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List of Families

Family Name	Man	Woman	Children
Capt. Robert Babcock / Joanna Phillips	Capt. Robert Babcock	Joanna Phillips	Rev. James David Babcock
Capt. Robert Babcock / Joanna Phillips	Capt. Robert Babcock	Joanna Phillips	Jonathan Babcock
David James Babcock / Mary Westin	David James Babcock	Mary Westin	Capt. Robert Babcock
Jonathan Babcock / Mary Curtis	Jonathan Babcock	Mary Curtis	Thankful Babcock
Rev. James David Babcock / Mary Badcock	Rev. James David Babcock	Mary Badcock	David James Babcock
John Baber / Agnes Willett	John Baber	Agnes Willett	Sir Edward "Edmund" Barber
Alonso Ortiz Baca / Graciama De Als Aension	Alonso Ortiz Baca	Graciama De Als Aension	Cristobal Ii Baca
Capitan Cristobal Baca III / Dona Ana Maria De Arellano De Cordova Pacheco Ortiz	Capitan Cristobal Baca III	Dona Ana Maria De Arellano De Cordova Pacheco Ortiz	Alonso Ortiz Baca
Cristobal Ii Baca / Ana Moreno De Lara	Cristobal Ii Baca	Ana Moreno De Lara	Jose Baca
Jose Baca / Josefa Perez Pacheco	Jose Baca	Josefa Perez Pacheco	Juana Baca
William Badby / -	William Badby		Dorothy Badby
William David Badcocke V / Amy Armstrong	William David Badcocke V	Amy Armstrong	Capt. Robert Babcock
Arnaldo De Baião / Uzenda Eris Godozindes De Lugo	Arnaldo De Baião	Uzenda Eris Godozindes De Lugo	Dom Guedo Arnaldes De Baião
Daniel Joseph Bailey / Mary Elizabeth Stuart	Daniel Joseph Bailey	Mary Elizabeth Stuart	Dorothy Bailey
David Bailey / Thamar Suman	David Bailey	Thamar Suman	David Wallis Bailey
David Wallis Bailey / Elizabeth Ledford	David Wallis Bailey	Elizabeth Ledford	John Wallis Bailey
John Bailey / Eleanore Knight	John Bailey	Eleanore Knight	Robert Bailey
John Wallis Bailey / Dorcas Lamb	John Wallis Bailey	Dorcas Lamb	Mary Bailey
Patrick Bailey / Margaret Mann	Patrick Bailey	Margaret Mann	David Bailey
Robert Bailey / Alice White	Robert Bailey	Alice White	Patrick Bailey
William Bailey Jr / Grace Parsons	William Bailey Jr	Grace Parsons	Abigail Bailey
Clement Baker / -	Clement Baker		John Baker
John Baker / -	John Baker		Richard Baker
John Baker / -	John Baker		Richard Baker
Richard Baker / -	Richard Baker		Deannes Baker
Richard Baker / -	Richard Baker		Margaret Baker
Richard Baker / -	Richard Baker		Richard Baker
Richard Baker / -	Richard Baker		John Baker
Roger Baker / -	Roger Baker		Clement Baker
Richard Baldwin / Isabell Hardinge	Richard Baldwin	Isabell Hardinge	Sarah Baldwin
Rainald Baliol / Emma De Montgomery	Rainald Baliol	Emma De Montgomery	Mathea De Balliol
Colonel William A. Ball / Hannah Atherold	Colonel William A. Ball	Hannah Atherold	Richard Ball
Dr. Reverend Richard Ball / Alice Ane Burnell	Dr. Reverend Richard Ball	Alice Ane Burnell	Colonel William A. Ball
Edward Ball / Kesiah Osborne	Edward Ball	Kesiah Osborne	Valentine Ball
John Ball / Elizabeth Webb	John Ball	Elizabeth Webb	William Ball
Lewis Ball / Margaret Martin	Lewis Ball	Margaret Martin	Susanna Ball
Lewis Ball / Rebecca Hughes	Lewis Ball	Rebecca Hughes	Lewis Ball
Richard Ball / Elizabeth Linton	Richard Ball	Elizabeth Linton	Edward Ball
Valentine Ball / Susannah Lewis	Valentine Ball	Susannah Lewis	Lewis Ball
Christopher Banks / Janet Banks	Christopher Banks	Janet Banks	Katherine Elizabeth Banks
Juan Barbara Coronado / Mencia De Loarte Y Vargas	Juan Barbara Coronado	Mencia De Loarte Y Vargas	Juana Barbara Coronado
Emperor Frederick I From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Frederick Barbarossa Friedrich I. Barbarossa.Jpg A Golden Bust Of Frederick I, Given To His Godfather Count Otto Of Cappenberg In 1171. It Was Used As A Reliquary In Cappenberg Abbey And Is Said In The Deed Of The Gift To Have Been Made "In The Likeness Of The Emperor". Holy Roman Emperor Reign 2 January 1155 – 10 June 1190 Coronation 18 June 1155, Rome Predecessor Lothair Iii Successor Henry Vi King Of Italy Reign 1155–1190 Coronation C. 1155, Pavia Predecessor Conrad Iii Successor Henry Vi King Of Germany Formally King Of The Romans Reign 1152–1190 Coronation 9 March 1152, Aachen Predecessor Conrad Iii Successor Henry Vi King Of Burgundy Reign 1152–1190 Coronation 30 June 1178, Arles Born 1122 Died 10 June 1190 (Aged 67–68) Saleph River, Cilician Armenia Burial Church Of St Peter, Antioch Spouse Adelheid Of Vohburg Beatrice I, Countess Of Burgundy Issue More... Frederick V, Duke Of Swabia Henry Vi, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Vi, Duke Of Swabia Otto I, Count Of Burgundy Conrad Ii, Duke Of Swabia Philip, King Of Germany House Hohenstaufen Father Frederick Ii, Duke Of Swabia Mother Judith Of Bavaria Religion Roman Catholicism Frederick I (German: Friedrich; 1122 – 10 June 1190), Also Known As Frederick Barbarossa, Was The Holy Roman Emperor From 1155 Until His Death. He Was Elected King Of Germany At Frankfurt On 4 March 1152 And Crowned In Aachen On 9 March 1152. He Became King Of Italy In 1155 And Was Crowned Roman Emperor By Pope Adrian Iv On 18 June 1155. Two Years Later, The Term Sacrum ("Holy") First Appeared In A Document In Connection With His Empire.[1] He Was Later Formally Crowned King Of Burgundy, At Arles On 30 June 1178. He Got The Name Barbarossa From The Northern Italian Cities He Attempted To Rule: Barbarossa Means "Red Beard" In Italian;[2] In German, He Was Known As Kaiser Rotbart, Which Has The Same Meaning. Before His Imperial Election, Frederick Was By Inheritance Duke Of Swabia (1147–1152, As Frederick Iii). He Was The Son Of Duke Frederick Ii Of The Hohenstaufen Dynasty And Judith, Daughter Of Henry Ix, Duke Of Bavaria, From The Rival House Of Welf. Frederick Therefore Descended From The Two Leading Families In Germany, Making Him An Acceptable Choice For The Empire's Prince-Electors. Historians Consider Him Among The Holy Roman Empire's Greatest Medieval Emperors. He Combined Qualities That Made Him Appear Almost Superhuman To His Contemporaries: His Longevity, His Ambition, His Extraordinary Skills At Organization, His Battlefield Acumen And His Political Perspicuity. Among His Contributions To Central European Society And Culture Include The Reestablishment Of The Corpus Juris Civilis, Or The Roman Rule Of Law, Which Counterbalanced The Papal Power That Dominated The German States Since The Conclusion Of The Investiture Controversy. Contents [Hide] 1 Life And Reign 1.1 Early Years 1.2 Rise To Power 1.3 First Italian Campaign: 1154–55 1.4 Second, Third And Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174 1.5 Later Years 1.6 Third Crusade And Death 2 Frederick And The Justinian Code 3 Charismatic Leader 4 Legend 5 Issue 6 Ancestry 7 In Popular Culture 8 See Also 9 References 9.1 Primary Sources 9.2 Secondary Sources 10 External Links Life And Reign[Edit] Early Years[Edit] Frederick Was Born In 1122. In 1147 He Became Duke Of The Southern German Region Of Swabia (Herzog Von Schwaben), And Shortly Afterwards Made His First Trip To The East, Accompanied By His Uncle, The German King Conrad Iii, On The Second Crusade. The Expedition Proved To Be A Disaster,[3] But Frederick Distinguished Himself And Won The Complete Confidence Of The King. When Conrad Died In February 1152, Only Frederick And The Prince-Bishop Of Bamberg Were At His Deathbed. Both Asserted Afterwards That Conrad Had, In Full Possession Of His Mental Powers, Handed The Royal Insignia To Frederick And Indicated That Frederick, Rather Than Conrad's Own Six-Year-Old Son, The Future Frederick Iv, Duke Of Swabia, Succeed Him As King.[4] Frederick Energetically Pursued The Crown And At Frankfurt On 4 March 1152 The Kingdom's Princely Electors Designated Him As The Next German King.[4] He Was Crowned King Of The Romans At Aachen Several Days Later, On 9 March 1152.[5] Frederick's Father Was From The Hohenstaufen Family, And His Mother Was From The Welf Family, The Two Most Powerful Families In Germany. The Hohenstaufens Were Often Called Ghibellines, Which Derives From The Italianized Name For Waiblingen Castle, The Family Seat In Swabia; The Welfs, In A Similar Italianization, Were Called Guelfs.[6] The Reigns Of Henry Iv And Henry V Left The Status Of The German Empire In Disarray, Its Power Waning Under The Weight Of The Investiture Controversy. For A Quarter Of A Century Following The Death Of Henry V In 1125, The German Monarchy Was Largely A Nominal Title With No Real Power.[7] The King Was Chosen By The Princes, Was Given No Resources Outside Those Of His Own Duchy, And He Was Prevented From Exercising Any Real Authority Or Leadership In The Realm. The Royal Title Was Furthermore Passed From One Family To Another To Preclude The Development Of Any Dynastic Interest In The German Crown. When Frederick I Of Hohenstaufen Was Chosen As King In 1152, Royal Power Had Been In Effective Abeyance For Over Twenty-Five Years, And To A Considerable Degree For More Than Eighty Years. The Only Real Claim To Wealth Lay In The Rich Cities Of Northern Italy, Which Were Still Within The Nominal Control Of The German King.[8] The Salian Line Had Died Out With The Death Of Henry V In 1125. The German Princes Refused To Give The Crown To His Nephew, The Duke Of Swabia, For Fear He Would Try To Regain The Imperial Power Held By Henry V. Instead, They Chose Lothair Iii (1125–1137), Who Found Himself Embroiled In A Long-Running Dispute With The Hohenstaufens, And Who Married Into The Welfs. One Of The Hohenstaufens Gained The Throne As Conrad Iii Of Germany (1137–1152). When Frederick Barbarossa Succeeded His Uncle In 1152, There Seemed To Be Excellent Prospects For Ending The Feud, Since He Was A Welf On His Mother's Side.[4] The Welf Duke Of Saxony, Henry The Lion, Would Not Be Appeased, However, Remaining An Implacable Enemy Of The Hohenstaufen Monarchy. Barbarossa Had The Duchies Of Swabia And Franconia, The Force Of His Own Personality, And Very Little Else To Construct An Empire.[9] The Germany That Frederick Tried To Unite Was A Patchwork Of More Than 1600 Individual States, Each With Its Own Prince. A Few Of These, Such As Bavaria And Saxony, Were Large. Many Were Too Small To Pinpoint On A Map.[10] The Titles Afforded To The German King Were "Caesar", "Augustus", And "Emperor Of The Romans". By The Time Frederick Would Assume These, They Were Little More Than Propaganda Slogans With Little Other Meaning.[11] Frederick Was A Pragmatist Who Dealt With The Princes By Finding A Mutual Self-Interest. Unlike Henry Ii Of England, Frederick Did Not Attempt To End Medieval Feudalism, But Rather Tried To Restore It, Though This Was Beyond His Ability. The Great Players In The German Civil War Had Been The Pope, Emperor, Ghibellines, And The Guelfs, But None Of These Had Emerged As The Winner.[12] Rise To Power[Edit] Penny Or Denier With Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, Struck In Nijmegen. Eager To Restore The Empire To The Position It Had Occupied Under Charlemagne And Otto I The Great, The New King Saw Clearly That The Restoration Of Order In Germany Was A Necessary Preliminary To The Enforcement Of The Imperial Rights In Italy. Issuing A General Order For Peace, He Made Lavish Concessions To The Nobles.[13] Abroad, Frederick Intervened In The Danish Civil War Between Svend Iii And Valdemar I Of Denmark[14] And Began Negotiations With The Eastern Roman Emperor, Manuel I Comnenus.[15] It Was Probably About This Time That The King Obtained Papal Assent For The Annulment Of His Childless Marriage With Adelheid Of Vohburg, On The Grounds Of Consanguinity (His Great-Great-Grandfather Was A Brother Of Adela's Great-Great-Great-Grandmother, Making Them Fourth Cousins, Once Removed). He Then Made A Vain Effort To Obtain A Bride From The Court Of Constantinople. On His Accession Frederick Had Communicated The News Of His Election To Pope Eugene Iii, But Had Neglected To Ask For The Papal Confirmation. In March 1153, Frederick Concluded The Treaty Of Constance With The Pope, Whereby He Promised, In Return For His Coronation, To Defend The Papacy, To Make No Peace With King Roger Ii Of Sicily Or Other Enemies Of The Church Without The Consent Of Eugene, And To Help Eugene Regain Control Of The City Of Rome.[16] First Italian Campaign: 1154–55[Edit] Frederick Undertook Six Expeditions Into Italy. In The First, Beginning In October 1154,[17] His Plan Was To Launch A Campaign Against The Normans Under King William I Of Sicily.[15] He Marched Down And Almost Immediately Encountered Resistance To His Authority. Obtaining The Submission Of Milan, He Successfully Besieged Tortona In Early 1155, Razing It To The Ground.[18] He Moved On To Pavia, Where He Received The Iron Crown And The Title Of King Of Italy.[19] Moving Through Bologna And Tuscany, He Was Soon Approaching The City Of Rome. There, Pope Adrian Iv Was Struggling With The Forces Of The Republican City Commune Led By Arnold Of Brescia, A Student Of Abelard.[2] As A Sign Of Good Faith, Frederick Dismissed The Ambassadors From The Revived Roman Senate,[15] And Imperial Forces Suppressed The Republicans. Arnold Was Captured And Hanged For Treason And Rebellion. Despite His Unorthodox Teaching Concerning Theology, Arnold Was Not Charged With Heresy.[20] As Frederick Approached The Gates Of Rome, The Pope Advanced To Meet Him. At The Royal Tent The King Received Him, And After Kissing The Pope's Feet, Frederick Expected To Receive The Traditional Kiss Of Peace.[21] Frederick Had Declined To Hold The Pope's Stirrup While Leading Him To The Tent, However, So Adrian Refused To Give The Kiss Until This Protocol Had Been Complied With.[2] Frederick Hesitated, And Adrian Iv Withdrew; After A Day's Negotiation, Frederick Agreed To Perform The Required Ritual, Reportedly Muttering, "Pro Petro, Non Adriano -- For Peter, Not For Adrian."[21] Rome Was Still In An Uproar Over The Fate Of Arnold Of Brescia, So Rather Than Marching Through The Streets Of Rome, Frederick And Adrian Retired To The Vatican. The Next Day, 18 June 1155, Adrian Iv Crowned Frederick I Holy Roman Emperor At St Peter's Basilica, Amidst The Acclamations Of The German Army.[22] The Romans Began To Riot, And Frederick Spent His Coronation Day Putting Down The Revolt, Resulting In The Deaths Of Over 1,000 Romans And Many More Thousands Injured. The Next Day, Frederick, Adrian, And The German Army Travelled To Tivoli. From There, A Combination Of The Unhealthy Italian Summer And The Effects Of His Year-Long Absence From Germany Meant He Was Forced To Put Off His Planned Campaign Against The Normans Of Sicily.[22] On Their Way Northwards, They Attacked Spoleto And Encountered The Ambassadors Of Manuel I Comnenus, Who Showered Frederick With Costly Gifts. At Verona, Frederick Declared His Fury With The Rebellious Milanese Before Finally Returning To Germany.[23] Disorder Was Again Rampant In Germany, Especially In Bavaria, But General Peace Was Restored By Frederick's Vigorous, But Conciliatory, Measures. The Duchy Of Bavaria Was Transferred From Henry Ii Jasomirgott, Margrave Of Austria, To Frederick's Formidable Younger Cousin Henry The Lion, Duke Of Saxony, Of The House Of Guelph, Whose Father Had Previously Held Both Duchies.[24] Henry Ii Jasomirgott Was Named Duke Of Austria In Compensation For His Loss Of Bavaria. As Part Of His General Policy Of Concessions Of Formal Power To The German Princes And Ending The Civil Wars Within The Kingdom, Frederick Further Appeased Henry By Issuing Him With The Privilegium Minus, Granting Him Unprecedented Entitlements As Duke Of Austria. This Was A Large Concession On The Part Of Frederick, Who Realized That Henry The Lion Had To Be Accommodated, Even To The Point Of Sharing Some Power With Him. Frederick Could Not Afford To Make An Outright Enemy Of Henry.[25] On 9 June 1156 At Würzburg, Frederick Married Beatrice Of Burgundy, Daughter And Heiress Of Renaud Iii, Thus Adding To His Possessions The Sizeable Realm Of The County Of Burgundy. In An Attempt To Create Comity, Emperor Frederick Proclaimed The Peace Of The Land,[26] Written Between 1152 And 1157, Which Enacted Punishments For A Variety Of Crimes, As Well As Systems For Adjudicating Many Disputes. He Also Declared Himself The Sole Augustus Of The Roman World, Ceasing To Recognise Manuel I At Constantinople.[27] Second, Third And Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174[Edit] Frederick Barbarossa As A Crusader, Miniature From A Copy Of The Historia Hierosolymitana, 1188. The Retreat Of Frederick In 1155 Forced Pope Adrian Iv To Come To Terms With King William I Of Sicily, Granting To William I Territories That Frederick Viewed As His Dominion.[28] This Aggrieved Frederick, And He Was Further Displeased When Papal Legates Chose To Interpret A Letter From Adrian To Frederick In A Manner That Seemed To Imply That The Imperial Crown Was A Gift From The Papacy And That In Fact The Empire Itself Was A Fief Of The Papacy.[29] Disgusted With The Pope, And Still Wishing To Crush The Normans In The South Of Italy, In June 1158, Frederick Set Out Upon His Second Italian Expedition, Accompanied By Henry The Lion And His Saxon Troops.[30] This Expedition Resulted In The Revolt And Capture Of Milan,[31] The Diet Of Roncaglia That Saw The Establishment Of Imperial Officers And Ecclesiastical Reforms In The Cities Of Northern Italy,[32] And The Beginning Of The Long Struggle With Pope Alexander Iii. The Death Of Pope Adrian Iv In 1159 Led To The Election Of Two Rival Popes, Alexander Iii And The Antipope Victor Iv, And Both Sought Frederick's Support.[33] Frederick, Busy With The Siege Of Crema, Appeared Unsupportive Of Alexander Iii, And After The Sacking Of Crema Demanded That Alexander Appear Before The Emperor At Pavia And To Accept The Imperial Decree.[34] Alexander Refused, And Frederick Recognised Victor Iv As The Legitimate Pope In 1160.[35] In Response, Alexander Iii Excommunicated Both Frederick I And Victor Iv.[36] Frederick Attempted To Convoke A Joint Council With King Louis Vii Of France In 1162 To Decide The Issue Of Who Should Be Pope.[35] Louis Neared The Meeting Site, But When He Became Aware That Frederick Had Stacked The Votes For Alexander, Louis Decided Not To Attend The Council. As A Result, The Issue Was Not Resolved At That Time.[37] The Political Result Of The Struggle With Pope Alexander Was An Alliance Formed Between The Norman State Of Sicily And Pope Alexander Iii Against Frederick.[38] In The Meantime, Frederick Had To Deal With Another Rebellion At Milan, In Which The City Surrendered On 6 March 1162; Much Of It Was Destroyed Three Weeks Later On The Emperor's Orders.[39] The Fate Of Milan Led To The Submission Of Brescia, Placentia, And Many Other Northern Italian Cities.[40] Returning To Germany Towards The Close Of 1162, Frederick Prevented The Escalation Of Conflicts Between Henry The Lion From Saxony And A Number Of Neighbouring Princes Who Were Growing Weary Of Henry's Power, Influence, And Territorial Gains. He Also Severely Punished The Citizens Of Mainz For Their Rebellion Against Archbishop Arnold. In Frederick's Third Visit To Italy In 1163, His Plans For The Conquest Of Sicily Were Ruined By The Formation Of A Powerful League Against Him, Brought Together Mainly By Opposition To Imperial Taxes. In 1164 Frederick Took What Are Believed To Be The Relics Of The "Biblical Magi" (The Wise Men Or Three Kings) From The Basilica Di Sant'eustorgio In Milan And Gave Them As A Gift (Or As Loot) To The Archbishop Of Cologne, Rainald Of Dassel. The Relics Had Great Religious Significance And Could Be Counted Upon To Draw Pilgrims From All Over Christendom. Today They Are Kept In The Shrine Of The Three Kings In The Cologne Cathedral. After The Death Of The Antipope Victor Iv, Frederick Supported Antipope Paschal Iii, But He Was Soon Driven From Rome, Leading To The Return Of Pope Alexander Iii In 1165.[41] In The Meantime Frederick Was Focused On Restoring Peace In The Rhineland, Where He Organized A Magnificent Celebration Of The Canonization Of Charles The Great (Charlemagne) At Aachen, Under The Authority Of The Antipope Paschal Iii. Concerned Over Rumours That Alexander Iii Was About To Enter Into An Alliance With The Byzantine Emperor Manuel I,[42] In October 1166 Frederick Embarked On His Fourth Italian Campaign, Hoping As Well To Secure The Claim Of Paschal Iii And The Coronation Of His Wife Beatrice As Holy Roman Empress. This Time, Henry The Lion Refused To Join Frederick On His Italian Trip, Tending Instead To His Own Disputes With Neighbors And His Continuing Expansion Into Slavic Territories In Northeastern Germany. In 1167 Frederick Began Besieging Ancona, Which Had Acknowledged The Authority Of Manuel I;[43] At The Same Time, His Forces Achieved A Great Victory Over The Romans At The Battle Of Monte Porzio.[44] Heartened By This Victory, Frederick Lifted The Siege Of Ancona And Hurried To Rome, Where He Had His Wife Crowned Empress And Also Received A Second Coronation From Paschal Iii.[44] Unfortunately, His Campaign Was Halted By The Sudden Outbreak Of An Epidemic (Malaria Or The Plague), Which Threatened To Destroy The Imperial Army And Drove The Emperor As A Fugitive To Germany,[45][46] Where He Remained For The Ensuing Six Years. During This Period, Frederick Decided Conflicting Claims To Various Bishoprics, Asserted Imperial Authority Over Bohemia, Poland, And Hungary, Initiated Friendly Relations With Manuel I, And Tried To Come To A Better Understanding With Henry Ii Of England And Louis Vii Of France. Many Swabian Counts, Including His Cousin The Young Duke Of Swabia, Frederick Iv, Died In 1167, So He Was Able To Organize A New Mighty Territory In The Duchy Of Swabia Under His Reign In This Time. Consequently, His Younger Son Frederick V Became The New Duke Of Swabia In 1167,[47] While His Eldest Son Henry Was Crowned King Of The Romans In 1169, Alongside His Father Who Also Retained The Title.[45] Later Years[Edit] Frederick Barbarossa, Middle, Flanked By Two Of His Children, King Henry Vi (Left) And Duke Frederick Vi (Right). From The Historia Welforum. Increasing Anti-German Sentiment Swept Through Lombardy, Culminating In The Restoration Of Milan In 1169.[48] In 1174 Frederick Made His Fifth Expedition To Italy. (It Was Probably During This Time That The Famous Tafelgüterverzeichnis, A Record Of The Royal Estates, Was Made.[49]) He Was Opposed By The Pro-Papal Lombard League (Now Joined By Venice, Sicily, And Constantinople), Which Had Previously Formed To Stand Against Him.