess of Castile	Fernán González Of Castile, Count of Castile	Sancha Sánchez Jiménez, Countess of Castile	Urraca Fernández García Fernández, Count of Castile and Alava
Gonzalo Fernández Of Castile, Count of Burgos & Castile / Muniadona Ramirez De Asturi	Gonzalo Fernández Of Castile, Count of Burgos & Castile	Muniadona Ramirez De Asturi	Fernán González Of Castile, Count of Castile
King Louis Viii (The Lion), King of France / Queen Blanche Of Castile, Queen of France	King Louis Viii (The Lion), King of France	Queen Blanche Of Castile, Queen of France	King Louis Ix, King of France Robert I (The Good), Count of Artois Charles I Of Naples, King of Naples
Sancho García (Of The Good Laws) Of Castile, Count of Castile and Álava / -	Sancho García (Of The Good Laws) Of Castile, Count of Castile and Álava		Muniadona of Castile
Sancho García (Of The Good Laws) Of Castile, Count of Castile and Álava / Urraca Gomez Of Saldaña	Sancho García (Of The Good Laws) Of Castile, Count of Castile and Álava	Urraca Gomez Of Saldaña	Sancha Sánchez
Gilbert Of Chalon, Count of Chalon, Autun, Troyes, Avallon, Dijon & Duke of Burgundy / Ermengarde Of Burgundy	Gilbert Of Chalon, Count of Chalon, Autun, Troyes, Avallon, Dijon & Duke of Burgundy	Ermengarde Of Burgundy	Adelaide Of Burgundy Graefin
Odo Ii, Duke of Burgundy / Marie Of Champagne	Odo Ii, Duke of Burgundy	Marie Of Champagne	Hugh Iii, Duke of Burgundy
Elias I, Count of Maine / Mathilda Of Château-Du-Loire	Elias I, Count of Maine	Mathilda Of Château-Du-Loire	Ermengarde, Countess of Maine
Raynald Of Châtillon, Lord of Hebron and Montréal / Constance Of Hauteville, The ruling Princess of Antioch	Raynald Of Châtillon, Lord of Hebron and Montréal	Constance Of Hauteville, The ruling Princess of Antioch	Agnes Of Antioch
Saint Michael Of Chernigov, Grand Prince of Kiev, Prince of Pereyaslavl, Novgorod-Seversk, Chernigov, Novgorod & Halych / Elena Romanovna Of Halych	Saint Michael Of Chernigov, Grand Prince of Kiev, Prince of Pereyaslavl, Novgorod-Seversk, Chernigov, Novgorod & Halych	Elena Romanovna Of Halych	Rostislav Mikhailovich, Duke of Macsó
Godfrey I, Duke of Lower Lorraine, Landgrave of Brabant, Count of Louvain & Brussels / Ida Of Chiny	Godfrey I, Duke of Lower Lorraine, Landgrave of Brabant, Count of Louvain & Brussels	Ida Of Chiny	Godfrey Ii, Duke of Lower Lorraine, Landgrave of Brabant, Count of Louvain & Brussels
Arnold, Duke of Guelders / Catherine Of Cleves	Arnold, Duke of Guelders	Catherine Of Cleves	Catherine Of Guelders, Regent of Guilders
Emperor Louis Ii (The Blind), Holy Roman Emperor / Anna Of Constantinople	Emperor Louis Ii (The Blind), Holy Roman Emperor	Anna Of Constantinople	Charles-Constantine Of Vienne
Sir Walter Of Cornwall / Joan Fitzalan	Sir Walter Of Cornwall	Joan Fitzalan	Margaret Cornwall
King Richard Of Cornwall, King of the Romans / Joan De Valletort	King Richard Of Cornwall, King of the Romans	Joan De Valletort	Sir Walter Of Cornwall
Arnold-Le-Gros Of Courcerault / -	Arnold-Le-Gros Of Courcerault		Lord Of Echauffour And Montreuil-L'argillé, Giroie
Robert Ii, Count of Dreux and Braine / Yolande Of Courcy, Countess of Dreux	Robert Ii, Count of Dreux and Braine	Yolande Of Courcy, Countess of Dreux	Robert Iii (Gasteblé), Count of Dreux and Braine
Peter I Of Courtenay / Elizabeth De Courtenay	Peter I Of Courtenay	Elizabeth De Courtenay	Alice Of Courtenay, Countess of Angoulême Emperor Peter Ii Of Courtenay, Latin Emperor of Constantinople
Aymer Iii, 17th Count of Angoulême / Alice Of Courtenay, Countess of Angoulême	Aymer Iii, 17th Count of Angoulême	Alice Of Courtenay, Countess of Angoulême	Isabella, Countess of Angoulême
Emperor Peter Ii Of Courtenay, Latin Emperor of Constantinople / Yolanda Of Flanders	Emperor Peter Ii Of Courtenay, Latin Emperor of Constantinople	Yolanda Of Flanders	Yolanda De Courtenay
Sir Alexander Lindsay Of Crawford / -	Sir Alexander Lindsay Of Crawford		Beatrice Lindsay
Guy Of Dampierre, Count of Flanders / Matilda Of Béthune	Guy Of Dampierre, Count of Flanders	Matilda Of Béthune	Margaret Of Flanders, Duchess of Brabant
Herman I, Count Palatine of Lotharingia / Heylwig Of Dillingen	Herman I, Count Palatine of Lotharingia	Heylwig Of Dillingen	Ezzo, Count Palatine of Lotharingia
Hugh Iv, Duke of Burgundy / Yolande Of Dreux, Duchess of Burgundy	Hugh Iv, Duke of Burgundy	Yolande Of Dreux, Duchess of Burgundy	Adelaide Of Burgundy, Duchess of Brabant Robert Ii, Duke of Burgundy
Crínán Of Dunkeld / Bethóc Ingen Maíl Coluim Meic Cináeda	Crínán Of Dunkeld	Bethóc Ingen Maíl Coluim Meic Cináeda	King Duncan I (An T-Ilgarach), King of Scotland
Emperor Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor / Eadgyth Of England	Emperor Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor	Eadgyth Of England	Liutgarde Of Saxony
King Alfonso VIII (The Noble), King of Castile & Toledo / Eleanor Plantagenet Of England , Queen of Castile	King Alfonso VIII (The Noble), King of Castile & Toledo	Eleanor Plantagenet Of England , Queen of Castile	Berengaria of Castile Queen Urraca Of Castile, Queen of Portugal Queen Blanche Of Castile, Queen of France
Robert I (The Devil), Duke of Normandy / Arlette Of Falaise	Robert I (The Devil), Duke of Normandy	Arlette Of Falaise	King William I (The Conqueror), King of England & Duke of Normandy
Dirk Ii, Count of Holland / Hildegarde Of Flanders	Dirk Ii, Count of Holland	Hildegarde Of Flanders	Arnulf, Count of Holland
King William I (The Conqueror), King of England & Duke of Normandy / Matilda Of Flanders	King William I (The Conqueror), King of England & Duke of Normandy	Matilda Of Flanders	Gundred, Countess of Surrey Saint Adela Of Normandy, Countess of Blois King Henry I Beauclerc, King of England & Duke of Normandy
Henry Iii, Count of Louvain & Brussels / Gertrude Of Flanders, Duchess of Lorraine	Henry Iii, Count of Louvain & Brussels	Gertrude Of Flanders, Duchess of Lorraine	Adelaide Of Leuven
John I (The Victorious), Duke of Brabant, Lothair & Limburg / Margaret Of Flanders, Duchess of Brabant	John I (The Victorious), Duke of Brabant, Lothair & Limburg	Margaret Of Flanders, Duchess of Brabant	Margaret Of Brabant
Theodoric Ii (The Valiant), Duke of Lorraine / Gertrude Of Flanders, Duchess of Lorraine	Theodoric Ii (The Valiant), Duke of Lorraine	Gertrude Of Flanders, Duchess of Lorraine	Thierry Of Alsace, 15th Count of Flanders
Theodoric Ii (The Valiant), Duke of Lorraine / Hedwige Of Formbach	Theodoric Ii (The Valiant), Duke of Lorraine	Hedwige Of Formbach	Simon I, Duke of Lorraine
Leopold Ii (The Fair), Margrave of Austria / Ida Of Formbach-Ratelnberg	Leopold Ii (The Fair), Margrave of Austria	Ida Of Formbach-Ratelnberg	Saint Leopold III (The Good), Margrave of Austria