[50] The Cities Of Northern Italy Had Become Exceedingly Wealthy Through Trade, Representing A Marked Turning Point In The Transition From Medieval Feudalism. While Continental Feudalism Had Remained Strong Socially And Economically, It Was In Deep Political Decline By The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa. When The Northern Italian Cities Inflicted A Defeat On Frederick At Alessandria In 1175, The European World Was Shocked.[51][52] With The Refusal Of Henry The Lion To Bring Help To Italy, The Campaign Was A Complete Failure. Frederick Suffered A Heavy Defeat At The Battle Of Legnano Near Milan, On 29 May 1176, Where He Was Wounded And For Some Time Was Believed To Be Dead.[53] This Battle Marked The Turning Point In Frederick's Claim To Empire.[54] He Had No Choice Other Than To Begin Negotiations For Peace With Alexander Iii And The Lombard League. In The Peace Of Anagni In 1176, Frederick Recognized Alexander Iii As Pope, And In The Peace Of Venice In 1177, Frederick And Alexander Iii Were Formally Reconciled.[55] The Scene Was Similar To That Which Had Occurred Between Pope Gregory Vii And Henry Iv, Holy Roman Emperor At Canossa A Century Earlier. The Conflict Was The Same As That Resolved In The Concordat Of Worms: Did The Holy Roman Emperor Have The Power To Name The Pope And Bishops? The Investiture Controversy From Previous Centuries Had Been Brought To A Tendentious Peace With The Concordat Of Worms And Affirmed In The First Council Of The Lateran. Now It Had Recurred, In A Slightly Different Form. Frederick Had To Humble Himself Before Alexander Iii At Venice.[56] The Emperor Acknowledged The Pope's Sovereignty Over The Papal States, And In Return Alexander Acknowledged The Emperor's Overlordship Of The Imperial Church. Also In The Peace Of Venice, A Truce Was Made With The Lombard Cities, Which Took Effect In August 1178.[57] The Grounds For A Permanent Peace Were Not Established Until 1183, However, In The Peace Of Constance, When Frederick Conceded Their Right To Freely Elect Town Magistrates. By This Move, Frederick Recovered His Nominal Domination Over Italy, Which Became His Chief Means Of Applying Pressure On The Papacy.[58] In A Move To Consolidate His Reign After The Disastrous Expedition Into Italy, Frederick Was Formally Crowned King Of Burgundy At Arles On 30 June 1178. Although Traditionally The German Kings Had Automatically Inherited The Royal Crown Of Arles Since The Time Of Conrad Ii, Frederick Felt The Need To Be Crowned By The Archbishop Of Arles, Regardless Of His Laying Claim To The Title From 1152. Frederick Did Not Forgive Henry The Lion For Refusing To Come To His Aid In 1176.[59] By 1180, Henry Had Successfully Established A Powerful And Contiguous State Comprising Saxony, Bavaria, And Substantial Territories In The North And East Of Germany. Taking Advantage Of The Hostility Of Other German Princes To Henry, Frederick Had Henry Tried In Absentia By A Court Of Bishops And Princes In 1180, Declared That Imperial Law Overruled Traditional German Law, And Had Henry Stripped Of His Lands And Declared An Outlaw.[60] He Then Invaded Saxony With An Imperial Army To Force His Cousin To Surrender. Henry's Allies Deserted Him, And He Finally Had To Submit In November 1181. Henry Spent Three Years In Exile At The Court Of His Father-In-Law Henry Ii Of England In Normandy Before Being Allowed Back Into Germany. He Finished His Days In Germany, As The Much-Diminished Duke Of Brunswick.[61] Frederick's Desire For Revenge Was Sated. Henry The Lion Lived A Relatively Quiet Life, Sponsoring Arts And Architecture. Frederick's Victory Over Henry Did Not Gain Him As Much In The German Feudalistic System As It Would Have In The English Feudalistic System. While In England The Pledge Of Fealty Went In A Direct Line From Overlords To Those Under Them, The Germans Pledged Oaths Only To The Direct Overlord, So That In Henry's Case, Those Below Him In The Feudal Chain Owed Nothing To Frederick. Thus, Despite The Diminished Stature Of Henry The Lion, Frederick Did Not Gain His Allegiances.[62] Frederick Was Faced With The Reality Of Disorder Among The German States, Where Continuous Civil Wars Were Waged Between Pretenders And The Ambitious Who Wanted The Crown For Themselves. Italian Unity Under German Rule Was More Myth Than Truth. Despite Proclamations Of German Hegemony, The Pope Was The Most Powerful Force In Italy.[63] When Frederick Returned To Germany After His Defeat In Northern Italy, He Was A Bitter And Exhausted Man. The German Princes, Far From Being Subordinated To Royal Control, Were Intensifying Their Hold On Wealth And Power In Germany And Entrenching Their Positions. There Began To Be A Generalized Social Desire To "Create Greater Germany" By Conquering The Slavs To The East.[64] Although The Italian City States Had Achieved A Measure Of Independence From Frederick As A Result Of His Failed Fifth Expedition Into Italy,[65] The Emperor Had Not Given Up On His Italian Dominions. In 1184, He Held A Massive Celebration When His Two Eldest Sons Were Knighted, And Thousands Of Knights Were Invited From All Over Germany. While Payments Upon The Knighting Of A Son Were Part Of The Expectations Of An Overlord In England And France, Only A "Gift" Was Given In Germany For Such An Occasion. Frederick's Monetary Gain From This Celebration Is Said To Have Been Modest.[66] Later In 1184, Frederick Again Moved Into Italy, This Time Joining Forces With The Local Rural Nobility To Reduce The Power Of The Tuscan Cities.[67] In 1186, He Engineered The Marriage Of His Son Henry To Constance Of Sicily, Heiress To The Kingdom Of Sicily, Over The Objections Of Pope Urban Iii.[68] Third Crusade And Death[Edit] Pope Urban Iii Died Shortly After, And Was Succeeded By Gregory Viii, Who Was More Concerned With Troubling Reports From The Holy Land Than With A Power Struggle With Barbarossa. After Making His Peace With The New Pope, Frederick Vowed To Take Up The Cross At The Diet Of Mainz In 1188.[50] Frederick Embarked On The Third Crusade (1189–92), A Massive Expedition In Conjunction With The French, Led By King Philip Augustus, And The English, Under King Richard The Lionheart. Frederick Organized A Grand Army Of 100,000 Men (Including 20,000 Knights) And Set Out On The Overland Route To The Holy Land;[69] Some Historians Believe That This Is An Exaggeration, However, And That The True Figure Might Be Closer To 15,000 Men, Including 3,000 Knights.[70] Barbarossa Drowns In The Saleph. From The Gotha Manuscript Of The Saxon World Chronicle The Saleph River, Now Known As The Göksu The Crusaders Passed Through Hungary, Serbia, And Bulgaria Before Entering Byzantine Territory And Arriving At Constantinople In The Autumn Of 1189. Matters Were Complicated By A Secret Alliance Between The Emperor Of Constantinople And Saladin, Warning Of Which Was Supplied By A Note From Sibylla, Ex-Queen Of Jerusalem.[71] While In Hungary, Barbarossa Personally Asked The Hungarian Prince Géza, Brother Of King Béla Iii Of Hungary, To Join The Crusade. The King Agreed, And A Hungarian Army Of 2,000 Men Led By Géza Escorted The German Emperor's Forces. The Armies Coming From Western Europe Pushed On Through Anatolia, Where They Were Victorious In Taking Aksehir And Defeating The Turks In The Battle Of Iconium, And Entered Cilician Armenia. The Approach Of The Immense German Army Greatly Concerned Saladin And The Other Muslim Leaders, Who Began To Rally Troops Of Their Own To Confront Barbarossa's Forces.[2] On 10 June 1190, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa Drowned Near Silifke Castle In The Saleph River.[72] Accounts Of The Event Are Conflicting. Some Historians Believe He May Have Had A Heart Attack That Complicated Matters. Some Of Frederick's Men Put Him In A Barrel Of Vinegar To Preserve His Body. Frederick's Death Plunged His Army Into Chaos. Leaderless, Panicking, And Attacked On All Sides By Turks, Many Germans Deserted, Were Killed, Or Committed Suicide. Only 5,000 Soldiers, A Small Fraction Of The Original Force, Arrived In Acre. Barbarossa's Son, Frederick Vi Of Swabia, Carried On With The Remnants Of The German Army, Along With The Hungarian Army Under The Command Of Prince Géza, With The Aim Of Burying The Emperor In Jerusalem, But Efforts To Conserve His Body In Vinegar Failed. Hence, His Flesh Was Interred In The Church Of St Peter In Antioch, His Bones In The Cathedral Of Tyre, And His Heart And Inner Organs In Tarsus.[2] The Unexpected Demise Of Frederick Left The Crusader Army Under The Command Of The Rivals Philip Ii And Richard, Who Had Traveled To Palestine Separately By Sea, And Ultimately Led To Its Dissolution. Richard Continued To The East Where He Defeated Saladin In Many Battles, Winning Significant Territories Along The Shores Of Palestine, But Ultimately Failed To Win The War By Conquering Jerusalem Itself Before He Was Forced To Return To His Own Territories In North-Western Europe, Known As The Angevin Empire. He Returned Home After He Signed The Treaty Of Ramla Agreeing That Jerusalem Would Remain Under Muslim Control While Allowing Unarmed Christian Pilgrims And Traders To Visit The City. The Treaty Also Reduced The Latin Kingdom To A Geopolitical Coastal Strip Extending From Tyre To Jaffa. Frederick And The Justinian Code[Edit] The Increase In Wealth Of The Trading Cities Of Northern Italy Led To A Revival In The Study Of The Justinian Code, A Latin Legal System That Had Become Extinct Centuries Earlier. Legal Scholars Renewed Its Application. It Is Speculated That Pope Gregory Vii Personally Encouraged The Justinian Rule Of Law And Had A Copy Of It. The Historian Norman Cantor Described Corpus Iuris Civilis (Justinian Body Of Civil Law) As "The Greatest Legal Code Ever Devised".[73] It Envisaged The Law Of The State As A Reflection Of Natural Moral Law (As Seen By The Men Of The Justinian System), The Principle Of Rationality In The Universe. By The Time Frederick Assumed The Throne, This Legal System Was Well Established On Both Sides Of The Alps. He Was The First To Utilize The Availability Of The New Professional Class Of Lawyers. The Civil Law Allowed Frederick To Use These Lawyers To Administer His Kingdom In A Logical And Consistent Manner. It Also Provided A Framework To Legitimize His Claim To The Right To Rule Both Germany And Northern Italy. In The Old Days Of Henry V And Henry Vi, The Claim Of Divine Right Of Kings Had Been Severely Undermined By The Investiture Controversy. The Church Had Won That Argument In The Common Man's Mind. There Was No Divine Right For The German King To Also Control The Church By Naming Both Bishops And Popes. The Institution Of The Justinian Code Was Used, Perhaps Unscrupulously, By Frederick To Lay Claim To Divine Powers.[74] In Germany, Frederick Was A Political Realist, Taking What He Could And Leaving The Rest. In Italy, He Tended To Be A Romantic Reactionary, Reveling In The Antiquarian Spirit Of The Age, Exemplified By A Revival Of Classical Studies And Roman Law. It Was Through The Use Of The Restored Justinian Code That Frederick Came To View Himself As A New Roman Emperor.[75] Roman Law Gave A Rational Purpose For The Existence Of Frederick And His Imperial Ambitions. It Was A Counterweight To The Claims Of The Church To Have Authority Because Of Divine Revelation. The Church Was Opposed To Frederick For Ideological Reasons, Not The Least Of Which Was The Humanist Nature Found In The Revival Of The Old Roman Legal System.[76] When Pepin The Short Sought To Become King Of The Franks In The 8Th Century, The Church Needed Military Protection, So Pepin Found It Convenient To Make An Ally Of The Pope. Frederick, However, Desired To Put The Pope Aside And Claim The Crown Of Old Rome Simply Because He Was In The Likeness Of The Greatest Emperors Of The Pre-Christian Era. Pope Adrian Iv Was Naturally Opposed To This View And Undertook A Vigorous Propaganda Campaign Designed To Diminish Frederick And His Ambition. To A Large Extent, This Was Successful.[77] Charismatic Leader[Edit] Historians Have Compared Frederick To Henry Ii Of England. Both Were Considered The Greatest And Most Charismatic Leaders Of Their Age. Each Possessed A Rare Combination Of Qualities That Made Him Appear Superhuman To His Contemporaries: Longevity, Boundless Ambition, Extraordinary Organizing Skill, And Greatness On The Battlefield. Both Were Handsome And Proficient In Courtly Skills, Without Appearing Effeminate Or Affected. Both Came To The Throne In The Prime Of Manhood. Each Had An Element Of Learning, Without Being Considered Impractical Intellectuals But Rather More Inclined To Practicality. Each Found Himself In The Possession Of New Legal Institutions That Were Put To Creative Use In Governing. Both Henry And Frederick Were Viewed To Be Sufficiently And Formally Devout To The Teachings Of The Church, Without Being Moved To The Extremes Of Spirituality Seen In The Great Saints Of The 12Th Century. In Making Final Decisions, Each Relied Solely Upon His Own Judgment,[78] And Both Were Interested In Gathering As Much Power As They Could.[79] In Keeping With This View Of Frederick, His Uncle, Otto Of Freising, Wrote An Account Of Frederick's Reign Entitled Gesta Friderici I Imperatoris (Deeds Of The Emperor Frederick). Otto Died After Finishing The First Two Books, Leaving The Last Two To Rahewin, His Provost. The Text Is In Places Heavily Dependent On Classical Precedent.[80] For Example, Rahewin's Physical Description Of Frederick Reproduces Word-For-Word (Except For Details Of Hair And Beard) A Description Of Another Monarch Written Nearly Eight Hundred Years Earlier By Sidonius Apollinaris:[81] His Character Is Such That Not Even Those Envious Of His Power Can Belittle Its Praise. His Person Is Well-Proportioned. He Is Shorter Than Very Tall Men, But Taller And More Noble Than Men Of Medium Height. His Hair Is Golden, Curling A Little Above His Forehead ... His Eyes Are Sharp And Piercing, His Beard Reddish [Barba Subrufa], His Lips Delicate ... His Whole Face Is Bright And Cheerful. His Teeth Are Even And Snow-White In Color ... Modesty Rather Than Anger Causes Him To Blush Frequently. His Shoulders Are Rather Broad, And He Is Strongly Built ... Frederick's Charisma Led To A Fantastic Juggling Act That, Over A Quarter Of A Century, Restored The Imperial Authority In The German States. His Formidable Enemies Defeated Him On Almost Every Side, Yet In The End He Emerged Triumphant. When Frederick Came To The Throne, The Prospects For The Revival Of German Imperial Power Were Extremely Thin. The Great German Princes Had Increased Their Power And Land Holdings. The King Had Been Left With Only The Traditional Family Domains And A Vestige Of Power Over The Bishops And Abbeys. The Backwash Of The Investiture Controversy Had Left The German States In Continuous Turmoil. Rival States Were In Perpetual War. These Conditions Allowed Frederick To Be Both Warrior And Occasional Peace-Maker, Both To His Advantage.[9] Legend[Edit] Frederick Sends Out The Boy To See Whether The Ravens Still Fly. Frederick Is The Subject Of Many Legends, Including That Of A Sleeping Hero, Like The Much Older British Celtic Legends Of Arthur Or Bran The Blessed. Legend Says He Is Not Dead, But Asleep With His Knights In A Cave In The Kyffhäuser Mountain In Thuringia Or Mount Untersberg In Bavaria, Germany, And That When The Ravens Cease To Fly Around The Mountain He Will Awake And Restore Germany To Its Ancient Greatness. According To The Story, His Red Beard Has Grown Through The Table At Which He Sits. His Eyes Are Half Closed In Sleep, But Now And Then He Raises His Hand And Sends A Boy Out To See If The Ravens Have Stopped Flying.[82] A Similar Story, Set In Sicily, Was Earlier Attested About His Grandson, Frederick Ii.[83] To Garner Political Support The German Empire Built Atop The Kyffhäuser The Kyffhäuser Monument, Which Declared Kaiser Wilhelm I The Reincarnation Of Frederick; The 1896 Dedication Occurred On 18 June, The Day Of Frederick's Coronation.[84] In Medieval Europe, The Golden Legend Became Refined By Jacopo Da Voragine. This Was A Popularized Interpretation Of The Biblical End Of The World. It Consisted Of Three Things: (1) Terrible Natural Disasters; (2) The Arrival Of The Antichrist; (3) The Establishment Of A Good King To Combat The Anti-Christ. These Millennial Fables Were Common And Freely Traded By The Populations On Continental Europe. End-Time Accounts Had Been Around For Thousands Of Years, But Entered The Christian Tradition With The Writings Of The Apostle Peter. German Propaganda Played Into The Exaggerated Fables Believed By The Common People By Characterizing Frederick Barbarossa And Frederick Ii As Personification Of The "Good King".[85] Frederick's Uncle, Otto, Bishop Of Freising Wrote A Biography Entitled The Deeds Of Frederick Barbarosa, Which Is Considered To Be An Accurate History Of The King. Otto's Other Major Work, The Two Cities Was An Exposition Of The Work Of St. Augustine Of Hippo Of A Similar Title. The Latter Work Was Full Of Augustinian Negativity Concerning The Nature Of The World And History. His Work On Frederick Is Of Opposite Tone, Being An Optimistic Portrayal Of The Glorious Potentials Of Imperial Authority. (See Description Supra.)[86] Another Legend States That When Barbarossa Was In The Process Of Seizing Milan In 1158, His Wife, The Empress Beatrice, Was Taken Captive By The Enraged Milanese And Forced To Ride Through The City On A Donkey In A Humiliating Manner. Some Sources Of This Legend Indicate That Barbarossa Implemented His Revenge For This Insult By Forcing The Magistrates Of The City To Remove A Fig From The Anus Of A Donkey Using Only Their Teeth.[87] Another Source States That Barbarossa Took His Wrath Upon Every Able-Bodied Man In The City, And That It Was Not A Fig They Were Forced To Hold In Their Mouth, But Excrement From The Donkey. To Add To This Debasement, They Were Made To Announce, "Ecco La Fica", (Meaning "Behold The Fig"), With The Feces Still In Their Mouths. It Used To Be Said That The Insulting Gesture, (Called Fico), Of Holding One's Fist With The Thumb In Between The Middle And Forefinger Came By Its Origin From This Event.[88] Issue[Edit] Frederick's First Marriage, To Adelheid Of Vohburg, Did Not Produce Any Issue And Was Annulled.[89] From His Second Marriage, To Beatrice Of Burgundy,[89] He Had The Following Children: Beatrice (1162–1174). She Was Betrothed To King William Ii Of Sicily But Died Before They Could Be Married. Frederick V, Duke Of Swabia (Pavia, 16 July 1164 – 28 November 1170). Henry Vi, Holy Roman Emperor (Nijmegen, November 1165 – Messina, 28 September 1197).[89] Conrad (Modigliana, February 1167 – Acre, 20 January 1191), Later Renamed Frederick Vi, Duke Of Swabia After The Death Of His Older Brother.[89] Gisela (October/November 1168 – 1184). Otto I, Count Of Burgundy (June/July 1170 – Killed, Besançon, 13 January 1200).[89] Conrad Ii, Duke Of Swabia And Rothenburg (February/March 1172 – Killed, Durlach, 15 August 1196).[89] Renaud (October/November 1173 – In Infancy). William (June/July 1176 – In Infancy). Philip Of Swabia (August 1177 – Killed, Bamberg, 21 June 1208) King Of Germany In 1198.[89] Agnes (1181 – 8 October 1184). She Was Betrothed To King Emeric Of Hungary But Died Before They Could Be Married. Ancestry[Edit] This Section Does Not Cite Any Sources. Please Help Improve This Section By Adding Citations To Reliable Sources. Unsourced Material May Be Challenged And Removed. (January 2016) (Learn How And When To Remove This Template Message) [Show]Ancestors Of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor In Popular Culture[Edit] In Victor Hugo's Romantic Play Les Burgraves (1843), Frederick (As Character Frédéric De Hohenstaufen) Returns Many Years After He Was Presumed Dead, As Expected By Some Medieval Legends. Cyrus Townsend Brady's Hohenzollern; A Story Of The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa (1901) Begins With A Dedication To "The Descendants Of The Great Germanic Race Who In Europe, In America, And In The Far East Rule The World".[90] Land Of Unreason (1941), By L. Sprague De Camp And Fletcher Pratt, Mentions The Castle Of The Kyffhäuser. John Crowley's Novel Little, Big (1981) Features Frederick Barbarossa As A Character In Modern Times, Awoken From His Centuries Of Sleep. In The Book, He Becomes The President Of The United States And Rules As A Tyrant.[91] Umberto Eco's Novel Baudolino (2000) Is Set Partly At Frederick's Court, And Also Deals With The Mystery Of Frederick's Death. The Imaginary Hero, Baudolino, Is The Emperor's Adopted Son And Confidant. In 1999 Film The Thomas Crown Affair, The Title Character Is Said To Be In Possession Of "An Ornament Worn By Frederick Barbarossa At His Coronation In 1152." The 1999 Real-Time Strategy Video Game Age Of Empires Ii: The Age Of Kings Developed By Ensemble Studios Has A Campaign Which Follows Fredrick Barbarossa From The Period Of His Struggles In Germany To His Death On The Third Crusade. It Is Of Note That Barbarossa Never Appears As An Actual Unit In The Game, Though The Objective Of The Final Level (After His Death) Is To Take A Unit Named "Emperor In A Barrel" To The Dome Of The Rock In Jerusalem. In The 2002 Real-Time Strategy Video Game Stronghold: Crusader, Emperor Frederick Is An Ai Opponent That Players Can Challenge In Skirmish Play. The 2006 Turn-Based Strategy Video Game Medieval Ii Total War: Kingdoms Developed By Creative Assembly Features Frederick Barbarossa In The Crusade Campaign. Barbarossa Launches A Crusade To The Holy Land With 100,000 Strong Men. During The Next 'Turn,' He Drowns In The Sea And Because Of His Death The Crusade Is Canceled. Andreas Seiler's Novel Real Wizard (2008) Is An Attribution To The 1,000-Year-Old Myth, With Aspects Of Life And Death Of The Emperor. It Includes A Generalised German History Of Unification As A Background To The Story. Isbn 978-0-646-49625-2 In The 2009 Movie Barbarossa (Also Entitled Sword Of War And Barbarossa: Siege Lord), Barbarossa Is One Of The Main Characters, Played By Rutger Hauer. Frederick Barbarossa Leads The German Civilization In The 2016 4X Video Game Civilization Vi Developed By Firaxis Games.[92][93] See Also[Edit] German Monarchs Family Tree Dukes Of Swabia Family Tree Operation Barbarossa, The Codename Of The German Invasion Of The Soviet Union In 1941.[94] References[Edit] This Article Incorporates Text From A Publication Now In The Public Domain: Chisholm, Hugh, Ed. (1911). "Frederick I., Roman Emperor". Encyclopædia Britannica (11Th Ed.). Cambridge University Press. Jump Up ^ Peter Moraw, Heiliges Reich, In: Lexikon Des Mittelalters, Munich & Zurich: Artemis 1977–1999, Vol. 4, Pp. 2025–28. ^ Jump Up To: A B C D E Canduci (2010), P. 263 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 199 ^ Jump Up To: A B C Comyn (1851), P. 200 Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 266 Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), Pp. 300–302 Jump Up ^ Bryce (1913), P. 166 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 302–303 ^ Jump Up To: A B Cantor (1969), Pp. 428–429 Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 359 Jump Up ^ Brown (1972) Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 318–319 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 202 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 201 ^ Jump Up To: A B C Comyn (1851), P. 230 Jump Up ^ Falco (1964), Pp. 218 Et Seq. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 227 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 228 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 229 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 368–369 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 231 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 232 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 233 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 203 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 319 Jump Up ^ "Peace Of The Land Established By Frederick Barbarossa Between 1152 And 1157 A.D.". The Avalon Project. Yale Law School. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 234 Jump Up ^ Wikisource-Logo.Svg Ua Clerigh, Arthur (1913). "Pope Adrian Iv". In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 235 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 236 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 238 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 240 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 241 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 242 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 243 Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 295 Jump Up ^ Munz (1969), P. 228 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 326–327 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 245 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 246 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 247 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 248 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 249 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 250 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 251 Jump Up ^ See Entry For The Contemporary Chroniclers, Ottone And Acerbo Morena. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 252 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 253 Jump Up ^ Leyser (1988), P. 157 ^ Jump Up To: A B Kampers, Franz. "Frederick I (Barbarossa)". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 21 May 2009. Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 104 Jump Up ^ Reprint Of B. Arthaud. La Civilization De L'occident Medieval, Paris, 1964. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 257 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 332 Et Seq. Jump Up ^ Brown (1972), Pp. 164–165 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 260 Jump Up ^ See Yale Avalon Project. Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), Pp. 96–97 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 263 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 333 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 264 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 433–434 Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), Pp. 102–103 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 429 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 262 Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 240 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 265 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 266 Jump Up ^ J. Phillips, The Fourth Crusade And The Sack Of Constantinople, 66 Jump Up ^ Konstam, Historical Atlas Of The Crusades, 162 Jump Up ^ The Crusade Of Frederick Barbarossa: Letters, Fordham University. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 267 Jump Up ^ Cantor, Norman F. (1993). The Civilization Of The Middle Ages. New York: Harpercollins. P. 309. Isbn 0060170336. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 340–342 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 332 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 324 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 325 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 422–423 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 424 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 360 Jump Up ^ Sidonius Apollinaris, Epistles 1.2, A Description Of Theodoric Ii Of The Visigoths (453–66). See Mierow And Emery (1953) P. 331. Jump Up ^ Brown (1972), P. 172 Jump Up ^ Kantorowicz, Frederick Ii; Last Chapter Jump Up ^ Jarausch (1997), P. 35 Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 190 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 359–360 Jump Up ^ Walford, Cox & Apperson (1885), P. 119 Jump Up ^ Novobatzky & Shea (2001) ^ Jump Up To: A B C D E F G Gislebertus (Of Mons), Chronicle Of Hainaut, Transl. Laura Napran, (Boydell Press, 2005), 55 Note245. Jump Up ^ Brady (1901) Jump Up ^ Crowley (2006), Pp. 346, 429 Jump Up ^ "Civilization Vi: Frederick Barbarossa Leads Germany". Official Civilization Website. August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016. Jump Up ^ "Frederick Barbarossa Leads Germany In 'Civilization Vi'". Digital Trends. August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016. Jump Up ^ Kershaw (2001), P. 335 Primary Sources[Edit] Otto Of Freising And His Continuator Rahewin, The Deeds Of Frederick Barbarossa Tr. Charles Christopher Mierow With Richard Emery. New York: Columbia University Press, 1953. Reprinted: Toronto: University Of Toronto Press, 1994. Ibn Al-Athir Romuald Of Salerno. Chronicon In Rerum Italicarum Scriptores. Otto Of Sankt Blasien The "Bergamo Master". Carmen De Gestis Frederici I Imperatoris In Lombardia. Chronicon Vincentii Canonici Pragensis In Monumenta Historica Boemiae By Fr. Gelasius Dobner (1764)[1] [2] Secondary Sources[Edit] Brady, Charles Townsend (1901). Hohenzollern; A Story Of The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa. New York: The Century Co. Brown, R. A. (1972). The Origins Of Modern Europe. Boydell Press. Bryce, James (1913). The Holy Roman Empire. Macmillan. Canduci, Alexander (2010). Triumph & Tragedy: The Rise And Fall Of Rome's Immortal Emperors. Pier 9. Isbn 978-1-74196-598-8. Cantor, N. F. (1969). Medieval History. Macmillan And Company. Comyn, Robert (1851). History Of The Western Empire, From Its Restoration By Charlemagne To The Accession Of Charles V. I. Crowley, John William (2006). Little, Big. New York: Perennial. Isbn 978-0-06-112005-3. Dahmus, J. (1969). The Middle Ages, A Popular History. Garden City, Ny: Doubleday. Davis, R. H. C. (1957). A History Of Medieval Europe. Longmans. Falco, G. (1964). The Holy Roman Republic. New York: Barnes And Co. Freed, John (2016). Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince And The Myth. New Haven, Ct: Yale University Press. Isbn 978-0-300-122763. Jarausch, K. H. (1997). After Unity; Reconfiguring German Identities. New York: Berghahn Books. Isbn 1-57181-041-2. Kershaw, Ian (2001). Hitler, 1936–45: Nemesis. Penguin. Le Goff, J. (2000). Medieval Civilization, 400–1500. New York: Barnes And Noble. Leyser, Karl J. (1988). Frederick Barbarossa And The Hohenstaufen Polity. University Of California Press. Munz, Peter (1969). Frederick Barbarossa: A Study In Medieval Politics. Ithaca And London: Cornell University Press. Novobatzky, Peter; Shea, Ammon (2001). Depraved And Insulting English. Orlando: Harcourt. Walford, Edward; Cox, John Charles; Apperson, George Latimer (1885). "Digit Folklore, Part Ii". The Antiquary. Xi: 119–123. External Links[Edit] Wikimedia Commons Has Media Related To Friedrich I. Barbarossa. Wikisource Has Original Works Written By Or About: Frederick I Msn Encarta – Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire) (Archived 2009-10-31) Famous Men Of The Middle Ages – Frederick Barbarossa Charter Given By Emperor Frederick For The Bishopric Of Bamberg Showing The Emperor's Seal, 6.4.1157 . Taken From The Collections Of The Lichtbildarchiv Älterer Originalurkunden At Marburg University Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor House Of Hohenstaufen Born: 1122 Died: 1190 Regnal Titles Preceded By Conrad Iii German King Formally King Of The Romans 1152–1190 Succeeded By Henry Vi King Of Italy 1155–1190 Preceded By Lothair Iii King Of Arles 1152–1190 Holy Roman Emperor 1155–1190 Preceded By Frederick Ii Duke Of Swabia 1147–1152 Succeeded By Frederick Iv Preceded By Beatrice I As Sole Ruler Count Palatine Of Burgundy 1156–1190 With Beatrice I Succeeded By Otto I [Show] V T E Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Emperors [Show] V T E Monarchs Of Germany Authority Control Worldcat Identities Viaf: 66596013 Lccn: N50047907 Isni: 0000 0001 1885 1477 Gnd: 118535757 Selibr: 230780 Sudoc: 034094296 Bnf: Cb12488571M (Data) Ulan: 500329612 Nla: 35683449 Nkc: Jn20000700567 Bne: Xx856878 Categories: Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor1122 Births1190 Deathschristians Of The Third Crusadedeaths By Drowningdukes Of Swabiahohenstaufen Dynastyholy Roman Emperorsgerman Kings Of Burgundyreleased From Excommunicationpeople From Baden-Württemberg12Th-Century Monarchs In Europe Navigation Menu Not Logged Intalkcontributionscreate Accountlog Inarticletalkreadeditview Historysearch From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Frederick Barbarossa Friedrich I. Barbarossa.Jpg A Golden Bust Of Frederick I, Given To His Godfather Count Otto Of Cappenberg In 1171. It Was Used As A Reliquary In Cappenberg Abbey And Is Said In The Deed Of The Gift To Have Been Made "In The Likeness Of The Emperor". Holy Roman Emperor Reign 2 January 1155 – 10 June 1190 Coronation 18 June 1155, Rome Predecessor Lothair Iii Successor Henry Vi King Of Italy Reign 1155–1190 Coronation C. 1155, Pavia Predecessor Conrad Iii Successor Henry Vi King Of Germany Formally King Of The Romans Reign 1152–1190 Coronation 9 March 1152, Aachen Predecessor Conrad Iii Successor Henry Vi King Of Burgundy Reign 1152–1190 Coronation 30 June 1178, Arles Born 1122 Died 10 June 1190 (Aged 67–68) Saleph River, Cilician Armenia Burial Church Of St Peter, Antioch Spouse Adelheid Of Vohburg Beatrice I, Countess Of Burgundy Issue More... Frederick V, Duke Of Swabia Henry Vi, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Vi, Duke Of Swabia Otto I, Count Of Burgundy Conrad Ii, Duke Of Swabia Philip, King Of Germany House Hohenstaufen Father Frederick Ii, Duke Of Swabia Mother Judith Of Bavaria Religion Roman Catholicism Frederick I (German: Friedrich; 1122 – 10 June 1190), Also Known As Frederick Barbarossa, Was The Holy Roman Emperor From 1155 Until His Death. He Was Elected King Of Germany At Frankfurt On 4 March 1152 And Crowned In Aachen On 9 March 1152. He Became King Of Italy In 1155 And Was Crowned Roman Emperor By Pope Adrian Iv On 18 June 1155. Two Years Later, The Term Sacrum ("Holy") First Appeared In A Document In Connection With His Empire.[1] He Was Later Formally Crowned King Of Burgundy, At Arles On 30 June 1178. He Got The Name Barbarossa From The Northern Italian Cities He Attempted To Rule: Barbarossa Means "Red Beard" In Italian;[2] In German, He Was Known As Kaiser Rotbart, Which Has The Same Meaning. Before His Imperial Election, Frederick Was By Inheritance Duke Of Swabia (1147–1152, As Frederick Iii). He Was The Son Of Duke Frederick Ii Of The Hohenstaufen Dynasty And Judith, Daughter Of Henry Ix, Duke Of Bavaria, From The Rival House Of Welf. Frederick Therefore Descended From The Two Leading Families In Germany, Making Him An Acceptable Choice For The Empire's Prince-Electors. Historians Consider Him Among The Holy Roman Empire's Greatest Medieval Emperors. He Combined Qualities That Made Him Appear Almost Superhuman To His Contemporaries: His Longevity, His Ambition, His Extraordinary Skills At Organization, His Battlefield Acumen And His Political Perspicuity. Among His Contributions To Central European Society And Culture Include The Reestablishment Of The Corpus Juris Civilis, Or The Roman Rule Of Law, Which Counterbalanced The Papal Power That Dominated The German States Since The Conclusion Of The Investiture Controversy. Contents [Hide] 1 Life And Reign 1.1 Early Years 1.2 Rise To Power 1.3 First Italian Campaign: 1154–55 1.4 Second, Third And Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174 1.5 Later Years 1.6 Third Crusade And Death 2 Frederick And The Justinian Code 3 Charismatic Leader 4 Legend 5 Issue 6 Ancestry 7 In Popular Culture 8 See Also 9 References 9.1 Primary Sources 9.2 Secondary Sources 10 External Links Life And Reign[Edit] Early Years[Edit] Frederick Was Born In 1122. In 1147 He Became Duke Of The Southern German Region Of Swabia (Herzog Von Schwaben), And Shortly Afterwards Made His First Trip To The East, Accompanied By His Uncle, The German King Conrad Iii, On The Second Crusade. The Expedition Proved To Be A Disaster,[3] But Frederick Distinguished Himself And Won The Complete Confidence Of The King. When Conrad Died In February 1152, Only Frederick And The Prince-Bishop Of Bamberg Were At His Deathbed. Both Asserted Afterwards That Conrad Had, In Full Possession Of His Mental Powers, Handed The Royal Insignia To Frederick And Indicated That Frederick, Rather Than Conrad's Own Six-Year-Old Son, The Future Frederick Iv, Duke Of Swabia, Succeed Him As King.[4] Frederick Energetically Pursued The Crown And At Frankfurt On 4 March 1152 The Kingdom's Princely Electors Designated Him As The Next German King.[4] He Was Crowned King Of The Romans At Aachen Several Days Later, On 9 March 1152.[5] Frederick's Father Was From The Hohenstaufen Family, And His Mother Was From The Welf Family, The Two Most Powerful Families In Germany. The Hohenstaufens Were Often Called Ghibellines, Which Derives From The Italianized Name For Waiblingen Castle, The Family Seat In Swabia; The Welfs, In A Similar Italianization, Were Called Guelfs.[6] The Reigns Of Henry Iv And Henry V Left The Status Of The German Empire In Disarray, Its Power Waning Under The Weight Of The Investiture Controversy. For A Quarter Of A Century Following The Death Of Henry V In 1125, The German Monarchy Was Largely A Nominal Title With No Real Power.[7] The King Was Chosen By The Princes, Was Given No Resources Outside Those Of His Own Duchy, And He Was Prevented From Exercising Any Real Authority Or Leadership In The Realm. The Royal Title Was Furthermore Passed From One Family To Another To Preclude The Development Of Any Dynastic Interest In The German Crown. When Frederick I Of Hohenstaufen Was Chosen As King In 1152, Royal Power Had Been In Effective Abeyance For Over Twenty-Five Years, And To A Considerable Degree For More Than Eighty Years. The Only Real Claim To Wealth Lay In The Rich Cities Of Northern Italy, Which Were Still Within The Nominal Control Of The German King.[8] The Salian Line Had Died Out With The Death Of Henry V In 1125. The German Princes Refused To Give The Crown To His Nephew, The Duke Of Swabia, For Fear He Would Try To Regain The Imperial Power Held By Henry V. Instead, They Chose Lothair Iii (1125–1137), Who Found Himself Embroiled In A Long-Running Dispute With The Hohenstaufens, And Who Married Into The Welfs. One Of The Hohenstaufens Gained The Throne As Conrad Iii Of Germany (1137–1152). When Frederick Barbarossa Succeeded His Uncle In 1152, There Seemed To Be Excellent Prospects For Ending The Feud, Since He Was A Welf On His Mother's Side.[4] The Welf Duke Of Saxony, Henry The Lion, Would Not Be Appeased, However, Remaining An Implacable Enemy Of The Hohenstaufen Monarchy. Barbarossa Had The Duchies Of Swabia And Franconia, The Force Of His Own Personality, And Very Little Else To Construct An Empire.[9] The Germany That Frederick Tried To Unite Was A Patchwork Of More Than 1600 Individual States, Each With Its Own Prince. A Few Of These, Such As Bavaria And Saxony, Were Large. Many Were Too Small To Pinpoint On A Map.[10] The Titles Afforded To The German King Were "Caesar", "Augustus", And "Emperor Of The Romans". By The Time Frederick Would Assume These, They Were Little More Than Propaganda Slogans With Little Other Meaning.[11] Frederick Was A Pragmatist Who Dealt With The Princes By Finding A Mutual Self-Interest. Unlike Henry Ii Of England, Frederick Did Not Attempt To End Medieval Feudalism, But Rather Tried To Restore It, Though This Was Beyond His Ability. The Great Players In The German Civil War Had Been The Pope, Emperor, Ghibellines, And The Guelfs, But None Of These Had Emerged As The Winner.[12] Rise To Power[Edit] Penny Or Denier With Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, Struck In Nijmegen. Eager To Restore The Empire To The Position It Had Occupied Under Charlemagne And Otto I The Great, The New King Saw Clearly That The Restoration Of Order In Germany Was A Necessary Preliminary To The Enforcement Of The Imperial Rights In Italy. Issuing A General Order For Peace, He Made Lavish Concessions To The Nobles.[13] Abroad, Frederick Intervened In The Danish Civil War Between Svend Iii And Valdemar I Of Denmark[14] And Began Negotiations With The Eastern Roman Emperor, Manuel I Comnenus.[15] It Was Probably About This Time That The King Obtained Papal Assent For The Annulment Of His Childless Marriage With Adelheid Of Vohburg, On The Grounds Of Consanguinity (His Great-Great-Grandfather Was A Brother Of Adela's Great-Great-Great-Grandmother, Making Them Fourth Cousins, Once Removed). He Then Made A Vain Effort To Obtain A Bride From The Court Of Constantinople. On His Accession Frederick Had Communicated The News Of His Election To Pope Eugene Iii, But Had Neglected To Ask For The Papal Confirmation. In March 1153, Frederick Concluded The Treaty Of Constance With The Pope, Whereby He Promised, In Return For His Coronation, To Defend The Papacy, To Make No Peace With King Roger Ii Of Sicily Or Other Enemies Of The Church Without The Consent Of Eugene, And To Help Eugene Regain Control Of The City Of Rome.[16] First Italian Campaign: 1154–55[Edit] Frederick Undertook Six Expeditions Into Italy. In The First, Beginning In October 1154,[17] His Plan Was To Launch A Campaign Against The Normans Under King William I Of Sicily.[15] He Marched Down And Almost Immediately Encountered Resistance To His Authority. Obtaining The Submission Of Milan, He Successfully Besieged Tortona In Early 1155, Razing It To The Ground.[18] He Moved On To Pavia, Where He Received The Iron Crown And The Title Of King Of Italy.[19] Moving Through Bologna And Tuscany, He Was Soon Approaching The City Of Rome. There, Pope Adrian Iv Was Struggling With The Forces Of The Republican City Commune Led By Arnold Of Brescia, A Student Of Abelard.[2] As A Sign Of Good Faith, Frederick Dismissed The Ambassadors From The Revived Roman Senate,[15] And Imperial Forces Suppressed The Republicans. Arnold Was Captured And Hanged For Treason And Rebellion. Despite His Unorthodox Teaching Concerning Theology, Arnold Was Not Charged With Heresy.[20] As Frederick Approached The Gates Of Rome, The Pope Advanced To Meet Him. At The Royal Tent The King Received Him, And After Kissing The Pope's Feet, Frederick Expected To Receive The Traditional Kiss Of Peace.[21] Frederick Had Declined To Hold The Pope's Stirrup While Leading Him To The Tent, However, So Adrian Refused To Give The Kiss Until This Protocol Had Been Complied With.[2] Frederick Hesitated, And Adrian Iv Withdrew; After A Day's Negotiation, Frederick Agreed To Perform The Required Ritual, Reportedly Muttering, "Pro Petro, Non Adriano -- For Peter, Not For Adrian."[21] Rome Was Still In An Uproar Over The Fate Of Arnold Of Brescia, So Rather Than Marching Through The Streets Of Rome, Frederick And Adrian Retired To The Vatican. The Next Day, 18 June 1155, Adrian Iv Crowned Frederick I Holy Roman Emperor At St Peter's Basilica, Amidst The Acclamations Of The German Army.[22] The Romans Began To Riot, And Frederick Spent His Coronation Day Putting Down The Revolt, Resulting In The Deaths Of Over 1,000 Romans And Many More Thousands Injured. The Next Day, Frederick, Adrian, And The German Army Travelled To Tivoli. From There, A Combination Of The Unhealthy Italian Summer And The Effects Of His Year-Long Absence From Germany Meant He Was Forced To Put Off His Planned Campaign Against The Normans Of Sicily.[22] On Their Way Northwards, They Attacked Spoleto And Encountered The Ambassadors Of Manuel I Comnenus, Who Showered Frederick With Costly Gifts. At Verona, Frederick Declared His Fury With The Rebellious Milanese Before Finally Returning To Germany.[23] Disorder Was Again Rampant In Germany, Especially In Bavaria, But General Peace Was Restored By Frederick's Vigorous, But Conciliatory, Measures. The Duchy Of Bavaria Was Transferred From Henry Ii Jasomirgott, Margrave Of Austria, To Frederick's Formidable Younger Cousin Henry The Lion, Duke Of Saxony, Of The House Of Guelph, Whose Father Had Previously Held Both Duchies.[24] Henry Ii Jasomirgott Was Named Duke Of Austria In Compensation For His Loss Of Bavaria. As Part Of His General Policy Of Concessions Of Formal Power To The German Princes And Ending The Civil Wars Within The Kingdom, Frederick Further Appeased Henry By Issuing Him With The Privilegium Minus, Granting Him Unprecedented Entitlements As Duke Of Austria. This Was A Large Concession On The Part Of Frederick, Who Realized That Henry The Lion Had To Be Accommodated, Even To The Point Of Sharing Some Power With Him. Frederick Could Not Afford To Make An Outright Enemy Of Henry.