Baldwin V, Count of Flanders / Adela Of France	Baldwin V, Count of Flanders	Adela Of France	Matilda Of Flanders Robert I, Count of Flanders
- / Ermentrude Of France		Ermentrude Of France	Cunigunda Of France
Gerard, Count of Auvergne / Matilda Of France	Gerard, Count of Auvergne	Matilda Of France	Rainulf I, Duke of Aquitaine
Herbert Ii, Count of Vermandois / Adele Of France	Herbert Ii, Count of Vermandois	Adele Of France	Robert Of Vermandois, Count of Meaux Adele Of Vermandois, Countess of Flanders Luitgarde Of Vermandois, Countess of Vermandois Adalbert I, Count of Vermandois
King Conrad I (The Peaceful), King of Burgundy / Matilda Of France	King Conrad I (The Peaceful), King of Burgundy	Matilda Of France	Bertha Of Burgundy Gerberga Of Burgundy
Wigeric, Count Palatine of Lotharingia / Cunigunda Of France	Wigeric, Count Palatine of Lotharingia	Cunigunda Of France	Frederick I, Duke Upper Lorraine
Baldwin I (Iron Arm), 1st Count of Flanders / Judith Of France, Countess of Flanders	Baldwin I (Iron Arm), 1st Count of Flanders	Judith Of France, Countess of Flanders	Baldwin Ii (The Bald), 2nd Count of Flanders Guinidilda Of Flanders
Robert Ii, Duke of Burgundy / Agnes Of France, Duchess of Burgundy	Robert Ii, Duke of Burgundy	Agnes Of France, Duchess of Burgundy	Queen Joan (The Lame) Of Burgundy, Queen of France
Adalbert I, The Margrave of Ivrea / Gisela Of Friuli	Adalbert I, The Margrave of Ivrea	Gisela Of Friuli	King Berengar Ii, King of Italy
Conrad Ii, Duke of Transjurane Burgundy / Judith Of Friuli	Conrad Ii, Duke of Transjurane Burgundy	Judith Of Friuli	Adelgunde Of Burgundy
Henry, Duke of Franconia / Ingeltrude Of Friuli	Henry, Duke of Franconia	Ingeltrude Of Friuli	Hedwiga
Eberhard Of Friuli, Frankish Duke of Friuli / Gisela	Eberhard Of Friuli, Frankish Duke of Friuli	Gisela	Judith Of Friuli Ingeltrude Of Friuli Emperor Berengar I Of Friuli, Holy Roman Emperor
Emperor Berengar I Of Friuli, Holy Roman Emperor / Bertila Of Spoleto	Emperor Berengar I Of Friuli, Holy Roman Emperor	Bertila Of Spoleto	Gisela Of Friuli
Unruoch Ii Of Friuli, Frankish Duke of Friuli / -	Unruoch Ii Of Friuli, Frankish Duke of Friuli		Eberhard Of Friuli, Frankish Duke of Friuli
Alan Of Galloway , Constable Of Scotland / Lady Margaret Of Scotland	Alan Of Galloway , Constable Of Scotland	Lady Margaret Of Scotland	Dervorguilla Of Galloway
Roland Of Galloway , Constable of Scotland / Helen De Morville	Roland Of Galloway , Constable of Scotland	Helen De Morville	Alan Of Galloway , Constable Of Scotland Nicholas De Stuteville , Lord Stuteville
Uhtred Of Galloway , Lord Of Galloway / -	Uhtred Of Galloway , Lord Of Galloway		Roland Of Galloway , Constable of Scotland
Amadeus Ii, Count of Savoy / Joan Of Geneva	Amadeus Ii, Count of Savoy	Joan Of Geneva	Umberto Ii (The Fat), Count of Savoy
Thomas, Count of Savoy / Margaret Of Geneva, Countess of Savoy	Thomas, Count of Savoy	Margaret Of Geneva, Countess of Savoy	Amadeus Iv, Count of Savoy Beatrice De Savoie
Frederick I, Duke of Swabia / Agnes Of Germany	Frederick I, Duke of Swabia	Agnes Of Germany	Frederick Ii (The One-Eyed), Duke of Swabia
Saint Leopold III (The Good), Margrave of Austria / Agnes Of Germany	Saint Leopold III (The Good), Margrave of Austria	Agnes Of Germany	Frederick Ii (The One-Eyed), Duke of Swabia Agnes Of Babenberg
Ezzo, Count Palatine of Lotharingia / Matilda Of Germany, Countess Palatine of Lotharingia	Ezzo, Count Palatine of Lotharingia	Matilda Of Germany, Countess Palatine of Lotharingia	Saint Richeza Of Lotharingia , Queen of Poland Otto Ii, Duke of Swabia
Rotbold I, Count of Provence / Emilde Of Gévaudan	Rotbold I, Count of Provence	Emilde Of Gévaudan	Rotbold Ii, Count of Provence
Walter Of Gloucester , Sheriff Of Gloucester / Berta De Baalun	Walter Of Gloucester , Sheriff Of Gloucester	Berta De Baalun	Matilda Maude Fitzwalter
Bivin Of Gorze, Count of Lotharingia / Richildis Of Turin	Bivin Of Gorze, Count of Lotharingia	Richildis Of Turin	King Boso, King of Lower Burgundy & Provence Richard (The Justiciar), Duke of Burgandy
Henry Of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster / Isabel De Beaumont , Duchess of Lancaster	Henry Of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster	Isabel De Beaumont , Duchess of Lancaster	Blanche Of Lancaster
Dietrich Of Haldensleben, Duke of the Nordmark / -	Dietrich Of Haldensleben, Duke of the Nordmark		Bernard, Margrave of the Nordmark
Oslac Of Hampshire / -	Oslac Of Hampshire		Osburga
King Theoderic Iii, King of the Franks / Clotilde Of Heristal	King Theoderic Iii, King of the Franks	Clotilde Of Heristal	Bertrada Of Prum , Merovingian Princess
Pepin Of Herstal, Duke & Prince of the Franks / Alpaida	Pepin Of Herstal, Duke & Prince of the Franks	Alpaida	Charles Martel, Duke & Prince of the Franks
Emperor Louis (The Pious), Holy Roman Emperor / Ermengarde Of Hesbaye	Emperor Louis (The Pious), Holy Roman Emperor	Ermengarde Of Hesbaye	Emperor Lothair I, Emperor Of The Romans Matilda Of France
Enguerrand I, Count of Ponthieu / Adelina Of Holland	Enguerrand I, Count of Ponthieu	Adelina Of Holland	Hugh Ii, Count of Ponthieu
Gerolf Of Holland / -	Gerolf Of Holland		Dirk I (Theoderic), Count of Holland
King Philip I (The Amorous), King of the Franks / Bertha Of Holland	King Philip I (The Amorous), King of the Franks	Bertha Of Holland	Constance Of France, Princess of Antioch King Louis Vi (The Fat), King of the Franks
King James I (The Conqueror), King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of Montpellier / Violant of Hungary	King James I (The Conqueror), King of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, and Lord of Montpellier	Violant of Hungary	Violante Yolanda of Aragon King Peter III (The Great), King of Aragon, Valencia, Sicily and Count of Barcelona Isabella of Aragon, Infanta of Aragon
King Ottokar I, King of Bohemia / Constance Of Hungary	King Ottokar I, King of Bohemia	Constance Of Hungary	King Wenceslaus I (One-Eyed), King of Bohemia
Magnus, Duke of Saxony / Sophia Of Hungary, Countess of Istria and Carniola, Duchess of Saxony	Magnus, Duke of Saxony	Sophia Of Hungary, Countess of Istria and Carniola, Duchess of Saxony	Wulfhilde Billung Of Saxony
Arnulf Ii, 1st Count of Flanders / Rozala Of Italy	Arnulf Ii, 1st Count of Flanders	Rozala Of Italy	Baldwin Iv (The Bearded), Count of Flanders Hildeburg De Alençon
Emperor Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor / Adelaide Of Italy , Holy Roman Empress	Emperor Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor	Adelaide Of Italy , Holy Roman Empress	Emperor Otto Ii (The Red), Holy Roman Emperor
King Boso, King of Lower Burgundy & Provence / Ermengard Of Italy	King Boso, King of Lower Burgundy & Provence	Ermengard Of Italy	Emperor Louis Ii (The Blind), Holy Roman Emperor
King Andrew II of Jerusalem, King of Hungary and Croatia / Gertrude Of Merania , Queen of Hungary	King Andrew II of Jerusalem, King of Hungary and Croatia	Gertrude Of Merania , Queen of Hungary	King Béla Iv, King of Hungary & Croatia
King Andrew II of Jerusalem, King of Hungary and Croatia / Yolanda De Courtenay	King Andrew II of Jerusalem, King of Hungary and Croatia	Yolanda De Courtenay	Violant of Hungary
King Bodik, King of the Saxons / Irmafreda Of Kent	King Bodik, King of the Saxons	Irmafreda Of Kent	King Berthold, King of the Saxons
King Edward I (The Elder), King of the Anglo-Saxons / Eadgifu Of Kent	King Edward I (The Elder), King of the Anglo-Saxons	Eadgifu Of Kent	King Edmund I (The Magnificent), King of England
Álmos, Prince of Hungary / Predslava Of Kiev	Álmos, Prince of Hungary	Predslava Of Kiev	King Béla II (The Blind), King of Hungary and Croatia
- / Anastasia Of Kiev		Anastasia Of Kiev	Adelaide Of Hungary
Bernard, Margrave of the Nordmark / Vladimirovna Of Kiev	Bernard, Margrave of the Nordmark	Vladimirovna Of Kiev	Conrad, Count of Haldensleben
Bolesław Iii (Wrymouth), Duke of Poland / Zbyslava Of Kiev	Bolesław Iii (Wrymouth), Duke of Poland	Zbyslava Of Kiev	Władysław Ii (The Exile), High Duke of Poland & Duke of Silesia
Casimir I (The Restorer), Duke of Poland / Maria Dobroniega Of Kiev	Casimir I (The Restorer), Duke of Poland	Maria Dobroniega Of Kiev	Władysław I Herman, Duke of Poland Świętosława Of Poland
King Géza II, King of Hungary and Croatia / Euphrosyne Of Kiev	King Géza II, King of Hungary and Croatia	Euphrosyne Of Kiev	Béla III, King of Hungary and Croatia
Igor I Of Kiev, Varangian Ruler of Kievan Rus' / Olga Of Kiev , Ruler of Kievan Rus'	Igor I Of Kiev, Varangian Ruler of Kievan Rus'	Olga Of Kiev , Ruler of Kievan Rus'	Sviatoslav I Igorevich Of Kiev, Grand Prince of Kiev
Mstislav I Of Kiev, Grand Prince of Kiev / Liubava Dmitrievna Zavidich	Mstislav I Of Kiev, Grand Prince of Kiev	Liubava Dmitrievna Zavidich	Maria Mtislavna Of Kiev, Euphrosyne Of Kiev
Sviatoslav I Igorevich Of Kiev, Grand Prince of Kiev / -	Sviatoslav I Igorevich Of Kiev, Grand Prince of Kiev		Vladimir (The Great) Sviatoslavich, Prince of Novgorod, Grand Prince of Kiev & Ruler of Kievan Rus'
- / Blanche Of Lancaster		Blanche Of Lancaster	Philippa Of Lancaster , Queen of Portugal
King John I (The Good), King of Portugal and the Algarve / Philippa Of Lancaster , Queen of Portugal	King John I (The Good), King of Portugal and the Algarve	Philippa Of Lancaster , Queen of Portugal	King Duarte "Edward" (The Eloquent), King of Portugal and the Algarves Infante John, Constable of Portugal
Pepin Of Landen , Mayor Of The Palace Of Austrasia / Saint Itta Of Metz	Pepin Of Landen , Mayor Of The Palace Of Austrasia	Saint Itta Of Metz	Saint Begga De Landen
King Bernard, King of the Lombards / Cunigunda Of Laon	King Bernard, King of the Lombards	Cunigunda Of Laon	Pepin Ii, Count of Vermandois
King Pippin Iii (The Short), King of the Franks / Queen Bertrada Of Laon	King Pippin Iii (The Short), King of the Franks	Queen Bertrada Of Laon	Emperor Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor
Martin Of Laon / Bertrada Of Prum , Merovingian Princess	Martin Of Laon	Bertrada Of Prum , Merovingian Princess	Charibert, Count of Loan
Sir Thomas Folkingham Of Leeds / Lady Jane Pigot	Sir Thomas Folkingham Of Leeds	Lady Jane Pigot	John Leids
Alfonso of Leon , Lord of Molina / -	Alfonso of Leon , Lord of Molina		Maria Alfonso Téllez de Menezes, Lady of Molina
Alfonso of Leon , Lord of Molina / -	Alfonso of Leon , Lord of Molina		Leonor Afonzo De Molina
Emperor Ferdinand I (The Great), Emperor of All Spain / Sancha of León	Emperor Ferdinand I (The Great), Emperor of All Spain	Sancha of León	Emperor Alfonso VI (The Brave), Emperor of All Spain
Bertrand I Of Les Baux , The 1st Baux Prince of Orange / -	Bertrand I Of Les Baux , The 1st Baux Prince of Orange		Hugh Iii, Lord of Baux, Viscount of Marseilles & Barrale
Simon I, Duke of Lorraine / Adelaide Of Leuven	Simon I, Duke of Lorraine	Adelaide Of Leuven	Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine Agatha Of Lorraine
Adalbert I, Count of Vermandois / Gerberge Of Lorraine	Adalbert I, Count of Vermandois	Gerberge Of Lorraine	Herbert Iii, Count of Vermandois
Hugh Iii, Duke of Burgundy / Alice Of Lorraine	Hugh Iii, Duke of Burgundy	Alice Of Lorraine	Odo Iii, Duke of Burgundy
Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine / Judith Bertha Of Lorraine	Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine	Judith Bertha Of Lorraine	Alice Of Lorraine
Reginald Iii, Count of Burgundy / Agatha Of Lorraine	Reginald Iii, Count of Burgundy	Agatha Of Lorraine	Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy
Stephen I (The Rash), Count of Burgundy, Mâcon and Vienne / Beatrix Of Lorraine	Stephen I (The Rash), Count of Burgundy, Mâcon and Vienne	Beatrix Of Lorraine	Reginald Iii, Count of Burgundy
Eberhard Iv, Count of Nordgau / Luitgard Of Lotharingia	Eberhard Iv, Count of Nordgau	Luitgard Of Lotharingia	Hedwig Of Nordgau
Lambert I (The Bearded), 1st Count of Louvain / Gerberga Of Lower Lorraine	Lambert I (The Bearded), 1st Count of Louvain	Gerberga Of Lower Lorraine	Lambert Ii Count of Louvain
Sigifred Of Lucca / -	Sigifred Of Lucca		Adalbert Atto, Count of Canossa, Reggio and Modena
Dobromir Of Lusatia / -	Dobromir Of Lusatia		Emnilde , Princes of the Western Slavs
Baldwin Iv (The Bearded), Count of Flanders / Ogive Of Luxembourg	Baldwin Iv (The Bearded), Count of Flanders	Ogive Of Luxembourg	Baldwin V, Count of Flanders
Frederick Of Luxembourg, Count of Moselgau / Ermentrude, Countess of Gleiberg	Frederick Of Luxembourg, Count of Moselgau	Ermentrude, Countess of Gleiberg	Ogive Of Luxembourg
Arnulf, Count of Holland / Lutgardis Of Luxenburg	Arnulf, Count of Holland	Lutgardis Of Luxenburg	Dirk Iii (Hierosolymita), Count of Holland Adelina Of Holland
Geoffrey, Count of Gâtinais / Beatrice Of Mâcon	Geoffrey, Count of Gâtinais	Beatrice Of Mâcon	Geoffrey Ii, Count of Gâtinais
King Adalbert, King of Italy / Gerberga Of Mâcon	King Adalbert, King of Italy	Gerberga Of Mâcon	Otto William I, Count of Mâcon, Nevers & Burgundy
Theobald Iii, Count of Blois, Meaux and Troyes / Gersende Of Maine	Theobald Iii, Count of Blois, Meaux and Troyes	Gersende Of Maine	Stephen Ii Henry, Count of Blois and Chartres
King Robert I (The Bruce), King Of Scots / Isabella Of Mar	King Robert I (The Bruce), King Of Scots	Isabella Of Mar	Marjorie Bruce