[25] On 9 June 1156 At Würzburg, Frederick Married Beatrice Of Burgundy, Daughter And Heiress Of Renaud Iii, Thus Adding To His Possessions The Sizeable Realm Of The County Of Burgundy. In An Attempt To Create Comity, Emperor Frederick Proclaimed The Peace Of The Land,[26] Written Between 1152 And 1157, Which Enacted Punishments For A Variety Of Crimes, As Well As Systems For Adjudicating Many Disputes. He Also Declared Himself The Sole Augustus Of The Roman World, Ceasing To Recognise Manuel I At Constantinople.[27] Second, Third And Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174[Edit] Frederick Barbarossa As A Crusader, Miniature From A Copy Of The Historia Hierosolymitana, 1188. The Retreat Of Frederick In 1155 Forced Pope Adrian Iv To Come To Terms With King William I Of Sicily, Granting To William I Territories That Frederick Viewed As His Dominion.[28] This Aggrieved Frederick, And He Was Further Displeased When Papal Legates Chose To Interpret A Letter From Adrian To Frederick In A Manner That Seemed To Imply That The Imperial Crown Was A Gift From The Papacy And That In Fact The Empire Itself Was A Fief Of The Papacy.[29] Disgusted With The Pope, And Still Wishing To Crush The Normans In The South Of Italy, In June 1158, Frederick Set Out Upon His Second Italian Expedition, Accompanied By Henry The Lion And His Saxon Troops.[30] This Expedition Resulted In The Revolt And Capture Of Milan,[31] The Diet Of Roncaglia That Saw The Establishment Of Imperial Officers And Ecclesiastical Reforms In The Cities Of Northern Italy,[32] And The Beginning Of The Long Struggle With Pope Alexander Iii. The Death Of Pope Adrian Iv In 1159 Led To The Election Of Two Rival Popes, Alexander Iii And The Antipope Victor Iv, And Both Sought Frederick's Support.[33] Frederick, Busy With The Siege Of Crema, Appeared Unsupportive Of Alexander Iii, And After The Sacking Of Crema Demanded That Alexander Appear Before The Emperor At Pavia And To Accept The Imperial Decree.[34] Alexander Refused, And Frederick Recognised Victor Iv As The Legitimate Pope In 1160.[35] In Response, Alexander Iii Excommunicated Both Frederick I And Victor Iv.[36] Frederick Attempted To Convoke A Joint Council With King Louis Vii Of France In 1162 To Decide The Issue Of Who Should Be Pope.[35] Louis Neared The Meeting Site, But When He Became Aware That Frederick Had Stacked The Votes For Alexander, Louis Decided Not To Attend The Council. As A Result, The Issue Was Not Resolved At That Time.[37] The Political Result Of The Struggle With Pope Alexander Was An Alliance Formed Between The Norman State Of Sicily And Pope Alexander Iii Against Frederick.[38] In The Meantime, Frederick Had To Deal With Another Rebellion At Milan, In Which The City Surrendered On 6 March 1162; Much Of It Was Destroyed Three Weeks Later On The Emperor's Orders.[39] The Fate Of Milan Led To The Submission Of Brescia, Placentia, And Many Other Northern Italian Cities.[40] Returning To Germany Towards The Close Of 1162, Frederick Prevented The Escalation Of Conflicts Between Henry The Lion From Saxony And A Number Of Neighbouring Princes Who Were Growing Weary Of Henry's Power, Influence, And Territorial Gains. He Also Severely Punished The Citizens Of Mainz For Their Rebellion Against Archbishop Arnold. In Frederick's Third Visit To Italy In 1163, His Plans For The Conquest Of Sicily Were Ruined By The Formation Of A Powerful League Against Him, Brought Together Mainly By Opposition To Imperial Taxes. In 1164 Frederick Took What Are Believed To Be The Relics Of The "Biblical Magi" (The Wise Men Or Three Kings) From The Basilica Di Sant'eustorgio In Milan And Gave Them As A Gift (Or As Loot) To The Archbishop Of Cologne, Rainald Of Dassel. The Relics Had Great Religious Significance And Could Be Counted Upon To Draw Pilgrims From All Over Christendom. Today They Are Kept In The Shrine Of The Three Kings In The Cologne Cathedral. After The Death Of The Antipope Victor Iv, Frederick Supported Antipope Paschal Iii, But He Was Soon Driven From Rome, Leading To The Return Of Pope Alexander Iii In 1165.[41] In The Meantime Frederick Was Focused On Restoring Peace In The Rhineland, Where He Organized A Magnificent Celebration Of The Canonization Of Charles The Great (Charlemagne) At Aachen, Under The Authority Of The Antipope Paschal Iii. Concerned Over Rumours That Alexander Iii Was About To Enter Into An Alliance With The Byzantine Emperor Manuel I,[42] In October 1166 Frederick Embarked On His Fourth Italian Campaign, Hoping As Well To Secure The Claim Of Paschal Iii And The Coronation Of His Wife Beatrice As Holy Roman Empress. This Time, Henry The Lion Refused To Join Frederick On His Italian Trip, Tending Instead To His Own Disputes With Neighbors And His Continuing Expansion Into Slavic Territories In Northeastern Germany. In 1167 Frederick Began Besieging Ancona, Which Had Acknowledged The Authority Of Manuel I;[43] At The Same Time, His Forces Achieved A Great Victory Over The Romans At The Battle Of Monte Porzio.[44] Heartened By This Victory, Frederick Lifted The Siege Of Ancona And Hurried To Rome, Where He Had His Wife Crowned Empress And Also Received A Second Coronation From Paschal Iii.[44] Unfortunately, His Campaign Was Halted By The Sudden Outbreak Of An Epidemic (Malaria Or The Plague), Which Threatened To Destroy The Imperial Army And Drove The Emperor As A Fugitive To Germany,[45][46] Where He Remained For The Ensuing Six Years. During This Period, Frederick Decided Conflicting Claims To Various Bishoprics, Asserted Imperial Authority Over Bohemia, Poland, And Hungary, Initiated Friendly Relations With Manuel I, And Tried To Come To A Better Understanding With Henry Ii Of England And Louis Vii Of France. Many Swabian Counts, Including His Cousin The Young Duke Of Swabia, Frederick Iv, Died In 1167, So He Was Able To Organize A New Mighty Territory In The Duchy Of Swabia Under His Reign In This Time. Consequently, His Younger Son Frederick V Became The New Duke Of Swabia In 1167,[47] While His Eldest Son Henry Was Crowned King Of The Romans In 1169, Alongside His Father Who Also Retained The Title.[45] Later Years[Edit] Frederick Barbarossa, Middle, Flanked By Two Of His Children, King Henry Vi (Left) And Duke Frederick Vi (Right). From The Historia Welforum. Increasing Anti-German Sentiment Swept Through Lombardy, Culminating In The Restoration Of Milan In 1169.[48] In 1174 Frederick Made His Fifth Expedition To Italy. (It Was Probably During This Time That The Famous Tafelgüterverzeichnis, A Record Of The Royal Estates, Was Made.[49]) He Was Opposed By The Pro-Papal Lombard League (Now Joined By Venice, Sicily, And Constantinople), Which Had Previously Formed To Stand Against Him.[50] The Cities Of Northern Italy Had Become Exceedingly Wealthy Through Trade, Representing A Marked Turning Point In The Transition From Medieval Feudalism. While Continental Feudalism Had Remained Strong Socially And Economically, It Was In Deep Political Decline By The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa. When The Northern Italian Cities Inflicted A Defeat On Frederick At Alessandria In 1175, The European World Was Shocked.[51][52] With The Refusal Of Henry The Lion To Bring Help To Italy, The Campaign Was A Complete Failure. Frederick Suffered A Heavy Defeat At The Battle Of Legnano Near Milan, On 29 May 1176, Where He Was Wounded And For Some Time Was Believed To Be Dead.[53] This Battle Marked The Turning Point In Frederick's Claim To Empire.[54] He Had No Choice Other Than To Begin Negotiations For Peace With Alexander Iii And The Lombard League. In The Peace Of Anagni In 1176, Frederick Recognized Alexander Iii As Pope, And In The Peace Of Venice In 1177, Frederick And Alexander Iii Were Formally Reconciled.[55] The Scene Was Similar To That Which Had Occurred Between Pope Gregory Vii And Henry Iv, Holy Roman Emperor At Canossa A Century Earlier. The Conflict Was The Same As That Resolved In The Concordat Of Worms: Did The Holy Roman Emperor Have The Power To Name The Pope And Bishops? The Investiture Controversy From Previous Centuries Had Been Brought To A Tendentious Peace With The Concordat Of Worms And Affirmed In The First Council Of The Lateran. Now It Had Recurred, In A Slightly Different Form. Frederick Had To Humble Himself Before Alexander Iii At Venice.[56] The Emperor Acknowledged The Pope's Sovereignty Over The Papal States, And In Return Alexander Acknowledged The Emperor's Overlordship Of The Imperial Church. Also In The Peace Of Venice, A Truce Was Made With The Lombard Cities, Which Took Effect In August 1178.[57] The Grounds For A Permanent Peace Were Not Established Until 1183, However, In The Peace Of Constance, When Frederick Conceded Their Right To Freely Elect Town Magistrates. By This Move, Frederick Recovered His Nominal Domination Over Italy, Which Became His Chief Means Of Applying Pressure On The Papacy.[58] In A Move To Consolidate His Reign After The Disastrous Expedition Into Italy, Frederick Was Formally Crowned King Of Burgundy At Arles On 30 June 1178. Although Traditionally The German Kings Had Automatically Inherited The Royal Crown Of Arles Since The Time Of Conrad Ii, Frederick Felt The Need To Be Crowned By The Archbishop Of Arles, Regardless Of His Laying Claim To The Title From 1152. Frederick Did Not Forgive Henry The Lion For Refusing To Come To His Aid In 1176.[59] By 1180, Henry Had Successfully Established A Powerful And Contiguous State Comprising Saxony, Bavaria, And Substantial Territories In The North And East Of Germany. Taking Advantage Of The Hostility Of Other German Princes To Henry, Frederick Had Henry Tried In Absentia By A Court Of Bishops And Princes In 1180, Declared That Imperial Law Overruled Traditional German Law, And Had Henry Stripped Of His Lands And Declared An Outlaw.[60] He Then Invaded Saxony With An Imperial Army To Force His Cousin To Surrender. Henry's Allies Deserted Him, And He Finally Had To Submit In November 1181. Henry Spent Three Years In Exile At The Court Of His Father-In-Law Henry Ii Of England In Normandy Before Being Allowed Back Into Germany. He Finished His Days In Germany, As The Much-Diminished Duke Of Brunswick.[61] Frederick's Desire For Revenge Was Sated. Henry The Lion Lived A Relatively Quiet Life, Sponsoring Arts And Architecture. Frederick's Victory Over Henry Did Not Gain Him As Much In The German Feudalistic System As It Would Have In The English Feudalistic System. While In England The Pledge Of Fealty Went In A Direct Line From Overlords To Those Under Them, The Germans Pledged Oaths Only To The Direct Overlord, So That In Henry's Case, Those Below Him In The Feudal Chain Owed Nothing To Frederick. Thus, Despite The Diminished Stature Of Henry The Lion, Frederick Did Not Gain His Allegiances.[62] Frederick Was Faced With The Reality Of Disorder Among The German States, Where Continuous Civil Wars Were Waged Between Pretenders And The Ambitious Who Wanted The Crown For Themselves. Italian Unity Under German Rule Was More Myth Than Truth. Despite Proclamations Of German Hegemony, The Pope Was The Most Powerful Force In Italy.[63] When Frederick Returned To Germany After His Defeat In Northern Italy, He Was A Bitter And Exhausted Man. The German Princes, Far From Being Subordinated To Royal Control, Were Intensifying Their Hold On Wealth And Power In Germany And Entrenching Their Positions. There Began To Be A Generalized Social Desire To "Create Greater Germany" By Conquering The Slavs To The East.[64] Although The Italian City States Had Achieved A Measure Of Independence From Frederick As A Result Of His Failed Fifth Expedition Into Italy,[65] The Emperor Had Not Given Up On His Italian Dominions. In 1184, He Held A Massive Celebration When His Two Eldest Sons Were Knighted, And Thousands Of Knights Were Invited From All Over Germany. While Payments Upon The Knighting Of A Son Were Part Of The Expectations Of An Overlord In England And France, Only A "Gift" Was Given In Germany For Such An Occasion. Frederick's Monetary Gain From This Celebration Is Said To Have Been Modest.[66] Later In 1184, Frederick Again Moved Into Italy, This Time Joining Forces With The Local Rural Nobility To Reduce The Power Of The Tuscan Cities.[67] In 1186, He Engineered The Marriage Of His Son Henry To Constance Of Sicily, Heiress To The Kingdom Of Sicily, Over The Objections Of Pope Urban Iii.[68] Third Crusade And Death[Edit] Pope Urban Iii Died Shortly After, And Was Succeeded By Gregory Viii, Who Was More Concerned With Troubling Reports From The Holy Land Than With A Power Struggle With Barbarossa. After Making His Peace With The New Pope, Frederick Vowed To Take Up The Cross At The Diet Of Mainz In 1188.[50] Frederick Embarked On The Third Crusade (1189–92), A Massive Expedition In Conjunction With The French, Led By King Philip Augustus, And The English, Under King Richard The Lionheart. Frederick Organized A Grand Army Of 100,000 Men (Including 20,000 Knights) And Set Out On The Overland Route To The Holy Land;[69] Some Historians Believe That This Is An Exaggeration, However, And That The True Figure Might Be Closer To 15,000 Men, Including 3,000 Knights.[70] Barbarossa Drowns In The Saleph. From The Gotha Manuscript Of The Saxon World Chronicle The Saleph River, Now Known As The Göksu The Crusaders Passed Through Hungary, Serbia, And Bulgaria Before Entering Byzantine Territory And Arriving At Constantinople In The Autumn Of 1189. Matters Were Complicated By A Secret Alliance Between The Emperor Of Constantinople And Saladin, Warning Of Which Was Supplied By A Note From Sibylla, Ex-Queen Of Jerusalem.[71] While In Hungary, Barbarossa Personally Asked The Hungarian Prince Géza, Brother Of King Béla Iii Of Hungary, To Join The Crusade. The King Agreed, And A Hungarian Army Of 2,000 Men Led By Géza Escorted The German Emperor's Forces. The Armies Coming From Western Europe Pushed On Through Anatolia, Where They Were Victorious In Taking Aksehir And Defeating The Turks In The Battle Of Iconium, And Entered Cilician Armenia. The Approach Of The Immense German Army Greatly Concerned Saladin And The Other Muslim Leaders, Who Began To Rally Troops Of Their Own To Confront Barbarossa's Forces.[2] On 10 June 1190, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa Drowned Near Silifke Castle In The Saleph River.[72] Accounts Of The Event Are Conflicting. Some Historians Believe He May Have Had A Heart Attack That Complicated Matters. Some Of Frederick's Men Put Him In A Barrel Of Vinegar To Preserve His Body. Frederick's Death Plunged His Army Into Chaos. Leaderless, Panicking, And Attacked On All Sides By Turks, Many Germans Deserted, Were Killed, Or Committed Suicide. Only 5,000 Soldiers, A Small Fraction Of The Original Force, Arrived In Acre. Barbarossa's Son, Frederick Vi Of Swabia, Carried On With The Remnants Of The German Army, Along With The Hungarian Army Under The Command Of Prince Géza, With The Aim Of Burying The Emperor In Jerusalem, But Efforts To Conserve His Body In Vinegar Failed. Hence, His Flesh Was Interred In The Church Of St Peter In Antioch, His Bones In The Cathedral Of Tyre, And His Heart And Inner Organs In Tarsus.[2] The Unexpected Demise Of Frederick Left The Crusader Army Under The Command Of The Rivals Philip Ii And Richard, Who Had Traveled To Palestine Separately By Sea, And Ultimately Led To Its Dissolution. Richard Continued To The East Where He Defeated Saladin In Many Battles, Winning Significant Territories Along The Shores Of Palestine, But Ultimately Failed To Win The War By Conquering Jerusalem Itself Before He Was Forced To Return To His Own Territories In North-Western Europe, Known As The Angevin Empire. He Returned Home After He Signed The Treaty Of Ramla Agreeing That Jerusalem Would Remain Under Muslim Control While Allowing Unarmed Christian Pilgrims And Traders To Visit The City. The Treaty Also Reduced The Latin Kingdom To A Geopolitical Coastal Strip Extending From Tyre To Jaffa. Frederick And The Justinian Code[Edit] The Increase In Wealth Of The Trading Cities Of Northern Italy Led To A Revival In The Study Of The Justinian Code, A Latin Legal System That Had Become Extinct Centuries Earlier. Legal Scholars Renewed Its Application. It Is Speculated That Pope Gregory Vii Personally Encouraged The Justinian Rule Of Law And Had A Copy Of It. The Historian Norman Cantor Described Corpus Iuris Civilis (Justinian Body Of Civil Law) As "The Greatest Legal Code Ever Devised".[73] It Envisaged The Law Of The State As A Reflection Of Natural Moral Law (As Seen By The Men Of The Justinian System), The Principle Of Rationality In The Universe. By The Time Frederick Assumed The Throne, This Legal System Was Well Established On Both Sides Of The Alps. He Was The First To Utilize The Availability Of The New Professional Class Of Lawyers. The Civil Law Allowed Frederick To Use These Lawyers To Administer His Kingdom In A Logical And Consistent Manner. It Also Provided A Framework To Legitimize His Claim To The Right To Rule Both Germany And Northern Italy. In The Old Days Of Henry V And Henry Vi, The Claim Of Divine Right Of Kings Had Been Severely Undermined By The Investiture Controversy. The Church Had Won That Argument In The Common Man's Mind. There Was No Divine Right For The German King To Also Control The Church By Naming Both Bishops And Popes. The Institution Of The Justinian Code Was Used, Perhaps Unscrupulously, By Frederick To Lay Claim To Divine Powers.[74] In Germany, Frederick Was A Political Realist, Taking What He Could And Leaving The Rest. In Italy, He Tended To Be A Romantic Reactionary, Reveling In The Antiquarian Spirit Of The Age, Exemplified By A Revival Of Classical Studies And Roman Law. It Was Through The Use Of The Restored Justinian Code That Frederick Came To View Himself As A New Roman Emperor.[75] Roman Law Gave A Rational Purpose For The Existence Of Frederick And His Imperial Ambitions. It Was A Counterweight To The Claims Of The Church To Have Authority Because Of Divine Revelation. The Church Was Opposed To Frederick For Ideological Reasons, Not The Least Of Which Was The Humanist Nature Found In The Revival Of The Old Roman Legal System.[76] When Pepin The Short Sought To Become King Of The Franks In The 8Th Century, The Church Needed Military Protection, So Pepin Found It Convenient To Make An Ally Of The Pope. Frederick, However, Desired To Put The Pope Aside And Claim The Crown Of Old Rome Simply Because He Was In The Likeness Of The Greatest Emperors Of The Pre-Christian Era. Pope Adrian Iv Was Naturally Opposed To This View And Undertook A Vigorous Propaganda Campaign Designed To Diminish Frederick And His Ambition. To A Large Extent, This Was Successful.[77] Charismatic Leader[Edit] Historians Have Compared Frederick To Henry Ii Of England. Both Were Considered The Greatest And Most Charismatic Leaders Of Their Age. Each Possessed A Rare Combination Of Qualities That Made Him Appear Superhuman To His Contemporaries: Longevity, Boundless Ambition, Extraordinary Organizing Skill, And Greatness On The Battlefield. Both Were Handsome And Proficient In Courtly Skills, Without Appearing Effeminate Or Affected. Both Came To The Throne In The Prime Of Manhood. Each Had An Element Of Learning, Without Being Considered Impractical Intellectuals But Rather More Inclined To Practicality. Each Found Himself In The Possession Of New Legal Institutions That Were Put To Creative Use In Governing. Both Henry And Frederick Were Viewed To Be Sufficiently And Formally Devout To The Teachings Of The Church, Without Being Moved To The Extremes Of Spirituality Seen In The Great Saints Of The 12Th Century. In Making Final Decisions, Each Relied Solely Upon His Own Judgment,[78] And Both Were Interested In Gathering As Much Power As They Could.[79] In Keeping With This View Of Frederick, His Uncle, Otto Of Freising, Wrote An Account Of Frederick's Reign Entitled Gesta Friderici I Imperatoris (Deeds Of The Emperor Frederick). Otto Died After Finishing The First Two Books, Leaving The Last Two To Rahewin, His Provost. The Text Is In Places Heavily Dependent On Classical Precedent.[80] For Example, Rahewin's Physical Description Of Frederick Reproduces Word-For-Word (Except For Details Of Hair And Beard) A Description Of Another Monarch Written Nearly Eight Hundred Years Earlier By Sidonius Apollinaris:[81] His Character Is Such That Not Even Those Envious Of His Power Can Belittle Its Praise. His Person Is Well-Proportioned. He Is Shorter Than Very Tall Men, But Taller And More Noble Than Men Of Medium Height. His Hair Is Golden, Curling A Little Above His Forehead ... His Eyes Are Sharp And Piercing, His Beard Reddish [Barba Subrufa], His Lips Delicate ... His Whole Face Is Bright And Cheerful. His Teeth Are Even And Snow-White In Color ... Modesty Rather Than Anger Causes Him To Blush Frequently. His Shoulders Are Rather Broad, And He Is Strongly Built ... Frederick's Charisma Led To A Fantastic Juggling Act That, Over A Quarter Of A Century, Restored The Imperial Authority In The German States. His Formidable Enemies Defeated Him On Almost Every Side, Yet In The End He Emerged Triumphant. When Frederick Came To The Throne, The Prospects For The Revival Of German Imperial Power Were Extremely Thin. The Great German Princes Had Increased Their Power And Land Holdings. The King Had Been Left With Only The Traditional Family Domains And A Vestige Of Power Over The Bishops And Abbeys. The Backwash Of The Investiture Controversy Had Left The German States In Continuous Turmoil. Rival States Were In Perpetual War. These Conditions Allowed Frederick To Be Both Warrior And Occasional Peace-Maker, Both To His Advantage.[9] Legend[Edit] Frederick Sends Out The Boy To See Whether The Ravens Still Fly. Frederick Is The Subject Of Many Legends, Including That Of A Sleeping Hero, Like The Much Older British Celtic Legends Of Arthur Or Bran The Blessed. Legend Says He Is Not Dead, But Asleep With His Knights In A Cave In The Kyffhäuser Mountain In Thuringia Or Mount Untersberg In Bavaria, Germany, And That When The Ravens Cease To Fly Around The Mountain He Will Awake And Restore Germany To Its Ancient Greatness. According To The Story, His Red Beard Has Grown Through The Table At Which He Sits. His Eyes Are Half Closed In Sleep, But Now And Then He Raises His Hand And Sends A Boy Out To See If The Ravens Have Stopped Flying.[82] A Similar Story, Set In Sicily, Was Earlier Attested About His Grandson, Frederick Ii.