Bertrand Of Marseille, Count / -	Bertrand Of Marseille, Count		Dulcia Of Marseille
King Louis Vi (The Fat), King of the Franks / Adelaide Of Maurienne	King Louis Vi (The Fat), King of the Franks	Adelaide Of Maurienne	Robert I (The Great), Count of Dreux Peter I Of Courtenay
Hugh Ii, Duke of Burgundy / Felicia-Matilda Of Mayenne	Hugh Ii, Duke of Burgundy	Felicia-Matilda Of Mayenne	Odo Ii, Duke of Burgundy Matilda Of Burgundy
Geoffrey I, Count of Anjou / Adele Of Meaux	Geoffrey I, Count of Anjou	Adele Of Meaux	Ermengarde Gerberga Of Anjou Fulk Iii, Count of Anjou
King Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem / Morphia Of Melitene	King Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem	Morphia Of Melitene	Alice Of Jerusalem, Princess of Antioch
Boleslaus Ii, Duke of Bohemia / Emma Of Mělník	Boleslaus Ii, Duke of Bohemia	Emma Of Mělník	Oldřich, Duke of Bohemia
King Alfred (The Great), King of the Anglo-Saxons / Ealhswith Of Mercia	King Alfred (The Great), King of the Anglo-Saxons	Ealhswith Of Mercia	Aelfthryth Of Wessex, Countess of Flanders King Edward I (The Elder), King of the Anglo-Saxons
Theodoric I, Count of Bar & Duke of Upper Lorraine / Richilde Of Metz	Theodoric I, Count of Bar & Duke of Upper Lorraine	Richilde Of Metz	Hildegard Gisèla
King Sigibert I Of Metz, King of Austrasia / Brunhilda Of Austria	King Sigibert I Of Metz, King of Austrasia	Brunhilda Of Austria	Carloman De Landen
Amadeus Ii Of Montfaucon, Count of Montbéliard & Lord of Montfaucon / Beatrice De Joinville	Amadeus Ii Of Montfaucon, Count of Montbéliard & Lord of Montfaucon	Beatrice De Joinville	Agnes De Montfaucon
William VIII of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier / Eudokia Komnene	William VIII of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier	Eudokia Komnene	Marie of Montpellier, Lady of Montpellier
William I Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier / -	William I Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier		William Ii Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier
William Ii Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier / Adelaide	William Ii Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier	Adelaide	William Iii Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier
William Iii Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier / Beliardis	William Iii Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier	Beliardis	William Iv Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier
William Iv Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier / Ermengarde Of Melgueil	William Iv Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier	Ermengarde Of Melgueil	William V Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier
William V Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier / Ermensenda Of Mauguio	William V Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier	Ermensenda Of Mauguio	William Vi Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier
William Vi Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier / Sibille	William Vi Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier	Sibille	William Vii Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier
William Vii Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier / Matilda Of Burgundy	William Vii Of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier	Matilda Of Burgundy	William VIII of Montpellier, Lord of Montpellier
William Iv, Count of Toulouse / Emma Of Mortain	William Iv, Count of Toulouse	Emma Of Mortain	Philippa, Countess of Toulouse
Gérard, Duke of Lorraine / Hedwige Of Namur	Gérard, Duke of Lorraine	Hedwige Of Namur	Theodoric Ii (The Valiant), Duke of Lorraine
Charles II (The Lame) of Naples, King of Naples & Albania, Prince of Salerno & Achaea, Count of Provence, Forcalquier & Anjou / Mary Of Hungary , Queen of Naples	Charles II (The Lame) of Naples, King of Naples & Albania, Prince of Salerno & Achaea, Count of Provence, Forcalquier & Anjou	Mary Of Hungary , Queen of Naples	Margaret, Countess of Anjou Blanche of Anjou Eleanor of Anjou
Charles I Of Naples, King of Naples / Beatrice Of Provence, Countess of Provence and Forcalquier	Charles I Of Naples, King of Naples	Beatrice Of Provence, Countess of Provence and Forcalquier	Charles II (The Lame) of Naples, King of Naples & Albania, Prince of Salerno & Achaea, Count of Provence, Forcalquier & Anjou
King Sancho III (The Desired), King of Castile and Toledo / Blanche Of Navarre	King Sancho III (The Desired), King of Castile and Toledo	Blanche Of Navarre	King Alfonso VIII (The Noble), King of Castile & Toledo
King García Ramírez Of Navarre, Lord of Monzón and Logroño & King of Navarre / Margaret Of L’aigle , Queen Consort of Navarre	King García Ramírez Of Navarre, Lord of Monzón and Logroño & King of Navarre	Margaret Of L’aigle , Queen Consort of Navarre	Blanche Of Navarre
Count Ulric Iii Of Neuchatel / Jolande Von Urach	Count Ulric Iii Of Neuchatel	Jolande Von Urach	Agnes De Neuchatel
Lambert Ii, Count of Austrasia / Chrotlind Of Neustria	Lambert Ii, Count of Austrasia	Chrotlind Of Neustria	Robert I, Duke of Neustria
Ragenold Of Neustria, Count of Herbauges, Maine and Margrave of Neustria / Rothilde	Ragenold Of Neustria, Count of Herbauges, Maine and Margrave of Neustria	Rothilde	Hugh I, Count of Maine
Sigfried, Count of the Ardennes / Hedwig Of Nordgau	Sigfried, Count of the Ardennes	Hedwig Of Nordgau	Frederick Of Luxembourg, Count of Moselgau
Lord Of Galloway, Fergus / Sibylla of Normandy	Lord Of Galloway, Fergus	Sibylla of Normandy	Uhtred Of Galloway , Lord Of Galloway Gille Brigte , Lord of Galloway
Reginald I, Count of Burgundy / Alice Of Normandy	Reginald I, Count of Burgundy	Alice Of Normandy	William I (The Great), Count of Burgundy Alberada Of Buonalbergo
Stephen Ii Henry, Count of Blois and Chartres / Saint Adela Of Normandy, Countess of Blois	Stephen Ii Henry, Count of Blois and Chartres	Saint Adela Of Normandy, Countess of Blois	Theobald Ii (The Great), Count of Champagne
King Æthelred Ii (The Unready), King of the English / Elfled Of Northunbria	King Æthelred Ii (The Unready), King of the English	Elfled Of Northunbria	King Edmund Ii (Ironside), King of England
Ordulf, Duke of Saxony / Wulfhild Of Norway	Ordulf, Duke of Saxony	Wulfhild Of Norway	Magnus, Duke of Saxony
Hnabi, Duke of Alemannia / Hereswind Of Nuestria	Hnabi, Duke of Alemannia	Hereswind Of Nuestria	Emma Of Alamannia
Emperor Charles Ii (The Bald), King of West Francia, Italy & Holy Roman Emperor / Ermantrude Of Orleans, Queen of the Franks	Emperor Charles Ii (The Bald), King of West Francia, Italy & Holy Roman Emperor	Ermantrude Of Orleans, Queen of the Franks	Judith Of France, Countess of Flanders King Louis (The Stammerer), King of West Francia
García Jiménez Of Pamplona / Dadildis De Pallars	García Jiménez Of Pamplona	Dadildis De Pallars	King Sancho I, King of Pamplona
King Alfonso Iii (The Great), King of León, Galicia & Asturias / Jimena Of Pamplona	King Alfonso Iii (The Great), King of León, Galicia & Asturias	Jimena Of Pamplona	King Fruela Ii, King of Leon King Ordoño Ii, King of Galicia & León
King Sancho I, King of Pamplona / Toda Of Pamplona	King Sancho I, King of Pamplona	Toda Of Pamplona	King García Sánchez I, King of Pamplona
King García Sánchez II of Pamplona, King of Pamplona & Count of Aragon / -	King García Sánchez II of Pamplona, King of Pamplona & Count of Aragon		King Sancho Garcés III (The Great) of Pamplona, King of Pamplona & Count of Aragon
King Sancho Garcés III (The Great) of Pamplona, King of Pamplona & Count of Aragon / Muniadona of Castile	King Sancho Garcés III (The Great) of Pamplona, King of Pamplona & Count of Aragon	Muniadona of Castile	Emperor Ferdinand I (The Great), Emperor of All Spain King García Sánchez Iii Of Pamplona, King Of Navarre
King Sancho Garcés III (The Great) of Pamplona, King of Pamplona & Count of Aragon / Sancha of Aybar	King Sancho Garcés III (The Great) of Pamplona, King of Pamplona & Count of Aragon	Sancha of Aybar	King Ramiro I, King of Aragon
King García Sánchez Iii Of Pamplona, King Of Navarre / -	King García Sánchez Iii Of Pamplona, King Of Navarre		Lord Sancho Garcés, Lord of Uncastillo
King Louis (The Stammerer), King of West Francia / Adélaïde Of Paris	King Louis (The Stammerer), King of West Francia	Adélaïde Of Paris	Ermentrude Of France King Charles Iii (The Simple), King of West Francia
Odo I, Count of Orleans / Engeltrude Of Paris	Odo I, Count of Orleans	Engeltrude Of Paris	Ermantrude Of Orleans, Queen of the Franks
Vulfard, Count of Flavigny / Suzanne Of Paris	Vulfard, Count of Flavigny	Suzanne Of Paris	Adalard Of Paris, 8th Count of Paris & Count Palatine Wulgrin I, 1st Count of Angoulême
Adalard Of Paris, 8th Count of Paris & Count Palatine / -	Adalard Of Paris, 8th Count of Paris & Count Palatine		Adélaïde Of Paris
Henry Iii (The Black), Holy Roman Emperor / Agnes Of Poitou	Henry Iii (The Black), Holy Roman Emperor	Agnes Of Poitou	Henry Iv, Holy Roman Emperor
Emperor Alfonso VII, Emperor of All Spain / Richeza Of Poland , Queen of Castile	Emperor Alfonso VII, Emperor of All Spain	Richeza Of Poland , Queen of Castile	Sancha Of Castile , Queen of Aragon
Mieszko I Of Poland , Ruler of Polans / Doubravka Of Bohemia , Duchess of the Polans	Mieszko I Of Poland , Ruler of Polans	Doubravka Of Bohemia , Duchess of the Polans	King Bolesław I (The Brave), 1st King of Poland
King Béla I (The Champion), King of Hungary / Richeza Of Poland, Queen of Hungary	King Béla I (The Champion), King of Hungary	Richeza Of Poland, Queen of Hungary	King Géza I, King of Hungary Sophia Of Hungary, Countess of Istria and Carniola, Duchess of Saxony
King Ferdinand IV (The Summoned), King of Castile, León & Galicia / Infanta Constance of Portugal	King Ferdinand IV (The Summoned), King of Castile, León & Galicia	Infanta Constance of Portugal	King Alfonso XI (The Avenger) of Castile, King of Castile, León and Galicia
King Ferdinand II, King of León and Galicia / Urraca Of Portugal	King Ferdinand II, King of León and Galicia	Urraca Of Portugal	King Alphonso IX, King of León & Galicia
Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu & Beja / Infanta Beatriz of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu	Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu & Beja	Infanta Beatriz of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu	King Manuel I (The Fortunate), King of Portugal and the Algarves
King Afonso IV (The Brave) of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarves / Beatriz Sancha of Castile	King Afonso IV (The Brave) of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarves	Beatriz Sancha of Castile	King Peter I (The Just) Of Portugal, King of Portugal and of the Algarves
Infante Luís Of Portugal, Duke of Beja / Violante Gomez	Infante Luís Of Portugal, Duke of Beja	Violante Gomez	Capitan Juan Gomez de Portugal
King Afonso Ii (The Fat) Of Portugal, King of Portugal / Queen Urraca Of Castile, Queen of Portugal	King Afonso Ii (The Fat) Of Portugal, King of Portugal	Queen Urraca Of Castile, Queen of Portugal	King Afonso Iii Of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarve
King Afonso Iii Of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarve / Beatrice Of Castile	King Afonso Iii Of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarve	Beatrice Of Castile	King Denis (The Poet King) Of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarve
King Denis (The Poet King) Of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarve / -	King Denis (The Poet King) Of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarve
King Denis (The Poet King) Of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarve / Saint Elizabeth of Aragon	King Denis (The Poet King) Of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarve	Saint Elizabeth of Aragon	Infanta Constance of Portugal King Afonso IV (The Brave) of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarves
King Peter I (The Just) Of Portugal, King of Portugal and of the Algarves / Teresa Gille Lourenço	King Peter I (The Just) Of Portugal, King of Portugal and of the Algarves	Teresa Gille Lourenço	Beatriz De Portugal King John I (The Good), King of Portugal and the Algarve
King Sancho I (The Populator) Of Portugal, King of Portugal / Dulce of Aragon	King Sancho I (The Populator) Of Portugal, King of Portugal	Dulce of Aragon	King Afonso Ii (The Fat) Of Portugal, King of Portugal
Geoffroi Of Provence Count / Dulcia Of Marseille	Geoffroi Of Provence Count	Dulcia Of Marseille
King Henry Iii, King of England, Lord of Ireland & Duke of Aquitaine / Eleanor Of Provence	King Henry Iii, King of England, Lord of Ireland & Duke of Aquitaine	Eleanor Of Provence	Edmund (Crouchback), Earl of Lancaster & Leicester
William Iii, Count of Toulouse, Albi and Quercy / Emma Of Provence	William Iii, Count of Toulouse, Albi and Quercy	Emma Of Provence	Pons, Count of Toulouse
- / Margaret Of Provence, Queen of France		Margaret Of Provence, Queen of France	King Philip III (The Bold), King of France Blanche Of France , Infanta of Castile Agnes Of France, Duchess of Burgundy Maria Alfonso Téllez de Menezes, Lady of Molina