[83] To Garner Political Support The German Empire Built Atop The Kyffhäuser The Kyffhäuser Monument, Which Declared Kaiser Wilhelm I The Reincarnation Of Frederick; The 1896 Dedication Occurred On 18 June, The Day Of Frederick's Coronation.[84] In Medieval Europe, The Golden Legend Became Refined By Jacopo Da Voragine. This Was A Popularized Interpretation Of The Biblical End Of The World. It Consisted Of Three Things: (1) Terrible Natural Disasters; (2) The Arrival Of The Antichrist; (3) The Establishment Of A Good King To Combat The Anti-Christ. These Millennial Fables Were Common And Freely Traded By The Populations On Continental Europe. End-Time Accounts Had Been Around For Thousands Of Years, But Entered The Christian Tradition With The Writings Of The Apostle Peter. German Propaganda Played Into The Exaggerated Fables Believed By The Common People By Characterizing Frederick Barbarossa And Frederick Ii As Personification Of The "Good King".[85] Frederick's Uncle, Otto, Bishop Of Freising Wrote A Biography Entitled The Deeds Of Frederick Barbarosa, Which Is Considered To Be An Accurate History Of The King. Otto's Other Major Work, The Two Cities Was An Exposition Of The Work Of St. Augustine Of Hippo Of A Similar Title. The Latter Work Was Full Of Augustinian Negativity Concerning The Nature Of The World And History. His Work On Frederick Is Of Opposite Tone, Being An Optimistic Portrayal Of The Glorious Potentials Of Imperial Authority. (See Description Supra.)[86] Another Legend States That When Barbarossa Was In The Process Of Seizing Milan In 1158, His Wife, The Empress Beatrice, Was Taken Captive By The Enraged Milanese And Forced To Ride Through The City On A Donkey In A Humiliating Manner. Some Sources Of This Legend Indicate That Barbarossa Implemented His Revenge For This Insult By Forcing The Magistrates Of The City To Remove A Fig From The Anus Of A Donkey Using Only Their Teeth.[87] Another Source States That Barbarossa Took His Wrath Upon Every Able-Bodied Man In The City, And That It Was Not A Fig They Were Forced To Hold In Their Mouth, But Excrement From The Donkey. To Add To This Debasement, They Were Made To Announce, "Ecco La Fica", (Meaning "Behold The Fig"), With The Feces Still In Their Mouths. It Used To Be Said That The Insulting Gesture, (Called Fico), Of Holding One's Fist With The Thumb In Between The Middle And Forefinger Came By Its Origin From This Event.[88] Issue[Edit] Frederick's First Marriage, To Adelheid Of Vohburg, Did Not Produce Any Issue And Was Annulled.[89] From His Second Marriage, To Beatrice Of Burgundy,[89] He Had The Following Children: Beatrice (1162–1174). She Was Betrothed To King William Ii Of Sicily But Died Before They Could Be Married. Frederick V, Duke Of Swabia (Pavia, 16 July 1164 – 28 November 1170). Henry Vi, Holy Roman Emperor (Nijmegen, November 1165 – Messina, 28 September 1197).[89] Conrad (Modigliana, February 1167 – Acre, 20 January 1191), Later Renamed Frederick Vi, Duke Of Swabia After The Death Of His Older Brother.[89] Gisela (October/November 1168 – 1184). Otto I, Count Of Burgundy (June/July 1170 – Killed, Besançon, 13 January 1200).[89] Conrad Ii, Duke Of Swabia And Rothenburg (February/March 1172 – Killed, Durlach, 15 August 1196).[89] Renaud (October/November 1173 – In Infancy). William (June/July 1176 – In Infancy). Philip Of Swabia (August 1177 – Killed, Bamberg, 21 June 1208) King Of Germany In 1198.[89] Agnes (1181 – 8 October 1184). She Was Betrothed To King Emeric Of Hungary But Died Before They Could Be Married. Ancestry[Edit] This Section Does Not Cite Any Sources. Please Help Improve This Section By Adding Citations To Reliable Sources. Unsourced Material May Be Challenged And Removed. (January 2016) (Learn How And When To Remove This Template Message) [Show]Ancestors Of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor In Popular Culture[Edit] In Victor Hugo's Romantic Play Les Burgraves (1843), Frederick (As Character Frédéric De Hohenstaufen) Returns Many Years After He Was Presumed Dead, As Expected By Some Medieval Legends. Cyrus Townsend Brady's Hohenzollern; A Story Of The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa (1901) Begins With A Dedication To "The Descendants Of The Great Germanic Race Who In Europe, In America, And In The Far East Rule The World".[90] Land Of Unreason (1941), By L. Sprague De Camp And Fletcher Pratt, Mentions The Castle Of The Kyffhäuser. John Crowley's Novel Little, Big (1981) Features Frederick Barbarossa As A Character In Modern Times, Awoken From His Centuries Of Sleep. In The Book, He Becomes The President Of The United States And Rules As A Tyrant.[91] Umberto Eco's Novel Baudolino (2000) Is Set Partly At Frederick's Court, And Also Deals With The Mystery Of Frederick's Death. The Imaginary Hero, Baudolino, Is The Emperor's Adopted Son And Confidant. In 1999 Film The Thomas Crown Affair, The Title Character Is Said To Be In Possession Of "An Ornament Worn By Frederick Barbarossa At His Coronation In 1152." The 1999 Real-Time Strategy Video Game Age Of Empires Ii: The Age Of Kings Developed By Ensemble Studios Has A Campaign Which Follows Fredrick Barbarossa From The Period Of His Struggles In Germany To His Death On The Third Crusade. It Is Of Note That Barbarossa Never Appears As An Actual Unit In The Game, Though The Objective Of The Final Level (After His Death) Is To Take A Unit Named "Emperor In A Barrel" To The Dome Of The Rock In Jerusalem. In The 2002 Real-Time Strategy Video Game Stronghold: Crusader, Emperor Frederick Is An Ai Opponent That Players Can Challenge In Skirmish Play. The 2006 Turn-Based Strategy Video Game Medieval Ii Total War: Kingdoms Developed By Creative Assembly Features Frederick Barbarossa In The Crusade Campaign. Barbarossa Launches A Crusade To The Holy Land With 100,000 Strong Men. During The Next 'Turn,' He Drowns In The Sea And Because Of His Death The Crusade Is Canceled. Andreas Seiler's Novel Real Wizard (2008) Is An Attribution To The 1,000-Year-Old Myth, With Aspects Of Life And Death Of The Emperor. It Includes A Generalised German History Of Unification As A Background To The Story. Isbn 978-0-646-49625-2 In The 2009 Movie Barbarossa (Also Entitled Sword Of War And Barbarossa: Siege Lord), Barbarossa Is One Of The Main Characters, Played By Rutger Hauer. Frederick Barbarossa Leads The German Civilization In The 2016 4X Video Game Civilization Vi Developed By Firaxis Games.[92][93] See Also[Edit] German Monarchs Family Tree Dukes Of Swabia Family Tree Operation Barbarossa, The Codename Of The German Invasion Of The Soviet Union In 1941.[94] References[Edit] This Article Incorporates Text From A Publication Now In The Public Domain: Chisholm, Hugh, Ed. (1911). "Frederick I., Roman Emperor". Encyclopædia Britannica (11Th Ed.). Cambridge University Press. Jump Up ^ Peter Moraw, Heiliges Reich, In: Lexikon Des Mittelalters, Munich & Zurich: Artemis 1977–1999, Vol. 4, Pp. 2025–28. ^ Jump Up To: A B C D E Canduci (2010), P. 263 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 199 ^ Jump Up To: A B C Comyn (1851), P. 200 Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 266 Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), Pp. 300–302 Jump Up ^ Bryce (1913), P. 166 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 302–303 ^ Jump Up To: A B Cantor (1969), Pp. 428–429 Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 359 Jump Up ^ Brown (1972) Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 318–319 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 202 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 201 ^ Jump Up To: A B C Comyn (1851), P. 230 Jump Up ^ Falco (1964), Pp. 218 Et Seq. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 227 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 228 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 229 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 368–369 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 231 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 232 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 233 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 203 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 319 Jump Up ^ "Peace Of The Land Established By Frederick Barbarossa Between 1152 And 1157 A.D.". The Avalon Project. Yale Law School. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 234 Jump Up ^ Wikisource-Logo.Svg Ua Clerigh, Arthur (1913). "Pope Adrian Iv". In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 235 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 236 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 238 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 240 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 241 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 242 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 243 Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 295 Jump Up ^ Munz (1969), P. 228 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 326–327 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 245 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 246 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 247 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 248 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 249 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 250 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 251 Jump Up ^ See Entry For The Contemporary Chroniclers, Ottone And Acerbo Morena. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 252 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 253 Jump Up ^ Leyser (1988), P. 157 ^ Jump Up To: A B Kampers, Franz. "Frederick I (Barbarossa)". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 21 May 2009. Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 104 Jump Up ^ Reprint Of B. Arthaud. La Civilization De L'occident Medieval, Paris, 1964. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 257 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 332 Et Seq. Jump Up ^ Brown (1972), Pp. 164–165 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 260 Jump Up ^ See Yale Avalon Project. Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), Pp. 96–97 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 263 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 333 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 264 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 433–434 Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), Pp. 102–103 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 429 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 262 Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 240 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 265 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 266 Jump Up ^ J. Phillips, The Fourth Crusade And The Sack Of Constantinople, 66 Jump Up ^ Konstam, Historical Atlas Of The Crusades, 162 Jump Up ^ The Crusade Of Frederick Barbarossa: Letters, Fordham University. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 267 Jump Up ^ Cantor, Norman F. (1993). The Civilization Of The Middle Ages. New York: Harpercollins. P. 309. Isbn 0060170336. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 340–342 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 332 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 324 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 325 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 422–423 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 424 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 360 Jump Up ^ Sidonius Apollinaris, Epistles 1.2, A Description Of Theodoric Ii Of The Visigoths (453–66). See Mierow And Emery (1953) P. 331. Jump Up ^ Brown (1972), P. 172 Jump Up ^ Kantorowicz, Frederick Ii; Last Chapter Jump Up ^ Jarausch (1997), P. 35 Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 190 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 359–360 Jump Up ^ Walford, Cox & Apperson (1885), P. 119 Jump Up ^ Novobatzky & Shea (2001) ^ Jump Up To: A B C D E F G Gislebertus (Of Mons), Chronicle Of Hainaut, Transl. Laura Napran, (Boydell Press, 2005), 55 Note245. Jump Up ^ Brady (1901) Jump Up ^ Crowley (2006), Pp. 346, 429 Jump Up ^ "Civilization Vi: Frederick Barbarossa Leads Germany". Official Civilization Website. August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016. Jump Up ^ "Frederick Barbarossa Leads Germany In 'Civilization Vi'". Digital Trends. August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016. Jump Up ^ Kershaw (2001), P. 335 Primary Sources[Edit] Otto Of Freising And His Continuator Rahewin, The Deeds Of Frederick Barbarossa Tr. Charles Christopher Mierow With Richard Emery. New York: Columbia University Press, 1953. Reprinted: Toronto: University Of Toronto Press, 1994. Ibn Al-Athir Romuald Of Salerno. Chronicon In Rerum Italicarum Scriptores. Otto Of Sankt Blasien The "Bergamo Master". Carmen De Gestis Frederici I Imperatoris In Lombardia. Chronicon Vincentii Canonici Pragensis In Monumenta Historica Boemiae By Fr. Gelasius Dobner (1764)[1] [2] Secondary Sources[Edit] Brady, Charles Townsend (1901). Hohenzollern; A Story Of The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa. New York: The Century Co. Brown, R. A. (1972). The Origins Of Modern Europe. Boydell Press. Bryce, James (1913). The Holy Roman Empire. Macmillan. Canduci, Alexander (2010). Triumph & Tragedy: The Rise And Fall Of Rome's Immortal Emperors. Pier 9. Isbn 978-1-74196-598-8. Cantor, N. F. (1969). Medieval History. Macmillan And Company. Comyn, Robert (1851). History Of The Western Empire, From Its Restoration By Charlemagne To The Accession Of Charles V. I. Crowley, John William (2006). Little, Big. New York: Perennial. Isbn 978-0-06-112005-3. Dahmus, J. (1969). The Middle Ages, A Popular History. Garden City, Ny: Doubleday. Davis, R. H. C. (1957). A History Of Medieval Europe. Longmans. Falco, G. (1964). The Holy Roman Republic. New York: Barnes And Co. Freed, John (2016). Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince And The Myth. New Haven, Ct: Yale University Press. Isbn 978-0-300-122763. Jarausch, K. H. (1997). After Unity; Reconfiguring German Identities. New York: Berghahn Books. Isbn 1-57181-041-2. Kershaw, Ian (2001). Hitler, 1936–45: Nemesis. Penguin. Le Goff, J. (2000). Medieval Civilization, 400–1500. New York: Barnes And Noble. Leyser, Karl J. (1988). Frederick Barbarossa And The Hohenstaufen Polity. University Of California Press. Munz, Peter (1969). Frederick Barbarossa: A Study In Medieval Politics. Ithaca And London: Cornell University Press. Novobatzky, Peter; Shea, Ammon (2001). Depraved And Insulting English. Orlando: Harcourt. Walford, Edward; Cox, John Charles; Apperson, George Latimer (1885). "Digit Folklore, Part Ii". The Antiquary. Xi: 119–123. External Links[Edit] Wikimedia Commons Has Media Related To Friedrich I. Barbarossa. Wikisource Has Original Works Written By Or About: Frederick I Msn Encarta – Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire) (Archived 2009-10-31) Famous Men Of The Middle Ages – Frederick Barbarossa Charter Given By Emperor Frederick For The Bishopric Of Bamberg Showing The Emperor's Seal, 6.4.1157 . Taken From The Collections Of The Lichtbildarchiv Älterer Originalurkunden At Marburg University Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor House Of Hohenstaufen Born: 1122 Died: 1190 Regnal Titles Preceded By Conrad Iii German King Formally King Of The Romans 1152–1190 Succeeded By Henry Vi King Of Italy 1155–1190 Preceded By Lothair Iii King Of Arles 1152–1190 Holy Roman Emperor 1155–1190 Preceded By Frederick Ii Duke Of Swabia 1147–1152 Succeeded By Frederick Iv Preceded By Beatrice I As Sole Ruler Count Palatine Of Burgundy 1156–1190 With Beatrice I Succeeded By Otto I [Show] V T E Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Emperors [Show] V T E Monarchs Of Germany Authority Control Worldcat Identities Viaf: 66596013 Lccn: N50047907 Isni: 0000 0001 1885 1477 Gnd: 118535757 Selibr: 230780 Sudoc: 034094296 Bnf: Cb12488571M (Data) Ulan: 500329612 Nla: 35683449 Nkc: Jn20000700567 Bne: Xx856878 Categories: Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor1122 Births1190 Deathschristians Of The Third Crusadedeaths By Drowningdukes Of Swabiahohenstaufen Dynastyholy Roman Emperorsgerman Kings Of Burgundyreleased From Excommunicationpeople From Baden-Württemberg12Th-Century Monarchs In Europe Navigation Menu Not Logged Intalkcontributionscreate Accountlog Inarticletalkreadeditview Historysearch Frederick I, Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor / Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy	Emperor Frederick I From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Frederick Barbarossa Friedrich I. Barbarossa.Jpg A Golden Bust Of Frederick I, Given To His Godfather Count Otto Of Cappenberg In 1171. It Was Used As A Reliquary In Cappenberg Abbey And Is Said In The Deed Of The Gift To Have Been Made "In The Likeness Of The Emperor". Holy Roman Emperor Reign 2 January 1155 – 10 June 1190 Coronation 18 June 1155, Rome Predecessor Lothair Iii Successor Henry Vi King Of Italy Reign 1155–1190 Coronation C. 1155, Pavia Predecessor Conrad Iii Successor Henry Vi King Of Germany Formally King Of The Romans Reign 1152–1190 Coronation 9 March 1152, Aachen Predecessor Conrad Iii Successor Henry Vi King Of Burgundy Reign 1152–1190 Coronation 30 June 1178, Arles Born 1122 Died 10 June 1190 (Aged 67–68) Saleph River, Cilician Armenia Burial Church Of St Peter, Antioch Spouse Adelheid Of Vohburg Beatrice I, Countess Of Burgundy Issue More... Frederick V, Duke Of Swabia Henry Vi, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Vi, Duke Of Swabia Otto I, Count Of Burgundy Conrad Ii, Duke Of Swabia Philip, King Of Germany House Hohenstaufen Father Frederick Ii, Duke Of Swabia Mother Judith Of Bavaria Religion Roman Catholicism Frederick I (German: Friedrich; 1122 – 10 June 1190), Also Known As Frederick Barbarossa, Was The Holy Roman Emperor From 1155 Until His Death. He Was Elected King Of Germany At Frankfurt On 4 March 1152 And Crowned In Aachen On 9 March 1152. He Became King Of Italy In 1155 And Was Crowned Roman Emperor By Pope Adrian Iv On 18 June 1155. Two Years Later, The Term Sacrum ("Holy") First Appeared In A Document In Connection With His Empire.[1] He Was Later Formally Crowned King Of Burgundy, At Arles On 30 June 1178. He Got The Name Barbarossa From The Northern Italian Cities He Attempted To Rule: Barbarossa Means "Red Beard" In Italian;[2] In German, He Was Known As Kaiser Rotbart, Which Has The Same Meaning. Before His Imperial Election, Frederick Was By Inheritance Duke Of Swabia (1147–1152, As Frederick Iii). He Was The Son Of Duke Frederick Ii Of The Hohenstaufen Dynasty And Judith, Daughter Of Henry Ix, Duke Of Bavaria, From The Rival House Of Welf. Frederick Therefore Descended From The Two Leading Families In Germany, Making Him An Acceptable Choice For The Empire's Prince-Electors. Historians Consider Him Among The Holy Roman Empire's Greatest Medieval Emperors. He Combined Qualities That Made Him Appear Almost Superhuman To His Contemporaries: His Longevity, His Ambition, His Extraordinary Skills At Organization, His Battlefield Acumen And His Political Perspicuity. Among His Contributions To Central European Society And Culture Include The Reestablishment Of The Corpus Juris Civilis, Or The Roman Rule Of Law, Which Counterbalanced The Papal Power That Dominated The German States Since The Conclusion Of The Investiture Controversy. Contents [Hide] 1 Life And Reign 1.1 Early Years 1.2 Rise To Power 1.3 First Italian Campaign: 1154–55 1.4 Second, Third And Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174 1.5 Later Years 1.6 Third Crusade And Death 2 Frederick And The Justinian Code 3 Charismatic Leader 4 Legend 5 Issue 6 Ancestry 7 In Popular Culture 8 See Also 9 References 9.1 Primary Sources 9.2 Secondary Sources 10 External Links Life And Reign[Edit] Early Years[Edit] Frederick Was Born In 1122. In 1147 He Became Duke Of The Southern German Region Of Swabia (Herzog Von Schwaben), And Shortly Afterwards Made His First Trip To The East, Accompanied By His Uncle, The German King Conrad Iii, On The Second Crusade. The Expedition Proved To Be A Disaster,[3] But Frederick Distinguished Himself And Won The Complete Confidence Of The King. When Conrad Died In February 1152, Only Frederick And The Prince-Bishop Of Bamberg Were At His Deathbed. Both Asserted Afterwards That Conrad Had, In Full Possession Of His Mental Powers, Handed The Royal Insignia To Frederick And Indicated That Frederick, Rather Than Conrad's Own Six-Year-Old Son, The Future Frederick Iv, Duke Of Swabia, Succeed Him As King.[4] Frederick Energetically Pursued The Crown And At Frankfurt On 4 March 1152 The Kingdom's Princely Electors Designated Him As The Next German King.[4] He Was Crowned King Of The Romans At Aachen Several Days Later, On 9 March 1152.[5] Frederick's Father Was From The Hohenstaufen Family, And His Mother Was From The Welf Family, The Two Most Powerful Families In Germany. The Hohenstaufens Were Often Called Ghibellines, Which Derives From The Italianized Name For Waiblingen Castle, The Family Seat In Swabia; The Welfs, In A Similar Italianization, Were Called Guelfs.[6] The Reigns Of Henry Iv And Henry V Left The Status Of The German Empire In Disarray, Its Power Waning Under The Weight Of The Investiture Controversy. For A Quarter Of A Century Following The Death Of Henry V In 1125, The German Monarchy Was Largely A Nominal Title With No Real Power.[7] The King Was Chosen By The Princes, Was Given No Resources Outside Those Of His Own Duchy, And He Was Prevented From Exercising Any Real Authority Or Leadership In The Realm. The Royal Title Was Furthermore Passed From One Family To Another To Preclude The Development Of Any Dynastic Interest In The German Crown. When Frederick I Of Hohenstaufen Was Chosen As King In 1152, Royal Power Had Been In Effective Abeyance For Over Twenty-Five Years, And To A Considerable Degree For More Than Eighty Years. The Only Real Claim To Wealth Lay In The Rich Cities Of Northern Italy, Which Were Still Within The Nominal Control Of The German King.