Siegfried I, Count of Sponheim / Richgard Of Puster Valley	Siegfried I, Count of Sponheim	Richgard Of Puster Valley	Herman Sponheim , Burgrave of Magdeburg
Dietrich, Count of Westphalia / Reinhild Of Ringleheim	Dietrich, Count of Westphalia	Reinhild Of Ringleheim	Saint Matilda Of Ringleheim
King Henry I (The Fowler), King of Germany / Saint Matilda Of Ringleheim	King Henry I (The Fowler), King of Germany	Saint Matilda Of Ringleheim	Gerberga Of Saxony Emperor Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor Hedwiga Of Saxony
Berthold, Duke of Merania / Agnes Of Rochlitz	Berthold, Duke of Merania	Agnes Of Rochlitz	Gertrude Of Merania , Queen of Hungary
Gallo-Roman Senator Of Narbo, Ferreolus Of Rodez / Saint Dode De Reims , Abbess Of St. Pierre	Gallo-Roman Senator Of Narbo, Ferreolus Of Rodez	Saint Dode De Reims , Abbess Of St. Pierre	Gallo-Roman Senator, Ansbertus
Erard I, Count of Brienne / Alix Of Roucy-Ramerupt	Erard I, Count of Brienne	Alix Of Roucy-Ramerupt	Gautier Ii, Count of Brienne
Robert Ii , Archbishop Of Rouen / Harleve Of Rouen	Robert Ii , Archbishop Of Rouen	Harleve Of Rouen	Richard, Count of Évreux Robert D' Evereux William D'evreux
Roger I, Count of Carcassonne, Comminges and Couserans / Adelaide Of Rouergue	Roger I, Count of Carcassonne, Comminges and Couserans	Adelaide Of Rouergue	Ermesinde Of Carcassonne
Sunyer, Count of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona / Richilde Of Rougergue	Sunyer, Count of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona	Richilde Of Rougergue	Borrell Ii, Count of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona
Rainou Of Sabran , Lord of Castellar & Forcalquier / Garsenda Of Forcalquier	Rainou Of Sabran , Lord of Castellar & Forcalquier	Garsenda Of Forcalquier	Garsenda, Countess of Forcalquier
Theodo V, Duke of Bavaria / Folchaide Of Salzburg	Theodo V, Duke of Bavaria	Folchaide Of Salzburg	Willigard Of Bavaria
Henry Iv, Holy Roman Emperor / Bertha Of Savoy	Henry Iv, Holy Roman Emperor	Bertha Of Savoy	Agnes Of Germany
King Afonso I, 1st King of Portugal / Matilda Of Savoy , Queen of Portugal	King Afonso I, 1st King of Portugal	Matilda Of Savoy , Queen of Portugal	Urraca Of Portugal King Sancho I (The Populator) Of Portugal, King of Portugal
Giwis of Saxony / -	Giwis of Saxony		Esla Gewisson
Arnoldus , Bishop Of Metz / Oda De Metz Of Saxony	Arnoldus , Bishop Of Metz	Oda De Metz Of Saxony	Doda De Heristal De Saxony Saint Itta Of Metz
Baldwin Iii, Count of Flanders / Mathilde Billung Of Saxony	Baldwin Iii, Count of Flanders	Mathilde Billung Of Saxony	Arnulf Ii, 1st Count of Flanders
Burchard I, Duke of Swabia / Liutgard Of Saxony	Burchard I, Duke of Swabia	Liutgard Of Saxony	Burchard Ii, Duke of Swabia
Conrad (The Red), Duke of Lorraine / Liutgarde Of Saxony	Conrad (The Red), Duke of Lorraine	Liutgarde Of Saxony	Otto I Of Worms, Duke of Carinthia
Dirk Iii (Hierosolymita), Count of Holland / Othelindis Of Saxony	Dirk Iii (Hierosolymita), Count of Holland	Othelindis Of Saxony	Floris I, Count of Holland
Floris I, Count of Holland / Gertrude Billung Of Saxony	Floris I, Count of Holland	Gertrude Billung Of Saxony	Bertha Of Holland
Giselbert, Duke of Lorraine / Gerberga Of Saxony	Giselbert, Duke of Lorraine	Gerberga Of Saxony	Alberade De Lorraine Gerberge Of Lorraine
Henry Ix (The Black), Duke of Bavaria / Wulfhilde Billung Of Saxony	Henry Ix (The Black), Duke of Bavaria	Wulfhilde Billung Of Saxony	Judith Of Bavaria, Duchess of Swabia
Hugh (The Great), Duke of the Franks & Count of Paris / Hedwiga Of Saxony	Hugh (The Great), Duke of the Franks & Count of Paris	Hedwiga Of Saxony	Beatrice De France King Hugh Capet, King of France
King Louis Iv (D'outremer ), King of West Francia / Gerberga Of Saxony	King Louis Iv (D'outremer ), King of West Francia	Gerberga Of Saxony	Matilda Of France
King Sigismund, King of the Saxons / Julanda Of Saxony	King Sigismund, King of the Saxons	Julanda Of Saxony	Dieterick (Theodoric), The Margrave of Lausitz Gotfrid, Duke of Alemania
Lothar I, Count of Stade / Oda Of Saxony	Lothar I, Count of Stade	Oda Of Saxony	Lothar Ii, Count of Stade
Lothar Ii, Count of Stade / Swanhild Of Saxony	Lothar Ii, Count of Stade	Swanhild Of Saxony	Henry I (The Bald), Count of Stade
Robert I, Count of Flanders / Gertrude Billung Of Saxony	Robert I, Count of Flanders	Gertrude Billung Of Saxony	Gertrude Of Flanders, Duchess of Lorraine
Welf I, Count of Altdorf / Hedwig Of Saxony	Welf I, Count of Altdorf	Hedwig Of Saxony	Conrad I, Count of Aargau, Auxerre & Paris Queen Judith Of Bavaria
Berno, 2nd Duke of Saxony / Hasalda Of Saxony, Princess Holstein-Sachsen	Berno, 2nd Duke of Saxony	Hasalda Of Saxony, Princess Holstein-Sachsen	Brun, 3rd Duke of Saxony Bernard (The Dane), Rollo's Chief Councilor
Bernard Ii, Duke of Saxony and Count in Frisia / Eilika Of Schweinfurt	Bernard Ii, Duke of Saxony and Count in Frisia	Eilika Of Schweinfurt	Ordulf, Duke of Saxony Gertrude Billung Of Saxony
Bretislav I, Duke of Bohemia / Judith Of Schweinfurt , Duchess of Bohemia	Bretislav I, Duke of Bohemia	Judith Of Schweinfurt , Duchess of Bohemia	King Vratislaus Ii Of Bohemia, 1st King of Bohemia
Berthold Of Schweinfurt, The Margrave of the Nordgau / Eilika Of Walbeck	Berthold Of Schweinfurt, The Margrave of the Nordgau	Eilika Of Walbeck	Henry Of Schweinfurt, The Margrave of the Nordgau
Henry Of Schweinfurt, The Margrave of the Nordgau / Gerberga Of Gleiberg	Henry Of Schweinfurt, The Margrave of the Nordgau	Gerberga Of Gleiberg	Judith Of Schweinfurt , Duchess of Bohemia Eilika Of Schweinfurt
Henry Of Scotland / Ada De Warenne	Henry Of Scotland	Ada De Warenne	David Of Scotland, 8th Earl of Huntingdon Marjorie Of Huntingdon
King Malcolm Iii (Canmore), King of Scots / Saint Margaret Of Scotland	King Malcolm Iii (Canmore), King of Scots	Saint Margaret Of Scotland	Matilda Of Scotland King David I, King Of The Scots
David Of Scotland, 8th Earl of Huntingdon / Matilda Of Chester	David Of Scotland, 8th Earl of Huntingdon	Matilda Of Chester	Lady Margaret Of Scotland Isobel Of Huntington
King Béla II (The Blind), King of Hungary and Croatia / Helena Of Serbia, Queen of Hungary	King Béla II (The Blind), King of Hungary and Croatia	Helena Of Serbia, Queen of Hungary	King Géza II, King of Hungary and Croatia
King Edmund I (The Magnificent), King of England / Saint Ælfgifu Of Shaftesbury	King Edmund I (The Magnificent), King of England	Saint Ælfgifu Of Shaftesbury	King Edgar I (The Peaceful), King of England
King Frederick III of Sicily, King Of Sicily / Eleanor of Anjou	King Frederick III of Sicily, King Of Sicily	Eleanor of Anjou	King Peter II Of Sicily, King Of Sicily
King Peter III (The Great), King of Aragon, Valencia, Sicily and Count of Barcelona / Constance of Sicily, Queen of Aragon	King Peter III (The Great), King of Aragon, Valencia, Sicily and Count of Barcelona	Constance of Sicily, Queen of Aragon	King James II (The Just), King of Aragon, Valencia, Sardinia and Corsica, Count of Barcelona Saint Elizabeth of Aragon King Frederick III of Sicily, King Of Sicily
King Peter II Of Sicily, King Of Sicily / -	King Peter II Of Sicily, King Of Sicily		Eleanor Of Sicily , Queen of Aragon
Henry Of Speyer, Count in the Rhenish Franconian Wormsgau / Adelaide Of Metz	Henry Of Speyer, Count in the Rhenish Franconian Wormsgau	Adelaide Of Metz	Conrad Ii (The Elder), Holy Roman Emperor
Adelchis I Of Spoleto / -	Adelchis I Of Spoleto		Suppo Ii
Vratislaus I, Duke of Bohemia / Drahomíra Of Stodor , Duchess of Bohemia	Vratislaus I, Duke of Bohemia	Drahomíra Of Stodor , Duchess of Bohemia	Boleslaus I (The Cruel), Duke of Bohemia
Otto I, Count of Savoy / Adelaide Of Susa, Marchioness of Turin	Otto I, Count of Savoy	Adelaide Of Susa, Marchioness of Turin	Amadeus Ii, Count of Savoy Bertha Of Savoy
Burchard Ii, Duke of Swabia / Regilinde Of Swabia	Burchard Ii, Duke of Swabia	Regilinde Of Swabia	Hicha Of Swabia Bertha Of Swabia
Conrad Ii (The Elder), Holy Roman Emperor / Gisela Of Swabia	Conrad Ii (The Elder), Holy Roman Emperor	Gisela Of Swabia	Henry Iii (The Black), Holy Roman Emperor
Henry Ii, Duke of Brabant & Lothier / Maria Of Swabia	Henry Ii, Duke of Brabant & Lothier	Maria Of Swabia	Matilda Of Brabant, Countess of Artois Henry Iii, Duke of Brabant & Lothier
Herman Iii, Count of Werl / Richenza Of Swabia	Herman Iii, Count of Werl	Richenza Of Swabia	Oda Of Werl
King Ferdinand III (The Saint), King of Castile, León & Galicia / Elisabeth Beatrice Of Swabia	King Ferdinand III (The Saint), King of Castile, León & Galicia	Elisabeth Beatrice Of Swabia	King Alphonso X (The Wise), King of Castile, León & Galicia Infante Manuel De Castile , Lord of Escalona, Peñafiel, Cuéllar, and Villena
King Rudolph Ii, King of Burgundy & Italy / Bertha Of Swabia	King Rudolph Ii, King of Burgundy & Italy	Bertha Of Swabia	King Conrad I (The Peaceful), King of Burgundy Adelaide Of Italy , Holy Roman Empress
King Wenceslaus I (One-Eyed), King of Bohemia / Kunigunde Of Swabia	King Wenceslaus I (One-Eyed), King of Bohemia	Kunigunde Of Swabia	King Ottokar Ii (The Iron And Golden King), King of Bohemia, Duke of Austria, Styria & Carinthia and Margrave of Carniola
Werner V (Salian), Count in the Nahegau, Speyergau & Wormsgau / Hicha Of Swabia	Werner V (Salian), Count in the Nahegau, Speyergau & Wormsgau	Hicha Of Swabia	Conrad (The Red), Duke of Lorraine
King Philip Of Swabia, Prince of the House of Hohenstaufen & King of Germany / Irene Angelina	King Philip Of Swabia, Prince of the House of Hohenstaufen & King of Germany	Irene Angelina	Maria Of Swabia Kunigunde Of Swabia Elisabeth Beatrice Of Swabia
Yaroslav I (The Wise), Grand Prince of Rus' / Ingegerd Olofsdotter Of Sweden , Grand Princess of Kievan Rus'	Yaroslav I (The Wise), Grand Prince of Rus'	Ingegerd Olofsdotter Of Sweden , Grand Princess of Kievan Rus'	Iziaslav Yaroslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev, Prince of Novgorod and Turov Sviatoslav Ii Yaroslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev Vsevolod I Yaroslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev Anne Of Kiev , Queen of France & Regent of France
Werniche Of The Saxons / Gunilda Of The Rugen	Werniche Of The Saxons	Gunilda Of The Rugen	Saint Widukind, Duke of Saxony
Gotfrid, Duke of Alemania / Daughter Of Theodo	Gotfrid, Duke of Alemania	Daughter Of Theodo	Huoching Of Alemannia
- / Ingund Of Thuringia , Queen Of The Franks		Ingund Of Thuringia , Queen Of The Franks
King Bisinus, King of Thuringii / Basina Of Thuringia	King Bisinus, King of Thuringii	Basina Of Thuringia	King Baderic, Co-King of Thuringii
King Childeric I, King of the Salian Franks / Basina Of Thuringia	King Childeric I, King of the Salian Franks	Basina Of Thuringia	King Clovis I, King of Salian Franks
King Clothar I, King of the Franks / Aregunda Of Thuringia , Queen Of France	King Clothar I, King of the Franks	Aregunda Of Thuringia , Queen Of France	King Chilperic I, King of Neustria
King Clothar I, King of the Franks / Ingund Of Thuringia , Queen Of The Franks	King Clothar I, King of the Franks	Ingund Of Thuringia , Queen Of The Franks	King Charibert I, King of Paris King Sigibert I Of Metz, King of Austrasia
King Vladislaus Ii, King of Bohemia / Judith Of Thuringia	King Vladislaus Ii, King of Bohemia	Judith Of Thuringia	King Ottokar I, King of Bohemia
Borrell Ii, Count of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona / Letgarda Of Toulouse	Borrell Ii, Count of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona	Letgarda Of Toulouse	Ramon Borrell, Count of Barcelona, Girona, and Ausona
- / Garsinde Of Toulouse		Garsinde Of Toulouse	Adelaide Of Rouergue
King Carloman (Pepin Of Italy), King of the Lombards / Bertha Of Toulouse	King Carloman (Pepin Of Italy), King of the Lombards	Bertha Of Toulouse	King Bernard, King of the Lombards
Conrad I, Count of Aargau, Auxerre & Paris / Adelaide Of Tours	Conrad I, Count of Aargau, Auxerre & Paris	Adelaide Of Tours	Conrad Ii, Duke of Transjurane Burgundy
Emperor Lothair I, Emperor Of The Romans / Ermengarde Of Tours	Emperor Lothair I, Emperor Of The Romans	Ermengarde Of Tours	Emperor Louis Ii (The Younger), King of Italy & Roman Emperor Ermengarde Of Lorraine King Lothair Ii, King of Lotharingia
Robert Iv (The Strong), The Margrave of Neustria / Adelaide Of Tours	Robert Iv (The Strong), The Margrave of Neustria	Adelaide Of Tours	King Robert I, King of France
Hugh Of Tours, Count of Tours & Sens / Bava	Hugh Of Tours, Count of Tours & Sens	Bava	Ermengarde Of Tours Adelaide Of Tours
Manfred I Of Turin, Marquis of Susa / Prangarda	Manfred I Of Turin, Marquis of Susa	Prangarda	Ulric Manfred Ii Of Turin, Count of Turin and Marquis of Susa
Ulric Manfred Ii Of Turin, Count of Turin and Marquis of Susa / Bertha Of Milan	Ulric Manfred Ii Of Turin, Count of Turin and Marquis of Susa	Bertha Of Milan	Adelaide Of Susa, Marchioness of Turin
King Anund of Uppsala, King of Sweden / -	King Anund of Uppsala, King of Sweden		King Eric Anundsson, King of Sweden
Count Egino Iv Of Urach / Anna Von Zährigen	Count Egino Iv Of Urach	Anna Von Zährigen	Jolande Von Urach
Herbert Iv, Count of Vermandois / Adele Of Valois	Herbert Iv, Count of Vermandois	Adele Of Valois	Adelaide, Countess of Vermandois
Raoul Iii Of Valois / Adele De Bar-Sur-Aube	Raoul Iii Of Valois	Adele De Bar-Sur-Aube	Adele Of Valois