[8] The Salian Line Had Died Out With The Death Of Henry V In 1125. The German Princes Refused To Give The Crown To His Nephew, The Duke Of Swabia, For Fear He Would Try To Regain The Imperial Power Held By Henry V. Instead, They Chose Lothair Iii (1125–1137), Who Found Himself Embroiled In A Long-Running Dispute With The Hohenstaufens, And Who Married Into The Welfs. One Of The Hohenstaufens Gained The Throne As Conrad Iii Of Germany (1137–1152). When Frederick Barbarossa Succeeded His Uncle In 1152, There Seemed To Be Excellent Prospects For Ending The Feud, Since He Was A Welf On His Mother's Side.[4] The Welf Duke Of Saxony, Henry The Lion, Would Not Be Appeased, However, Remaining An Implacable Enemy Of The Hohenstaufen Monarchy. Barbarossa Had The Duchies Of Swabia And Franconia, The Force Of His Own Personality, And Very Little Else To Construct An Empire.[9] The Germany That Frederick Tried To Unite Was A Patchwork Of More Than 1600 Individual States, Each With Its Own Prince. A Few Of These, Such As Bavaria And Saxony, Were Large. Many Were Too Small To Pinpoint On A Map.[10] The Titles Afforded To The German King Were "Caesar", "Augustus", And "Emperor Of The Romans". By The Time Frederick Would Assume These, They Were Little More Than Propaganda Slogans With Little Other Meaning.[11] Frederick Was A Pragmatist Who Dealt With The Princes By Finding A Mutual Self-Interest. Unlike Henry Ii Of England, Frederick Did Not Attempt To End Medieval Feudalism, But Rather Tried To Restore It, Though This Was Beyond His Ability. The Great Players In The German Civil War Had Been The Pope, Emperor, Ghibellines, And The Guelfs, But None Of These Had Emerged As The Winner.[12] Rise To Power[Edit] Penny Or Denier With Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, Struck In Nijmegen. Eager To Restore The Empire To The Position It Had Occupied Under Charlemagne And Otto I The Great, The New King Saw Clearly That The Restoration Of Order In Germany Was A Necessary Preliminary To The Enforcement Of The Imperial Rights In Italy. Issuing A General Order For Peace, He Made Lavish Concessions To The Nobles.[13] Abroad, Frederick Intervened In The Danish Civil War Between Svend Iii And Valdemar I Of Denmark[14] And Began Negotiations With The Eastern Roman Emperor, Manuel I Comnenus.[15] It Was Probably About This Time That The King Obtained Papal Assent For The Annulment Of His Childless Marriage With Adelheid Of Vohburg, On The Grounds Of Consanguinity (His Great-Great-Grandfather Was A Brother Of Adela's Great-Great-Great-Grandmother, Making Them Fourth Cousins, Once Removed). He Then Made A Vain Effort To Obtain A Bride From The Court Of Constantinople. On His Accession Frederick Had Communicated The News Of His Election To Pope Eugene Iii, But Had Neglected To Ask For The Papal Confirmation. In March 1153, Frederick Concluded The Treaty Of Constance With The Pope, Whereby He Promised, In Return For His Coronation, To Defend The Papacy, To Make No Peace With King Roger Ii Of Sicily Or Other Enemies Of The Church Without The Consent Of Eugene, And To Help Eugene Regain Control Of The City Of Rome.[16] First Italian Campaign: 1154–55[Edit] Frederick Undertook Six Expeditions Into Italy. In The First, Beginning In October 1154,[17] His Plan Was To Launch A Campaign Against The Normans Under King William I Of Sicily.[15] He Marched Down And Almost Immediately Encountered Resistance To His Authority. Obtaining The Submission Of Milan, He Successfully Besieged Tortona In Early 1155, Razing It To The Ground.[18] He Moved On To Pavia, Where He Received The Iron Crown And The Title Of King Of Italy.[19] Moving Through Bologna And Tuscany, He Was Soon Approaching The City Of Rome. There, Pope Adrian Iv Was Struggling With The Forces Of The Republican City Commune Led By Arnold Of Brescia, A Student Of Abelard.[2] As A Sign Of Good Faith, Frederick Dismissed The Ambassadors From The Revived Roman Senate,[15] And Imperial Forces Suppressed The Republicans. Arnold Was Captured And Hanged For Treason And Rebellion. Despite His Unorthodox Teaching Concerning Theology, Arnold Was Not Charged With Heresy.[20] As Frederick Approached The Gates Of Rome, The Pope Advanced To Meet Him. At The Royal Tent The King Received Him, And After Kissing The Pope's Feet, Frederick Expected To Receive The Traditional Kiss Of Peace.[21] Frederick Had Declined To Hold The Pope's Stirrup While Leading Him To The Tent, However, So Adrian Refused To Give The Kiss Until This Protocol Had Been Complied With.[2] Frederick Hesitated, And Adrian Iv Withdrew; After A Day's Negotiation, Frederick Agreed To Perform The Required Ritual, Reportedly Muttering, "Pro Petro, Non Adriano -- For Peter, Not For Adrian."[21] Rome Was Still In An Uproar Over The Fate Of Arnold Of Brescia, So Rather Than Marching Through The Streets Of Rome, Frederick And Adrian Retired To The Vatican. The Next Day, 18 June 1155, Adrian Iv Crowned Frederick I Holy Roman Emperor At St Peter's Basilica, Amidst The Acclamations Of The German Army.[22] The Romans Began To Riot, And Frederick Spent His Coronation Day Putting Down The Revolt, Resulting In The Deaths Of Over 1,000 Romans And Many More Thousands Injured. The Next Day, Frederick, Adrian, And The German Army Travelled To Tivoli. From There, A Combination Of The Unhealthy Italian Summer And The Effects Of His Year-Long Absence From Germany Meant He Was Forced To Put Off His Planned Campaign Against The Normans Of Sicily.[22] On Their Way Northwards, They Attacked Spoleto And Encountered The Ambassadors Of Manuel I Comnenus, Who Showered Frederick With Costly Gifts. At Verona, Frederick Declared His Fury With The Rebellious Milanese Before Finally Returning To Germany.[23] Disorder Was Again Rampant In Germany, Especially In Bavaria, But General Peace Was Restored By Frederick's Vigorous, But Conciliatory, Measures. The Duchy Of Bavaria Was Transferred From Henry Ii Jasomirgott, Margrave Of Austria, To Frederick's Formidable Younger Cousin Henry The Lion, Duke Of Saxony, Of The House Of Guelph, Whose Father Had Previously Held Both Duchies.[24] Henry Ii Jasomirgott Was Named Duke Of Austria In Compensation For His Loss Of Bavaria. As Part Of His General Policy Of Concessions Of Formal Power To The German Princes And Ending The Civil Wars Within The Kingdom, Frederick Further Appeased Henry By Issuing Him With The Privilegium Minus, Granting Him Unprecedented Entitlements As Duke Of Austria. This Was A Large Concession On The Part Of Frederick, Who Realized That Henry The Lion Had To Be Accommodated, Even To The Point Of Sharing Some Power With Him. Frederick Could Not Afford To Make An Outright Enemy Of Henry.[25] On 9 June 1156 At Würzburg, Frederick Married Beatrice Of Burgundy, Daughter And Heiress Of Renaud Iii, Thus Adding To His Possessions The Sizeable Realm Of The County Of Burgundy. In An Attempt To Create Comity, Emperor Frederick Proclaimed The Peace Of The Land,[26] Written Between 1152 And 1157, Which Enacted Punishments For A Variety Of Crimes, As Well As Systems For Adjudicating Many Disputes. He Also Declared Himself The Sole Augustus Of The Roman World, Ceasing To Recognise Manuel I At Constantinople.[27] Second, Third And Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174[Edit] Frederick Barbarossa As A Crusader, Miniature From A Copy Of The Historia Hierosolymitana, 1188. The Retreat Of Frederick In 1155 Forced Pope Adrian Iv To Come To Terms With King William I Of Sicily, Granting To William I Territories That Frederick Viewed As His Dominion.[28] This Aggrieved Frederick, And He Was Further Displeased When Papal Legates Chose To Interpret A Letter From Adrian To Frederick In A Manner That Seemed To Imply That The Imperial Crown Was A Gift From The Papacy And That In Fact The Empire Itself Was A Fief Of The Papacy.[29] Disgusted With The Pope, And Still Wishing To Crush The Normans In The South Of Italy, In June 1158, Frederick Set Out Upon His Second Italian Expedition, Accompanied By Henry The Lion And His Saxon Troops.[30] This Expedition Resulted In The Revolt And Capture Of Milan,[31] The Diet Of Roncaglia That Saw The Establishment Of Imperial Officers And Ecclesiastical Reforms In The Cities Of Northern Italy,[32] And The Beginning Of The Long Struggle With Pope Alexander Iii. The Death Of Pope Adrian Iv In 1159 Led To The Election Of Two Rival Popes, Alexander Iii And The Antipope Victor Iv, And Both Sought Frederick's Support.[33] Frederick, Busy With The Siege Of Crema, Appeared Unsupportive Of Alexander Iii, And After The Sacking Of Crema Demanded That Alexander Appear Before The Emperor At Pavia And To Accept The Imperial Decree.[34] Alexander Refused, And Frederick Recognised Victor Iv As The Legitimate Pope In 1160.[35] In Response, Alexander Iii Excommunicated Both Frederick I And Victor Iv.[36] Frederick Attempted To Convoke A Joint Council With King Louis Vii Of France In 1162 To Decide The Issue Of Who Should Be Pope.[35] Louis Neared The Meeting Site, But When He Became Aware That Frederick Had Stacked The Votes For Alexander, Louis Decided Not To Attend The Council. As A Result, The Issue Was Not Resolved At That Time.[37] The Political Result Of The Struggle With Pope Alexander Was An Alliance Formed Between The Norman State Of Sicily And Pope Alexander Iii Against Frederick.[38] In The Meantime, Frederick Had To Deal With Another Rebellion At Milan, In Which The City Surrendered On 6 March 1162; Much Of It Was Destroyed Three Weeks Later On The Emperor's Orders.[39] The Fate Of Milan Led To The Submission Of Brescia, Placentia, And Many Other Northern Italian Cities.[40] Returning To Germany Towards The Close Of 1162, Frederick Prevented The Escalation Of Conflicts Between Henry The Lion From Saxony And A Number Of Neighbouring Princes Who Were Growing Weary Of Henry's Power, Influence, And Territorial Gains. He Also Severely Punished The Citizens Of Mainz For Their Rebellion Against Archbishop Arnold. In Frederick's Third Visit To Italy In 1163, His Plans For The Conquest Of Sicily Were Ruined By The Formation Of A Powerful League Against Him, Brought Together Mainly By Opposition To Imperial Taxes. In 1164 Frederick Took What Are Believed To Be The Relics Of The "Biblical Magi" (The Wise Men Or Three Kings) From The Basilica Di Sant'eustorgio In Milan And Gave Them As A Gift (Or As Loot) To The Archbishop Of Cologne, Rainald Of Dassel. The Relics Had Great Religious Significance And Could Be Counted Upon To Draw Pilgrims From All Over Christendom. Today They Are Kept In The Shrine Of The Three Kings In The Cologne Cathedral. After The Death Of The Antipope Victor Iv, Frederick Supported Antipope Paschal Iii, But He Was Soon Driven From Rome, Leading To The Return Of Pope Alexander Iii In 1165.[41] In The Meantime Frederick Was Focused On Restoring Peace In The Rhineland, Where He Organized A Magnificent Celebration Of The Canonization Of Charles The Great (Charlemagne) At Aachen, Under The Authority Of The Antipope Paschal Iii. Concerned Over Rumours That Alexander Iii Was About To Enter Into An Alliance With The Byzantine Emperor Manuel I,[42] In October 1166 Frederick Embarked On His Fourth Italian Campaign, Hoping As Well To Secure The Claim Of Paschal Iii And The Coronation Of His Wife Beatrice As Holy Roman Empress. This Time, Henry The Lion Refused To Join Frederick On His Italian Trip, Tending Instead To His Own Disputes With Neighbors And His Continuing Expansion Into Slavic Territories In Northeastern Germany. In 1167 Frederick Began Besieging Ancona, Which Had Acknowledged The Authority Of Manuel I;[43] At The Same Time, His Forces Achieved A Great Victory Over The Romans At The Battle Of Monte Porzio.[44] Heartened By This Victory, Frederick Lifted The Siege Of Ancona And Hurried To Rome, Where He Had His Wife Crowned Empress And Also Received A Second Coronation From Paschal Iii.[44] Unfortunately, His Campaign Was Halted By The Sudden Outbreak Of An Epidemic (Malaria Or The Plague), Which Threatened To Destroy The Imperial Army And Drove The Emperor As A Fugitive To Germany,[45][46] Where He Remained For The Ensuing Six Years. During This Period, Frederick Decided Conflicting Claims To Various Bishoprics, Asserted Imperial Authority Over Bohemia, Poland, And Hungary, Initiated Friendly Relations With Manuel I, And Tried To Come To A Better Understanding With Henry Ii Of England And Louis Vii Of France. Many Swabian Counts, Including His Cousin The Young Duke Of Swabia, Frederick Iv, Died In 1167, So He Was Able To Organize A New Mighty Territory In The Duchy Of Swabia Under His Reign In This Time. Consequently, His Younger Son Frederick V Became The New Duke Of Swabia In 1167,[47] While His Eldest Son Henry Was Crowned King Of The Romans In 1169, Alongside His Father Who Also Retained The Title.[45] Later Years[Edit] Frederick Barbarossa, Middle, Flanked By Two Of His Children, King Henry Vi (Left) And Duke Frederick Vi (Right). From The Historia Welforum. Increasing Anti-German Sentiment Swept Through Lombardy, Culminating In The Restoration Of Milan In 1169.[48] In 1174 Frederick Made His Fifth Expedition To Italy. (It Was Probably During This Time That The Famous Tafelgüterverzeichnis, A Record Of The Royal Estates, Was Made.[49]) He Was Opposed By The Pro-Papal Lombard League (Now Joined By Venice, Sicily, And Constantinople), Which Had Previously Formed To Stand Against Him.[50] The Cities Of Northern Italy Had Become Exceedingly Wealthy Through Trade, Representing A Marked Turning Point In The Transition From Medieval Feudalism. While Continental Feudalism Had Remained Strong Socially And Economically, It Was In Deep Political Decline By The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa. When The Northern Italian Cities Inflicted A Defeat On Frederick At Alessandria In 1175, The European World Was Shocked.[51][52] With The Refusal Of Henry The Lion To Bring Help To Italy, The Campaign Was A Complete Failure. Frederick Suffered A Heavy Defeat At The Battle Of Legnano Near Milan, On 29 May 1176, Where He Was Wounded And For Some Time Was Believed To Be Dead.[53] This Battle Marked The Turning Point In Frederick's Claim To Empire.[54] He Had No Choice Other Than To Begin Negotiations For Peace With Alexander Iii And The Lombard League. In The Peace Of Anagni In 1176, Frederick Recognized Alexander Iii As Pope, And In The Peace Of Venice In 1177, Frederick And Alexander Iii Were Formally Reconciled.[55] The Scene Was Similar To That Which Had Occurred Between Pope Gregory Vii And Henry Iv, Holy Roman Emperor At Canossa A Century Earlier. The Conflict Was The Same As That Resolved In The Concordat Of Worms: Did The Holy Roman Emperor Have The Power To Name The Pope And Bishops? The Investiture Controversy From Previous Centuries Had Been Brought To A Tendentious Peace With The Concordat Of Worms And Affirmed In The First Council Of The Lateran. Now It Had Recurred, In A Slightly Different Form. Frederick Had To Humble Himself Before Alexander Iii At Venice.[56] The Emperor Acknowledged The Pope's Sovereignty Over The Papal States, And In Return Alexander Acknowledged The Emperor's Overlordship Of The Imperial Church. Also In The Peace Of Venice, A Truce Was Made With The Lombard Cities, Which Took Effect In August 1178.[57] The Grounds For A Permanent Peace Were Not Established Until 1183, However, In The Peace Of Constance, When Frederick Conceded Their Right To Freely Elect Town Magistrates. By This Move, Frederick Recovered His Nominal Domination Over Italy, Which Became His Chief Means Of Applying Pressure On The Papacy.[58] In A Move To Consolidate His Reign After The Disastrous Expedition Into Italy, Frederick Was Formally Crowned King Of Burgundy At Arles On 30 June 1178. Although Traditionally The German Kings Had Automatically Inherited The Royal Crown Of Arles Since The Time Of Conrad Ii, Frederick Felt The Need To Be Crowned By The Archbishop Of Arles, Regardless Of His Laying Claim To The Title From 1152. Frederick Did Not Forgive Henry The Lion For Refusing To Come To His Aid In 1176.[59] By 1180, Henry Had Successfully Established A Powerful And Contiguous State Comprising Saxony, Bavaria, And Substantial Territories In The North And East Of Germany. Taking Advantage Of The Hostility Of Other German Princes To Henry, Frederick Had Henry Tried In Absentia By A Court Of Bishops And Princes In 1180, Declared That Imperial Law Overruled Traditional German Law, And Had Henry Stripped Of His Lands And Declared An Outlaw.[60] He Then Invaded Saxony With An Imperial Army To Force His Cousin To Surrender. Henry's Allies Deserted Him, And He Finally Had To Submit In November 1181. Henry Spent Three Years In Exile At The Court Of His Father-In-Law Henry Ii Of England In Normandy Before Being Allowed Back Into Germany. He Finished His Days In Germany, As The Much-Diminished Duke Of Brunswick.[61] Frederick's Desire For Revenge Was Sated. Henry The Lion Lived A Relatively Quiet Life, Sponsoring Arts And Architecture. Frederick's Victory Over Henry Did Not Gain Him As Much In The German Feudalistic System As It Would Have In The English Feudalistic System. While In England The Pledge Of Fealty Went In A Direct Line From Overlords To Those Under Them, The Germans Pledged Oaths Only To The Direct Overlord, So That In Henry's Case, Those Below Him In The Feudal Chain Owed Nothing To Frederick. Thus, Despite The Diminished Stature Of Henry The Lion, Frederick Did Not Gain His Allegiances.[62] Frederick Was Faced With The Reality Of Disorder Among The German States, Where Continuous Civil Wars Were Waged Between Pretenders And The Ambitious Who Wanted The Crown For Themselves. Italian Unity Under German Rule Was More Myth Than Truth. Despite Proclamations Of German Hegemony, The Pope Was The Most Powerful Force In Italy.[63] When Frederick Returned To Germany After His Defeat In Northern Italy, He Was A Bitter And Exhausted Man. The German Princes, Far From Being Subordinated To Royal Control, Were Intensifying Their Hold On Wealth And Power In Germany And Entrenching Their Positions. There Began To Be A Generalized Social Desire To "Create Greater Germany" By Conquering The Slavs To The East.[64] Although The Italian City States Had Achieved A Measure Of Independence From Frederick As A Result Of His Failed Fifth Expedition Into Italy,[65] The Emperor Had Not Given Up On His Italian Dominions. In 1184, He Held A Massive Celebration When His Two Eldest Sons Were Knighted, And Thousands Of Knights Were Invited From All Over Germany. While Payments Upon The Knighting Of A Son Were Part Of The Expectations Of An Overlord In England And France, Only A "Gift" Was Given In Germany For Such An Occasion. Frederick's Monetary Gain From This Celebration Is Said To Have Been Modest.[66] Later In 1184, Frederick Again Moved Into Italy, This Time Joining Forces With The Local Rural Nobility To Reduce The Power Of The Tuscan Cities.[67] In 1186, He Engineered The Marriage Of His Son Henry To Constance Of Sicily, Heiress To The Kingdom Of Sicily, Over The Objections Of Pope Urban Iii.[68] Third Crusade And Death[Edit] Pope Urban Iii Died Shortly After, And Was Succeeded By Gregory Viii, Who Was More Concerned With Troubling Reports From The Holy Land Than With A Power Struggle With Barbarossa. After Making His Peace With The New Pope, Frederick Vowed To Take Up The Cross At The Diet Of Mainz In 1188.[50] Frederick Embarked On The Third Crusade (1189–92), A Massive Expedition In Conjunction With The French, Led By King Philip Augustus, And The English, Under King Richard The Lionheart. Frederick Organized A Grand Army Of 100,000 Men (Including 20,000 Knights) And Set Out On The Overland Route To The Holy Land;[69] Some Historians Believe That This Is An Exaggeration, However, And That The True Figure Might Be Closer To 15,000 Men, Including 3,000 Knights.[70] Barbarossa Drowns In The Saleph. From The Gotha Manuscript Of The Saxon World Chronicle The Saleph River, Now Known As The Göksu The Crusaders Passed Through Hungary, Serbia, And Bulgaria Before Entering Byzantine Territory And Arriving At Constantinople In The Autumn Of 1189. Matters Were Complicated By A Secret Alliance Between The Emperor Of Constantinople And Saladin, Warning Of Which Was Supplied By A Note From Sibylla, Ex-Queen Of Jerusalem.[71] While In Hungary, Barbarossa Personally Asked The Hungarian Prince Géza, Brother Of King Béla Iii Of Hungary, To Join The Crusade. The King Agreed, And A Hungarian Army Of 2,000 Men Led By Géza Escorted The German Emperor's Forces. The Armies Coming From Western Europe Pushed On Through Anatolia, Where They Were Victorious In Taking Aksehir And Defeating The Turks In The Battle Of Iconium, And Entered Cilician Armenia. The Approach Of The Immense German Army Greatly Concerned Saladin And The Other Muslim Leaders, Who Began To Rally Troops Of Their Own To Confront Barbarossa's Forces.[2] On 10 June 1190, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa Drowned Near Silifke Castle In The Saleph River.[72] Accounts Of The Event Are Conflicting. Some Historians Believe He May Have Had A Heart Attack That Complicated Matters. Some Of Frederick's Men Put Him In A Barrel Of Vinegar To Preserve His Body. Frederick's Death Plunged His Army Into Chaos. Leaderless, Panicking, And Attacked On All Sides By Turks, Many Germans Deserted, Were Killed, Or Committed Suicide. Only 5,000 Soldiers, A Small Fraction Of The Original Force, Arrived In Acre. Barbarossa's Son, Frederick Vi Of Swabia, Carried On With The Remnants Of The German Army, Along With The Hungarian Army Under The Command Of Prince Géza, With The Aim Of Burying The Emperor In Jerusalem, But Efforts To Conserve His Body In Vinegar Failed. Hence, His Flesh Was Interred In The Church Of St Peter In Antioch, His Bones In The Cathedral Of Tyre, And His Heart And Inner Organs In Tarsus.