King Woden, King of the Saxons / Frea Of Vanaland	King Woden, King of the Saxons	Frea Of Vanaland	Bældæg Wodenson Wecta Wodenson, East Saxony Chieftain
Odo Iii, Duke of Burgundy / Alice Of Vergy	Odo Iii, Duke of Burgundy	Alice Of Vergy	Hugh Iv, Duke of Burgundy
King Robert I, King of France / Beatrice Of Vermandois , Queen Of France	King Robert I, King of France	Beatrice Of Vermandois , Queen Of France	Adele Of France Hugh (The Great), Duke of the Franks & Count of Paris
Arnulf I (The Great), 3rd Count of Flanders / Adele Of Vermandois, Countess of Flanders	Arnulf I (The Great), 3rd Count of Flanders	Adele Of Vermandois, Countess of Flanders	Hildegarde Of Flanders Baldwin Iii, Count of Flanders
Robert Of Vermandois, Count of Meaux / Adelaide Of Burgundy Graefin	Robert Of Vermandois, Count of Meaux	Adelaide Of Burgundy Graefin	Adele Of Meaux
Theobald I (The Trickster), Count of Blois, Chartres, Châteaudun and Tours / Luitgarde Of Vermandois, Countess of Vermandois	Theobald I (The Trickster), Count of Blois, Chartres, Châteaudun and Tours	Luitgarde Of Vermandois, Countess of Vermandois	Odo I, Count of Blois, Chartres, Reims, Provins, Châteaudun, and Omois Emma Of Blois
Saint Widukind, Duke of Saxony / Geva of Vestfold	Saint Widukind, Duke of Saxony	Geva of Vestfold	Hasalda Of Saxony, Princess Holstein-Sachsen
Charles-Constantine Of Vienne / Thiberge De Troyes	Charles-Constantine Of Vienne	Thiberge De Troyes	Constance Of Vienne Garsinde Of Toulouse
Gerold of Vinzgau, Count of Kraichgau & Anglachgau / Emma Of Alamannia	Gerold of Vinzgau, Count of Kraichgau & Anglachgau	Emma Of Alamannia	Hildegard Of Vinzgouw Adrian, Count of Orleans
Emperor Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor / Hildegard Of Vinzgouw	Emperor Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor	Hildegard Of Vinzgouw	King Carloman (Pepin Of Italy), King of the Lombards Emperor Louis (The Pious), Holy Roman Emperor Gisella
King Rechila, Suevic King of Galicia / Amalaberge Of Wailia	King Rechila, Suevic King of Galicia	Amalaberge Of Wailia	Flavius Ricimer , Magister Militum Of The Western Empire Caratone , Queen Of Burgundy
Dieterick (Theodoric), The Margrave of Lausitz / Dobzogera Of Wendon	Dieterick (Theodoric), The Margrave of Lausitz	Dobzogera Of Wendon	Gerold Mayenne Werniche Of The Saxons
Ceolwald Of Wessex / -	Ceolwald Of Wessex		Coenred Of Wessex
Coenred Of Wessex / -	Coenred Of Wessex		Ingild Of Wessex
Cuthwine Of Wessex / -	Cuthwine Of Wessex		Cutha Cathwulf
Eafa Of Wessex / -	Eafa Of Wessex		King Ealhmund, King Of Kent
Eoppa Of Wessex / -	Eoppa Of Wessex		Eafa Of Wessex
Ingild Of Wessex / -	Ingild Of Wessex		Eoppa Of Wessex
King Æthelred, King of Wessex / Wulfthryth Of Wessex	King Æthelred, King of Wessex	Wulfthryth Of Wessex	Æthelhelm, Ealdorman of Wiltshire
King Charles Iii (The Simple), King of West Francia / Eadgifu Of Wessex	King Charles Iii (The Simple), King of West Francia	Eadgifu Of Wessex	King Louis Iv (D'outremer ), King of West Francia
King Edward I (The Elder), King of the Anglo-Saxons / Ecgwynn Of Wessex	King Edward I (The Elder), King of the Anglo-Saxons	Ecgwynn Of Wessex	Edith Of Wessex
Baldwin Ii (The Bald), 2nd Count of Flanders / Aelfthryth Of Wessex, Countess of Flanders	Baldwin Ii (The Bald), 2nd Count of Flanders	Aelfthryth Of Wessex, Countess of Flanders	Arnulf I (The Great), 3rd Count of Flanders
King Egbert Of Wessex, Bretwalda (King Of Britain) / -	King Egbert Of Wessex, Bretwalda (King Of Britain)		King Æthelwulf, King of Wessex
Conrad Ii, Duke of Transjurane Burgundy / Waldrada Of Worms	Conrad Ii, Duke of Transjurane Burgundy	Waldrada Of Worms	Adelaide Of Auxerre King Rudolph I, King of Upper Burgandy
Robert Iii, Count of Worms & Rheingau / Waldrada Of Worms	Robert Iii, Count of Worms & Rheingau	Waldrada Of Worms	Robert Iv (The Strong), The Margrave of Neustria
Otto I Of Worms, Duke of Carinthia / Judith Of Bavaria	Otto I Of Worms, Duke of Carinthia	Judith Of Bavaria	Henry Of Speyer, Count in the Rhenish Franconian Wormsgau
Robert Ii, Count of Wormsgau / Theoderata Of Wormsgau	Robert Ii, Count of Wormsgau	Theoderata Of Wormsgau	Robert Iii, Count of Worms & Rheingau
Casimir Ii (The Just), High Duke of Poland & Duke of Masovia / Helen Of Znojmo	Casimir Ii (The Just), High Duke of Poland & Duke of Masovia	Helen Of Znojmo	Anastasia Of Poland
Erenfried Ii / Richwara Of Zülpichgau	Erenfried Ii	Richwara Of Zülpichgau	Herman I, Count Palatine of Lotharingia
John Offley / Margery Dillarne	John Offley	Margery Dillarne	William Offley
Richard Offley / -	Richard Offley		John Offley
William Offley / Elizabeth Dillorne	William Offley	Elizabeth Dillorne	Margery Offley
King Sigtrygg (Silkbeard) Olafsson, King of Dublin / -	King Sigtrygg (Silkbeard) Olafsson, King of Dublin		Ragnhild Skjolding
King Sigtrygg (Silkbeard) Olafsson, King of Dublin / Sláine	King Sigtrygg (Silkbeard) Olafsson, King of Dublin	Sláine	King Amlaíb Mac Sitriuc, King of Dublin
John Oldham / Elizabeth Poley	John Oldham	Elizabeth Poley	William Oldham
William Oldham / Philippa Sowter	William Oldham	Philippa Sowter	Lucretia Oldham
Vsevolod Ii Olgovich, Grand Prince of Kiev / Maria Mtislavna Of Kiev,	Vsevolod Ii Olgovich, Grand Prince of Kiev	Maria Mtislavna Of Kiev,	Sviatoslav Iii Vsevolodovich, Grand Prince of Kiev
Nicolas Bernardo Ortiz / Josefa Bustamante Y Tagle	Nicolas Bernardo Ortiz	Josefa Bustamante Y Tagle	Maria Josepha De Jesus Ortiz
Nicolas Francisco Ortiz / Juana Baca	Nicolas Francisco Ortiz	Juana Baca	Nicolas Bernardo Ortiz
Nicolas Ortiz / Mariana Coronado De Varga Barba	Nicolas Ortiz	Mariana Coronado De Varga Barba	Nicolas Francisco Ortiz
Nicolas Ortiz De Leon / Antonia Ladron De Guevara	Nicolas Ortiz De Leon	Antonia Ladron De Guevara	Nicolas Ortiz
Captain Thomas Osborne / Anne Burt	Captain Thomas Osborne	Anne Burt	Thomas Osborne
Captain Thomas Osborne / Sarah Morris Evans	Captain Thomas Osborne	Sarah Morris Evans	Kesiah Osborne
John Osborne / Ann Friend	John Osborne	Ann Friend	John Osborne
John Osborne / Jane Smyth	John Osborne	Jane Smyth	Captain Thomas Osborne
Richard Osborne / -	Richard Osborne		John Osborne
Thomas Osborne / Joan Simmons	Thomas Osborne	Joan Simmons	Captain Thomas Osborne
- / Margaret Oseth		Margaret Oseth	Judith Dillingham
Johann Ott / Ursula A Heintz	Johann Ott	Ursula A Heintz	Johann Philipp Ott
Johann Philipp Ott / Anna Katharina Münch	Johann Philipp Ott	Anna Katharina Münch	Anna Catharina Ott
- / Tangwystl Verch Owain		Tangwystl Verch Owain	Hyfaidd Ap Bleiddig
Edward Owen / Joyce Barnett	Edward Owen	Joyce Barnett	Joseph Owen
Joseph Owen / Phoebe Staples	Joseph Owen	Phoebe Staples	Josiah Owen
Josiah Owen / Rita Bryan	Josiah Owen	Rita Bryan	Rebecca Owen