[2] The Unexpected Demise Of Frederick Left The Crusader Army Under The Command Of The Rivals Philip Ii And Richard, Who Had Traveled To Palestine Separately By Sea, And Ultimately Led To Its Dissolution. Richard Continued To The East Where He Defeated Saladin In Many Battles, Winning Significant Territories Along The Shores Of Palestine, But Ultimately Failed To Win The War By Conquering Jerusalem Itself Before He Was Forced To Return To His Own Territories In North-Western Europe, Known As The Angevin Empire. He Returned Home After He Signed The Treaty Of Ramla Agreeing That Jerusalem Would Remain Under Muslim Control While Allowing Unarmed Christian Pilgrims And Traders To Visit The City. The Treaty Also Reduced The Latin Kingdom To A Geopolitical Coastal Strip Extending From Tyre To Jaffa. Frederick And The Justinian Code[Edit] The Increase In Wealth Of The Trading Cities Of Northern Italy Led To A Revival In The Study Of The Justinian Code, A Latin Legal System That Had Become Extinct Centuries Earlier. Legal Scholars Renewed Its Application. It Is Speculated That Pope Gregory Vii Personally Encouraged The Justinian Rule Of Law And Had A Copy Of It. The Historian Norman Cantor Described Corpus Iuris Civilis (Justinian Body Of Civil Law) As "The Greatest Legal Code Ever Devised".[73] It Envisaged The Law Of The State As A Reflection Of Natural Moral Law (As Seen By The Men Of The Justinian System), The Principle Of Rationality In The Universe. By The Time Frederick Assumed The Throne, This Legal System Was Well Established On Both Sides Of The Alps. He Was The First To Utilize The Availability Of The New Professional Class Of Lawyers. The Civil Law Allowed Frederick To Use These Lawyers To Administer His Kingdom In A Logical And Consistent Manner. It Also Provided A Framework To Legitimize His Claim To The Right To Rule Both Germany And Northern Italy. In The Old Days Of Henry V And Henry Vi, The Claim Of Divine Right Of Kings Had Been Severely Undermined By The Investiture Controversy. The Church Had Won That Argument In The Common Man's Mind. There Was No Divine Right For The German King To Also Control The Church By Naming Both Bishops And Popes. The Institution Of The Justinian Code Was Used, Perhaps Unscrupulously, By Frederick To Lay Claim To Divine Powers.[74] In Germany, Frederick Was A Political Realist, Taking What He Could And Leaving The Rest. In Italy, He Tended To Be A Romantic Reactionary, Reveling In The Antiquarian Spirit Of The Age, Exemplified By A Revival Of Classical Studies And Roman Law. It Was Through The Use Of The Restored Justinian Code That Frederick Came To View Himself As A New Roman Emperor.[75] Roman Law Gave A Rational Purpose For The Existence Of Frederick And His Imperial Ambitions. It Was A Counterweight To The Claims Of The Church To Have Authority Because Of Divine Revelation. The Church Was Opposed To Frederick For Ideological Reasons, Not The Least Of Which Was The Humanist Nature Found In The Revival Of The Old Roman Legal System.[76] When Pepin The Short Sought To Become King Of The Franks In The 8Th Century, The Church Needed Military Protection, So Pepin Found It Convenient To Make An Ally Of The Pope. Frederick, However, Desired To Put The Pope Aside And Claim The Crown Of Old Rome Simply Because He Was In The Likeness Of The Greatest Emperors Of The Pre-Christian Era. Pope Adrian Iv Was Naturally Opposed To This View And Undertook A Vigorous Propaganda Campaign Designed To Diminish Frederick And His Ambition. To A Large Extent, This Was Successful.[77] Charismatic Leader[Edit] Historians Have Compared Frederick To Henry Ii Of England. Both Were Considered The Greatest And Most Charismatic Leaders Of Their Age. Each Possessed A Rare Combination Of Qualities That Made Him Appear Superhuman To His Contemporaries: Longevity, Boundless Ambition, Extraordinary Organizing Skill, And Greatness On The Battlefield. Both Were Handsome And Proficient In Courtly Skills, Without Appearing Effeminate Or Affected. Both Came To The Throne In The Prime Of Manhood. Each Had An Element Of Learning, Without Being Considered Impractical Intellectuals But Rather More Inclined To Practicality. Each Found Himself In The Possession Of New Legal Institutions That Were Put To Creative Use In Governing. Both Henry And Frederick Were Viewed To Be Sufficiently And Formally Devout To The Teachings Of The Church, Without Being Moved To The Extremes Of Spirituality Seen In The Great Saints Of The 12Th Century. In Making Final Decisions, Each Relied Solely Upon His Own Judgment,[78] And Both Were Interested In Gathering As Much Power As They Could.[79] In Keeping With This View Of Frederick, His Uncle, Otto Of Freising, Wrote An Account Of Frederick's Reign Entitled Gesta Friderici I Imperatoris (Deeds Of The Emperor Frederick). Otto Died After Finishing The First Two Books, Leaving The Last Two To Rahewin, His Provost. The Text Is In Places Heavily Dependent On Classical Precedent.[80] For Example, Rahewin's Physical Description Of Frederick Reproduces Word-For-Word (Except For Details Of Hair And Beard) A Description Of Another Monarch Written Nearly Eight Hundred Years Earlier By Sidonius Apollinaris:[81] His Character Is Such That Not Even Those Envious Of His Power Can Belittle Its Praise. His Person Is Well-Proportioned. He Is Shorter Than Very Tall Men, But Taller And More Noble Than Men Of Medium Height. His Hair Is Golden, Curling A Little Above His Forehead ... His Eyes Are Sharp And Piercing, His Beard Reddish [Barba Subrufa], His Lips Delicate ... His Whole Face Is Bright And Cheerful. His Teeth Are Even And Snow-White In Color ... Modesty Rather Than Anger Causes Him To Blush Frequently. His Shoulders Are Rather Broad, And He Is Strongly Built ... Frederick's Charisma Led To A Fantastic Juggling Act That, Over A Quarter Of A Century, Restored The Imperial Authority In The German States. His Formidable Enemies Defeated Him On Almost Every Side, Yet In The End He Emerged Triumphant. When Frederick Came To The Throne, The Prospects For The Revival Of German Imperial Power Were Extremely Thin. The Great German Princes Had Increased Their Power And Land Holdings. The King Had Been Left With Only The Traditional Family Domains And A Vestige Of Power Over The Bishops And Abbeys. The Backwash Of The Investiture Controversy Had Left The German States In Continuous Turmoil. Rival States Were In Perpetual War. These Conditions Allowed Frederick To Be Both Warrior And Occasional Peace-Maker, Both To His Advantage.[9] Legend[Edit] Frederick Sends Out The Boy To See Whether The Ravens Still Fly. Frederick Is The Subject Of Many Legends, Including That Of A Sleeping Hero, Like The Much Older British Celtic Legends Of Arthur Or Bran The Blessed. Legend Says He Is Not Dead, But Asleep With His Knights In A Cave In The Kyffhäuser Mountain In Thuringia Or Mount Untersberg In Bavaria, Germany, And That When The Ravens Cease To Fly Around The Mountain He Will Awake And Restore Germany To Its Ancient Greatness. According To The Story, His Red Beard Has Grown Through The Table At Which He Sits. His Eyes Are Half Closed In Sleep, But Now And Then He Raises His Hand And Sends A Boy Out To See If The Ravens Have Stopped Flying.[82] A Similar Story, Set In Sicily, Was Earlier Attested About His Grandson, Frederick Ii.[83] To Garner Political Support The German Empire Built Atop The Kyffhäuser The Kyffhäuser Monument, Which Declared Kaiser Wilhelm I The Reincarnation Of Frederick; The 1896 Dedication Occurred On 18 June, The Day Of Frederick's Coronation.[84] In Medieval Europe, The Golden Legend Became Refined By Jacopo Da Voragine. This Was A Popularized Interpretation Of The Biblical End Of The World. It Consisted Of Three Things: (1) Terrible Natural Disasters; (2) The Arrival Of The Antichrist; (3) The Establishment Of A Good King To Combat The Anti-Christ. These Millennial Fables Were Common And Freely Traded By The Populations On Continental Europe. End-Time Accounts Had Been Around For Thousands Of Years, But Entered The Christian Tradition With The Writings Of The Apostle Peter. German Propaganda Played Into The Exaggerated Fables Believed By The Common People By Characterizing Frederick Barbarossa And Frederick Ii As Personification Of The "Good King".[85] Frederick's Uncle, Otto, Bishop Of Freising Wrote A Biography Entitled The Deeds Of Frederick Barbarosa, Which Is Considered To Be An Accurate History Of The King. Otto's Other Major Work, The Two Cities Was An Exposition Of The Work Of St. Augustine Of Hippo Of A Similar Title. The Latter Work Was Full Of Augustinian Negativity Concerning The Nature Of The World And History. His Work On Frederick Is Of Opposite Tone, Being An Optimistic Portrayal Of The Glorious Potentials Of Imperial Authority. (See Description Supra.)[86] Another Legend States That When Barbarossa Was In The Process Of Seizing Milan In 1158, His Wife, The Empress Beatrice, Was Taken Captive By The Enraged Milanese And Forced To Ride Through The City On A Donkey In A Humiliating Manner. Some Sources Of This Legend Indicate That Barbarossa Implemented His Revenge For This Insult By Forcing The Magistrates Of The City To Remove A Fig From The Anus Of A Donkey Using Only Their Teeth.[87] Another Source States That Barbarossa Took His Wrath Upon Every Able-Bodied Man In The City, And That It Was Not A Fig They Were Forced To Hold In Their Mouth, But Excrement From The Donkey. To Add To This Debasement, They Were Made To Announce, "Ecco La Fica", (Meaning "Behold The Fig"), With The Feces Still In Their Mouths. It Used To Be Said That The Insulting Gesture, (Called Fico), Of Holding One's Fist With The Thumb In Between The Middle And Forefinger Came By Its Origin From This Event.[88] Issue[Edit] Frederick's First Marriage, To Adelheid Of Vohburg, Did Not Produce Any Issue And Was Annulled.[89] From His Second Marriage, To Beatrice Of Burgundy,[89] He Had The Following Children: Beatrice (1162–1174). She Was Betrothed To King William Ii Of Sicily But Died Before They Could Be Married. Frederick V, Duke Of Swabia (Pavia, 16 July 1164 – 28 November 1170). Henry Vi, Holy Roman Emperor (Nijmegen, November 1165 – Messina, 28 September 1197).[89] Conrad (Modigliana, February 1167 – Acre, 20 January 1191), Later Renamed Frederick Vi, Duke Of Swabia After The Death Of His Older Brother.[89] Gisela (October/November 1168 – 1184). Otto I, Count Of Burgundy (June/July 1170 – Killed, Besançon, 13 January 1200).[89] Conrad Ii, Duke Of Swabia And Rothenburg (February/March 1172 – Killed, Durlach, 15 August 1196).[89] Renaud (October/November 1173 – In Infancy). William (June/July 1176 – In Infancy). Philip Of Swabia (August 1177 – Killed, Bamberg, 21 June 1208) King Of Germany In 1198.[89] Agnes (1181 – 8 October 1184). She Was Betrothed To King Emeric Of Hungary But Died Before They Could Be Married. Ancestry[Edit] This Section Does Not Cite Any Sources. Please Help Improve This Section By Adding Citations To Reliable Sources. Unsourced Material May Be Challenged And Removed. (January 2016) (Learn How And When To Remove This Template Message) [Show]Ancestors Of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor In Popular Culture[Edit] In Victor Hugo's Romantic Play Les Burgraves (1843), Frederick (As Character Frédéric De Hohenstaufen) Returns Many Years After He Was Presumed Dead, As Expected By Some Medieval Legends. Cyrus Townsend Brady's Hohenzollern; A Story Of The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa (1901) Begins With A Dedication To "The Descendants Of The Great Germanic Race Who In Europe, In America, And In The Far East Rule The World".[90] Land Of Unreason (1941), By L. Sprague De Camp And Fletcher Pratt, Mentions The Castle Of The Kyffhäuser. John Crowley's Novel Little, Big (1981) Features Frederick Barbarossa As A Character In Modern Times, Awoken From His Centuries Of Sleep. In The Book, He Becomes The President Of The United States And Rules As A Tyrant.[91] Umberto Eco's Novel Baudolino (2000) Is Set Partly At Frederick's Court, And Also Deals With The Mystery Of Frederick's Death. The Imaginary Hero, Baudolino, Is The Emperor's Adopted Son And Confidant. In 1999 Film The Thomas Crown Affair, The Title Character Is Said To Be In Possession Of "An Ornament Worn By Frederick Barbarossa At His Coronation In 1152." The 1999 Real-Time Strategy Video Game Age Of Empires Ii: The Age Of Kings Developed By Ensemble Studios Has A Campaign Which Follows Fredrick Barbarossa From The Period Of His Struggles In Germany To His Death On The Third Crusade. It Is Of Note That Barbarossa Never Appears As An Actual Unit In The Game, Though The Objective Of The Final Level (After His Death) Is To Take A Unit Named "Emperor In A Barrel" To The Dome Of The Rock In Jerusalem. In The 2002 Real-Time Strategy Video Game Stronghold: Crusader, Emperor Frederick Is An Ai Opponent That Players Can Challenge In Skirmish Play. The 2006 Turn-Based Strategy Video Game Medieval Ii Total War: Kingdoms Developed By Creative Assembly Features Frederick Barbarossa In The Crusade Campaign. Barbarossa Launches A Crusade To The Holy Land With 100,000 Strong Men. During The Next 'Turn,' He Drowns In The Sea And Because Of His Death The Crusade Is Canceled. Andreas Seiler's Novel Real Wizard (2008) Is An Attribution To The 1,000-Year-Old Myth, With Aspects Of Life And Death Of The Emperor. It Includes A Generalised German History Of Unification As A Background To The Story. Isbn 978-0-646-49625-2 In The 2009 Movie Barbarossa (Also Entitled Sword Of War And Barbarossa: Siege Lord), Barbarossa Is One Of The Main Characters, Played By Rutger Hauer. Frederick Barbarossa Leads The German Civilization In The 2016 4X Video Game Civilization Vi Developed By Firaxis Games.[92][93] See Also[Edit] German Monarchs Family Tree Dukes Of Swabia Family Tree Operation Barbarossa, The Codename Of The German Invasion Of The Soviet Union In 1941.[94] References[Edit] This Article Incorporates Text From A Publication Now In The Public Domain: Chisholm, Hugh, Ed. (1911). "Frederick I., Roman Emperor". Encyclopædia Britannica (11Th Ed.). Cambridge University Press. Jump Up ^ Peter Moraw, Heiliges Reich, In: Lexikon Des Mittelalters, Munich & Zurich: Artemis 1977–1999, Vol. 4, Pp. 2025–28. ^ Jump Up To: A B C D E Canduci (2010), P. 263 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 199 ^ Jump Up To: A B C Comyn (1851), P. 200 Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 266 Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), Pp. 300–302 Jump Up ^ Bryce (1913), P. 166 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 302–303 ^ Jump Up To: A B Cantor (1969), Pp. 428–429 Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 359 Jump Up ^ Brown (1972) Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 318–319 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 202 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 201 ^ Jump Up To: A B C Comyn (1851), P. 230 Jump Up ^ Falco (1964), Pp. 218 Et Seq. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 227 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 228 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 229 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 368–369 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 231 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 232 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 233 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 203 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 319 Jump Up ^ "Peace Of The Land Established By Frederick Barbarossa Between 1152 And 1157 A.D.". The Avalon Project. Yale Law School. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 234 Jump Up ^ Wikisource-Logo.Svg Ua Clerigh, Arthur (1913). "Pope Adrian Iv". In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 235 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 236 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 238 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 240 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 241 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 242 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 243 Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 295 Jump Up ^ Munz (1969), P. 228 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 326–327 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 245 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 246 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 247 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 248 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 249 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 250 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 251 Jump Up ^ See Entry For The Contemporary Chroniclers, Ottone And Acerbo Morena. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 252 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 253 Jump Up ^ Leyser (1988), P. 157 ^ Jump Up To: A B Kampers, Franz. "Frederick I (Barbarossa)". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 21 May 2009. Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 104 Jump Up ^ Reprint Of B. Arthaud. La Civilization De L'occident Medieval, Paris, 1964. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 257 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 332 Et Seq. Jump Up ^ Brown (1972), Pp. 164–165 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 260 Jump Up ^ See Yale Avalon Project. Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), Pp. 96–97 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 263 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 333 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 264 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 433–434 Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), Pp. 102–103 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 429 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 262 Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 240 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 265 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 266 Jump Up ^ J. Phillips, The Fourth Crusade And The Sack Of Constantinople, 66 Jump Up ^ Konstam, Historical Atlas Of The Crusades, 162 Jump Up ^ The Crusade Of Frederick Barbarossa: Letters, Fordham University. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 267 Jump Up ^ Cantor, Norman F. (1993). The Civilization Of The Middle Ages. New York: Harpercollins. P. 309. Isbn 0060170336. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 340–342 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 332 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 324 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 325 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 422–423 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 424 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 360 Jump Up ^ Sidonius Apollinaris, Epistles 1.2, A Description Of Theodoric Ii Of The Visigoths (453–66). See Mierow And Emery (1953) P. 331. Jump Up ^ Brown (1972), P. 172 Jump Up ^ Kantorowicz, Frederick Ii; Last Chapter Jump Up ^ Jarausch (1997), P. 35 Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 190 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 359–360 Jump Up ^ Walford, Cox & Apperson (1885), P. 119 Jump Up ^ Novobatzky & Shea (2001) ^ Jump Up To: A B C D E F G Gislebertus (Of Mons), Chronicle Of Hainaut, Transl. Laura Napran, (Boydell Press, 2005), 55 Note245. Jump Up ^ Brady (1901) Jump Up ^ Crowley (2006), Pp. 346, 429 Jump Up ^ "Civilization Vi: Frederick Barbarossa Leads Germany". Official Civilization Website. August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016. Jump Up ^ "Frederick Barbarossa Leads Germany In 'Civilization Vi'". Digital Trends. August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016. Jump Up ^ Kershaw (2001), P. 335 Primary Sources[Edit] Otto Of Freising And His Continuator Rahewin, The Deeds Of Frederick Barbarossa Tr. Charles Christopher Mierow With Richard Emery. New York: Columbia University Press, 1953. Reprinted: Toronto: University Of Toronto Press, 1994. Ibn Al-Athir Romuald Of Salerno. Chronicon In Rerum Italicarum Scriptores. Otto Of Sankt Blasien The "Bergamo Master". Carmen De Gestis Frederici I Imperatoris In Lombardia. Chronicon Vincentii Canonici Pragensis In Monumenta Historica Boemiae By Fr. Gelasius Dobner (1764)[1] [2] Secondary Sources[Edit] Brady, Charles Townsend (1901). Hohenzollern; A Story Of The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa. New York: The Century Co. Brown, R. A. (1972). The Origins Of Modern Europe. Boydell Press. Bryce, James (1913). The Holy Roman Empire. Macmillan. Canduci, Alexander (2010). Triumph & Tragedy: The Rise And Fall Of Rome's Immortal Emperors. Pier 9. Isbn 978-1-74196-598-8. Cantor, N. F. (1969). Medieval History. Macmillan And Company. Comyn, Robert (1851). History Of The Western Empire, From Its Restoration By Charlemagne To The Accession Of Charles V. I. Crowley, John William (2006). Little, Big. New York: Perennial. Isbn 978-0-06-112005-3. Dahmus, J. (1969). The Middle Ages, A Popular History. Garden City, Ny: Doubleday. Davis, R. H. C. (1957). A History Of Medieval Europe. Longmans. Falco, G. (1964). The Holy Roman Republic. New York: Barnes And Co. Freed, John (2016). Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince And The Myth. New Haven, Ct: Yale University Press. Isbn 978-0-300-122763. Jarausch, K. H. (1997). After Unity; Reconfiguring German Identities. New York: Berghahn Books. Isbn 1-57181-041-2. Kershaw, Ian (2001). Hitler, 1936–45: Nemesis. Penguin. Le Goff, J. (2000). Medieval Civilization, 400–1500. New York: Barnes And Noble. Leyser, Karl J. (1988). Frederick Barbarossa And The Hohenstaufen Polity. University Of California Press. Munz, Peter (1969). Frederick Barbarossa: A Study In Medieval Politics. Ithaca And London: Cornell University Press. Novobatzky, Peter; Shea, Ammon (2001). Depraved And Insulting English. Orlando: Harcourt. Walford, Edward; Cox, John Charles; Apperson, George Latimer (1885). "Digit Folklore, Part Ii". The Antiquary. Xi: 119–123. External Links[Edit] Wikimedia Commons Has Media Related To Friedrich I. Barbarossa. Wikisource Has Original Works Written By Or About: Frederick I Msn Encarta – Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire) (Archived 2009-10-31) Famous Men Of The Middle Ages – Frederick Barbarossa Charter Given By Emperor Frederick For The Bishopric Of Bamberg Showing The Emperor's Seal, 6.4.1157 . Taken From The Collections Of The Lichtbildarchiv Älterer Originalurkunden At Marburg University Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor House Of Hohenstaufen Born: 1122 Died: 1190 Regnal Titles Preceded By Conrad Iii German King Formally King Of The Romans 1152–1190 Succeeded By Henry Vi King Of Italy 1155–1190 Preceded By Lothair Iii King Of Arles 1152–1190 Holy Roman Emperor 1155–1190 Preceded By Frederick Ii Duke Of Swabia 1147–1152 Succeeded By Frederick Iv Preceded By Beatrice I As Sole Ruler Count Palatine Of Burgundy 1156–1190 With Beatrice I Succeeded By Otto I [Show] V T E Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Emperors [Show] V T E Monarchs Of Germany Authority Control Worldcat Identities Viaf: 66596013 Lccn: N50047907 Isni: 0000 0001 1885 1477 Gnd: 118535757 Selibr: 230780 Sudoc: 034094296 Bnf: Cb12488571M (Data) Ulan: 500329612 Nla: 35683449 Nkc: Jn20000700567 Bne: Xx856878 Categories: Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor1122 Births1190 Deathschristians Of The Third Crusadedeaths By Drowningdukes Of Swabiahohenstaufen Dynastyholy Roman Emperorsgerman Kings Of Burgundyreleased From Excommunicationpeople From Baden-Württemberg12Th-Century Monarchs In Europe Navigation Menu Not Logged Intalkcontributionscreate Accountlog Inarticletalkreadeditview Historysearch From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Frederick Barbarossa Friedrich I. Barbarossa.Jpg A Golden Bust Of Frederick I, Given To His Godfather Count Otto Of Cappenberg In 1171. It Was Used As A Reliquary In Cappenberg Abbey And Is Said In The Deed Of The Gift To Have Been Made "In The Likeness Of The Emperor". Holy Roman Emperor Reign 2 January 1155 – 10 June 1190 Coronation 18 June 1155, Rome Predecessor Lothair Iii Successor Henry Vi King Of Italy Reign 1155–1190 Coronation C. 1155, Pavia Predecessor Conrad Iii Successor Henry Vi King Of Germany Formally King Of The Romans Reign 1152–1190 Coronation 9 March 1152, Aachen Predecessor Conrad Iii Successor Henry Vi King Of Burgundy Reign 1152–1190 Coronation 30 June 1178, Arles Born 1122 Died 10 June 1190 (Aged 67–68) Saleph River, Cilician Armenia Burial Church Of St Peter, Antioch Spouse Adelheid Of Vohburg Beatrice I, Countess Of Burgundy Issue More... Frederick V, Duke Of Swabia Henry Vi, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Vi, Duke Of Swabia Otto I, Count Of Burgundy Conrad Ii, Duke Of Swabia Philip, King Of Germany House Hohenstaufen Father Frederick Ii, Duke Of Swabia Mother Judith Of Bavaria Religion Roman Catholicism Frederick I (German: Friedrich; 1122 – 10 June 1190), Also Known As Frederick Barbarossa, Was The Holy Roman Emperor From 1155 Until His Death. He Was Elected King Of Germany At Frankfurt On 4 March 1152 And Crowned In Aachen On 9 March 1152. He Became King Of Italy In 1155 And Was Crowned Roman Emperor By Pope Adrian Iv On 18 June 1155. Two Years Later, The Term Sacrum ("Holy") First Appeared In A Document In Connection With His Empire.[1] He Was Later Formally Crowned King Of Burgundy, At Arles On 30 June 1178. He Got The Name Barbarossa From The Northern Italian Cities He Attempted To Rule: Barbarossa Means "Red Beard" In Italian;[2] In German, He Was Known As Kaiser Rotbart, Which Has The Same Meaning. Before His Imperial Election, Frederick Was By Inheritance Duke Of Swabia (1147–1152, As Frederick Iii). He Was The Son Of Duke Frederick Ii Of The Hohenstaufen Dynasty And Judith, Daughter Of Henry Ix, Duke Of Bavaria, From The Rival House Of Welf. Frederick Therefore Descended From The Two Leading Families In Germany, Making Him An Acceptable Choice For The Empire's Prince-Electors. Historians Consider Him Among The Holy Roman Empire's Greatest Medieval Emperors. He Combined Qualities That Made Him Appear Almost Superhuman To His Contemporaries: His Longevity, His Ambition, His Extraordinary Skills At Organization, His Battlefield Acumen And His Political Perspicuity. Among His Contributions To Central European Society And Culture Include The Reestablishment Of The Corpus Juris Civilis, Or The Roman Rule Of Law, Which Counterbalanced The Papal Power That Dominated The German States Since The Conclusion Of The Investiture Controversy. Contents [Hide] 1 Life And Reign 1.1 Early Years 1.2 Rise To Power 1.3 First Italian Campaign: 1154–55 1.4 Second, Third And Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174 1.5 Later Years 1.6 Third Crusade And Death 2 Frederick And The Justinian Code 3 Charismatic Leader 4 Legend 5 Issue 6 Ancestry 7 In Popular Culture 8 See Also 9 References 9.1 Primary Sources 9.2 Secondary Sources 10 External Links Life And Reign[Edit] Early Years[Edit] Frederick Was Born In 1122. In 1147 He Became Duke Of The Southern German Region Of Swabia (Herzog Von Schwaben), And Shortly Afterwards Made His First Trip To The East, Accompanied By His Uncle, The German King Conrad Iii, On The Second Crusade. The Expedition Proved To Be A Disaster,[3] But Frederick Distinguished Himself And Won The Complete Confidence Of The King. When Conrad Died In February 1152, Only Frederick And The Prince-Bishop Of Bamberg Were At His Deathbed. Both Asserted Afterwards That Conrad Had, In Full Possession Of His Mental Powers, Handed The Royal Insignia To Frederick And Indicated That Frederick, Rather Than Conrad's Own Six-Year-Old Son, The Future Frederick Iv, Duke Of Swabia, Succeed Him As King.[4] Frederick Energetically Pursued The Crown And At Frankfurt On 4 March 1152 The Kingdom's Princely Electors Designated Him As The Next German King.[4] He Was Crowned King Of The Romans At Aachen Several Days Later, On 9 March 1152.[5] Frederick's Father Was From The Hohenstaufen Family, And His Mother Was From The Welf Family, The Two Most Powerful Families In Germany. The Hohenstaufens Were Often Called Ghibellines, Which Derives From The Italianized Name For Waiblingen Castle, The Family Seat In Swabia; The Welfs, In A Similar Italianization, Were Called Guelfs.[6] The Reigns Of Henry Iv And Henry V Left The Status Of The German Empire In Disarray, Its Power Waning Under The Weight Of The Investiture Controversy. For A Quarter Of A Century Following The Death Of Henry V In 1125, The German Monarchy Was Largely A Nominal Title With No Real Power.[7] The King Was Chosen By The Princes, Was Given No Resources Outside Those Of His Own Duchy, And He Was Prevented From Exercising Any Real Authority Or Leadership In The Realm. The Royal Title Was Furthermore Passed From One Family To Another To Preclude The Development Of Any Dynastic Interest In The German Crown. When Frederick I Of Hohenstaufen Was Chosen As King In 1152, Royal Power Had Been In Effective Abeyance For Over Twenty-Five Years, And To A Considerable Degree For More Than Eighty Years. The Only Real Claim To Wealth Lay In The Rich Cities Of Northern Italy, Which Were Still Within The Nominal Control Of The German King.[8] The Salian Line Had Died Out With The Death Of Henry V In 1125. The German Princes Refused To Give The Crown To His Nephew, The Duke Of Swabia, For Fear He Would Try To Regain The Imperial Power Held By Henry V. Instead, They Chose Lothair Iii (1125–1137), Who Found Himself Embroiled In A Long-Running Dispute With The Hohenstaufens, And Who Married Into The Welfs. One Of The Hohenstaufens Gained The Throne As Conrad Iii Of Germany (1137–1152). When Frederick Barbarossa Succeeded His Uncle In 1152, There Seemed To Be Excellent Prospects For Ending The Feud, Since He Was A Welf On His Mother's Side.[4] The Welf Duke Of Saxony, Henry The Lion, Would Not Be Appeased, However, Remaining An Implacable Enemy Of The Hohenstaufen Monarchy. Barbarossa Had The Duchies Of Swabia And Franconia, The Force Of His Own Personality, And Very Little Else To Construct An Empire.[9] The Germany That Frederick Tried To Unite Was A Patchwork Of More Than 1600 Individual States, Each With Its Own Prince. A Few Of These, Such As Bavaria And Saxony, Were Large. Many Were Too Small To Pinpoint On A Map.[10] The Titles Afforded To The German King Were "Caesar", "Augustus", And "Emperor Of The Romans". By The Time Frederick Would Assume These, They Were Little More Than Propaganda Slogans With Little Other Meaning.[11] Frederick Was A Pragmatist Who Dealt With The Princes By Finding A Mutual Self-Interest. Unlike Henry Ii Of England, Frederick Did Not Attempt To End Medieval Feudalism, But Rather Tried To Restore It, Though This Was Beyond His Ability. The Great Players In The German Civil War Had Been The Pope, Emperor, Ghibellines, And The Guelfs, But None Of These Had Emerged As The Winner.[12] Rise To Power[Edit] Penny Or Denier With Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, Struck In Nijmegen. Eager To Restore The Empire To The Position It Had Occupied Under Charlemagne And Otto I The Great, The New King Saw Clearly That The Restoration Of Order In Germany Was A Necessary Preliminary To The Enforcement Of The Imperial Rights In Italy. Issuing A General Order For Peace, He Made Lavish Concessions To The Nobles.[13] Abroad, Frederick Intervened In The Danish Civil War Between Svend Iii And Valdemar I Of Denmark[14] And Began Negotiations With The Eastern Roman Emperor, Manuel I Comnenus.[15] It Was Probably About This Time That The King Obtained Papal Assent For The Annulment Of His Childless Marriage With Adelheid Of Vohburg, On The Grounds Of Consanguinity (His Great-Great-Grandfather Was A Brother Of Adela's Great-Great-Great-Grandmother, Making Them Fourth Cousins, Once Removed). He Then Made A Vain Effort To Obtain A Bride From The Court Of Constantinople. On His Accession Frederick Had Communicated The News Of His Election To Pope Eugene Iii, But Had Neglected To Ask For The Papal Confirmation. In March 1153, Frederick Concluded The Treaty Of Constance With The Pope, Whereby He Promised, In Return For His Coronation, To Defend The Papacy, To Make No Peace With King Roger Ii Of Sicily Or Other Enemies Of The Church Without The Consent Of Eugene, And To Help Eugene Regain Control Of The City Of Rome.[16] First Italian Campaign: 1154–55[Edit] Frederick Undertook Six Expeditions Into Italy. In The First, Beginning In October 1154,[17] His Plan Was To Launch A Campaign Against The Normans Under King William I Of Sicily.[15] He Marched Down And Almost Immediately Encountered Resistance To His Authority. Obtaining The Submission Of Milan, He Successfully Besieged Tortona In Early 1155, Razing It To The Ground.[18] He Moved On To Pavia, Where He Received The Iron Crown And The Title Of King Of Italy.[19] Moving Through Bologna And Tuscany, He Was Soon Approaching The City Of Rome. There, Pope Adrian Iv Was Struggling With The Forces Of The Republican City Commune Led By Arnold Of Brescia, A Student Of Abelard.[2] As A Sign Of Good Faith, Frederick Dismissed The Ambassadors From The Revived Roman Senate,[15] And Imperial Forces Suppressed The Republicans. Arnold Was Captured And Hanged For Treason And Rebellion. Despite His Unorthodox Teaching Concerning Theology, Arnold Was Not Charged With Heresy.[20] As Frederick Approached The Gates Of Rome, The Pope Advanced To Meet Him. At The Royal Tent The King Received Him, And After Kissing The Pope's Feet, Frederick Expected To Receive The Traditional Kiss Of Peace.[21] Frederick Had Declined To Hold The Pope's Stirrup While Leading Him To The Tent, However, So Adrian Refused To Give The Kiss Until This Protocol Had Been Complied With.[2] Frederick Hesitated, And Adrian Iv Withdrew; After A Day's Negotiation, Frederick Agreed To Perform The Required Ritual, Reportedly Muttering, "Pro Petro, Non Adriano -- For Peter, Not For Adrian."[21] Rome Was Still In An Uproar Over The Fate Of Arnold Of Brescia, So Rather Than Marching Through The Streets Of Rome, Frederick And Adrian Retired To The Vatican. The Next Day, 18 June 1155, Adrian Iv Crowned Frederick I Holy Roman Emperor At St Peter's Basilica, Amidst The Acclamations Of The German Army.[22] The Romans Began To Riot, And Frederick Spent His Coronation Day Putting Down The Revolt, Resulting In The Deaths Of Over 1,000 Romans And Many More Thousands Injured. The Next Day, Frederick, Adrian, And The German Army Travelled To Tivoli. From There, A Combination Of The Unhealthy Italian Summer And The Effects Of His Year-Long Absence From Germany Meant He Was Forced To Put Off His Planned Campaign Against The Normans Of Sicily.[22] On Their Way Northwards, They Attacked Spoleto And Encountered The Ambassadors Of Manuel I Comnenus, Who Showered Frederick With Costly Gifts. At Verona, Frederick Declared His Fury With The Rebellious Milanese Before Finally Returning To Germany.[23] Disorder Was Again Rampant In Germany, Especially In Bavaria, But General Peace Was Restored By Frederick's Vigorous, But Conciliatory, Measures. The Duchy Of Bavaria Was Transferred From Henry Ii Jasomirgott, Margrave Of Austria, To Frederick's Formidable Younger Cousin Henry The Lion, Duke Of Saxony, Of The House Of Guelph, Whose Father Had Previously Held Both Duchies.[24] Henry Ii Jasomirgott Was Named Duke Of Austria In Compensation For His Loss Of Bavaria. As Part Of His General Policy Of Concessions Of Formal Power To The German Princes And Ending The Civil Wars Within The Kingdom, Frederick Further Appeased Henry By Issuing Him With The Privilegium Minus, Granting Him Unprecedented Entitlements As Duke Of Austria. This Was A Large Concession On The Part Of Frederick, Who Realized That Henry The Lion Had To Be Accommodated, Even To The Point Of Sharing Some Power With Him. Frederick Could Not Afford To Make An Outright Enemy Of Henry.[25] On 9 June 1156 At Würzburg, Frederick Married Beatrice Of Burgundy, Daughter And Heiress Of Renaud Iii, Thus Adding To His Possessions The Sizeable Realm Of The County Of Burgundy. In An Attempt To Create Comity, Emperor Frederick Proclaimed The Peace Of The Land,[26] Written Between 1152 And 1157, Which Enacted Punishments For A Variety Of Crimes, As Well As Systems For Adjudicating Many Disputes. He Also Declared Himself The Sole Augustus Of The Roman World, Ceasing To Recognise Manuel I At Constantinople.[27] Second, Third And Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174[Edit] Frederick Barbarossa As A Crusader, Miniature From A Copy Of The Historia Hierosolymitana, 1188. The Retreat Of Frederick In 1155 Forced Pope Adrian Iv To Come To Terms With King William I Of Sicily, Granting To William I Territories That Frederick Viewed As His Dominion.[28] This Aggrieved Frederick, And He Was Further Displeased When Papal Legates Chose To Interpret A Letter From Adrian To Frederick In A Manner That Seemed To Imply That The Imperial Crown Was A Gift From The Papacy And That In Fact The Empire Itself Was A Fief Of The Papacy.[29] Disgusted With The Pope, And Still Wishing To Crush The Normans In The South Of Italy, In June 1158, Frederick Set Out Upon His Second Italian Expedition, Accompanied By Henry The Lion And His Saxon Troops.[30] This Expedition Resulted In The Revolt And Capture Of Milan,[31] The Diet Of Roncaglia That Saw The Establishment Of Imperial Officers And Ecclesiastical Reforms In The Cities Of Northern Italy,[32] And The Beginning Of The Long Struggle With Pope Alexander Iii. The Death Of Pope Adrian Iv In 1159 Led To The Election Of Two Rival Popes, Alexander Iii And The Antipope Victor Iv, And Both Sought Frederick's Support.[33] Frederick, Busy With The Siege Of Crema, Appeared Unsupportive Of Alexander Iii, And After The Sacking Of Crema Demanded That Alexander Appear Before The Emperor At Pavia And To Accept The Imperial Decree.[34] Alexander Refused, And Frederick Recognised Victor Iv As The Legitimate Pope In 1160.[35] In Response, Alexander Iii Excommunicated Both Frederick I And Victor Iv.[36] Frederick Attempted To Convoke A Joint Council With King Louis Vii Of France In 1162 To Decide The Issue Of Who Should Be Pope.[35] Louis Neared The Meeting Site, But When He Became Aware That Frederick Had Stacked The Votes For Alexander, Louis Decided Not To Attend The Council. As A Result, The Issue Was Not Resolved At That Time.[37] The Political Result Of The Struggle With Pope Alexander Was An Alliance Formed Between The Norman State Of Sicily And Pope Alexander Iii Against Frederick.[38] In The Meantime, Frederick Had To Deal With Another Rebellion At Milan, In Which The City Surrendered On 6 March 1162; Much Of It Was Destroyed Three Weeks Later On The Emperor's Orders.[39] The Fate Of Milan Led To The Submission Of Brescia, Placentia, And Many Other Northern Italian Cities.[40] Returning To Germany Towards The Close Of 1162, Frederick Prevented The Escalation Of Conflicts Between Henry The Lion From Saxony And A Number Of Neighbouring Princes Who Were Growing Weary Of Henry's Power, Influence, And Territorial Gains. He Also Severely Punished The Citizens Of Mainz For Their Rebellion Against Archbishop Arnold. In Frederick's Third Visit To Italy In 1163, His Plans For The Conquest Of Sicily Were Ruined By The Formation Of A Powerful League Against Him, Brought Together Mainly By Opposition To Imperial Taxes. In 1164 Frederick Took What Are Believed To Be The Relics Of The "Biblical Magi" (The Wise Men Or Three Kings) From The Basilica Di Sant'eustorgio In Milan And Gave Them As A Gift (Or As Loot) To The Archbishop Of Cologne, Rainald Of Dassel. The Relics Had Great Religious Significance And Could Be Counted Upon To Draw Pilgrims From All Over Christendom. Today They Are Kept In The Shrine Of The Three Kings In The Cologne Cathedral. After The Death Of The Antipope Victor Iv, Frederick Supported Antipope Paschal Iii, But He Was Soon Driven From Rome, Leading To The Return Of Pope Alexander Iii In 1165.[41] In The Meantime Frederick Was Focused On Restoring Peace In The Rhineland, Where He Organized A Magnificent Celebration Of The Canonization Of Charles The Great (Charlemagne) At Aachen, Under The Authority Of The Antipope Paschal Iii. Concerned Over Rumours That Alexander Iii Was About To Enter Into An Alliance With The Byzantine Emperor Manuel I,[42] In October 1166 Frederick Embarked On His Fourth Italian Campaign, Hoping As Well To Secure The Claim Of Paschal Iii And The Coronation Of His Wife Beatrice As Holy Roman Empress. This Time, Henry The Lion Refused To Join Frederick On His Italian Trip, Tending Instead To His Own Disputes With Neighbors And His Continuing Expansion Into Slavic Territories In Northeastern Germany. In 1167 Frederick Began Besieging Ancona, Which Had Acknowledged The Authority Of Manuel I;[43] At The Same Time, His Forces Achieved A Great Victory Over The Romans At The Battle Of Monte Porzio.[44] Heartened By This Victory, Frederick Lifted The Siege Of Ancona And Hurried To Rome, Where He Had His Wife Crowned Empress And Also Received A Second Coronation From Paschal Iii.[44] Unfortunately, His Campaign Was Halted By The Sudden Outbreak Of An Epidemic (Malaria Or The Plague), Which Threatened To Destroy The Imperial Army And Drove The Emperor As A Fugitive To Germany,[45][46] Where He Remained For The Ensuing Six Years. During This Period, Frederick Decided Conflicting Claims To Various Bishoprics, Asserted Imperial Authority Over Bohemia, Poland, And Hungary, Initiated Friendly Relations With Manuel I, And Tried To Come To A Better Understanding With Henry Ii Of England And Louis Vii Of France. Many Swabian Counts, Including His Cousin The Young Duke Of Swabia, Frederick Iv, Died In 1167, So He Was Able To Organize A New Mighty Territory In The Duchy Of Swabia Under His Reign In This Time. Consequently, His Younger Son Frederick V Became The New Duke Of Swabia In 1167,[47] While His Eldest Son Henry Was Crowned King Of The Romans In 1169, Alongside His Father Who Also Retained The Title.[45] Later Years[Edit] Frederick Barbarossa, Middle, Flanked By Two Of His Children, King Henry Vi (Left) And Duke Frederick Vi (Right). From The Historia Welforum. Increasing Anti-German Sentiment Swept Through Lombardy, Culminating In The Restoration Of Milan In 1169.[48] In 1174 Frederick Made His Fifth Expedition To Italy. (It Was Probably During This Time That The Famous Tafelgüterverzeichnis, A Record Of The Royal Estates, Was Made.[49]) He Was Opposed By The Pro-Papal Lombard League (Now Joined By Venice, Sicily, And Constantinople), Which Had Previously Formed To Stand Against Him.[50] The Cities Of Northern Italy Had Become Exceedingly Wealthy Through Trade, Representing A Marked Turning Point In The Transition From Medieval Feudalism. While Continental Feudalism Had Remained Strong Socially And Economically, It Was In Deep Political Decline By The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa. When The Northern Italian Cities Inflicted A Defeat On Frederick At Alessandria In 1175, The European World Was Shocked.[51][52] With The Refusal Of Henry The Lion To Bring Help To Italy, The Campaign Was A Complete Failure. Frederick Suffered A Heavy Defeat At The Battle Of Legnano Near Milan, On 29 May 1176, Where He Was Wounded And For Some Time Was Believed To Be Dead.[53] This Battle Marked The Turning Point In Frederick's Claim To Empire.[54] He Had No Choice Other Than To Begin Negotiations For Peace With Alexander Iii And The Lombard League. In The Peace Of Anagni In 1176, Frederick Recognized Alexander Iii As Pope, And In The Peace Of Venice In 1177, Frederick And Alexander Iii Were Formally Reconciled.[55] The Scene Was Similar To That Which Had Occurred Between Pope Gregory Vii And Henry Iv, Holy Roman Emperor At Canossa A Century Earlier. The Conflict Was The Same As That Resolved In The Concordat Of Worms: Did The Holy Roman Emperor Have The Power To Name The Pope And Bishops? The Investiture Controversy From Previous Centuries Had Been Brought To A Tendentious Peace With The Concordat Of Worms And Affirmed In The First Council Of The Lateran. Now It Had Recurred, In A Slightly Different Form. Frederick Had To Humble Himself Before Alexander Iii At Venice.[56] The Emperor Acknowledged The Pope's Sovereignty Over The Papal States, And In Return Alexander Acknowledged The Emperor's Overlordship Of The Imperial Church. Also In The Peace Of Venice, A Truce Was Made With The Lombard Cities, Which Took Effect In August 1178.[57] The Grounds For A Permanent Peace Were Not Established Until 1183, However, In The Peace Of Constance, When Frederick Conceded Their Right To Freely Elect Town Magistrates. By This Move, Frederick Recovered His Nominal Domination Over Italy, Which Became His Chief Means Of Applying Pressure On The Papacy.[58] In A Move To Consolidate His Reign After The Disastrous Expedition Into Italy, Frederick Was Formally Crowned King Of Burgundy At Arles On 30 June 1178. Although Traditionally The German Kings Had Automatically Inherited The Royal Crown Of Arles Since The Time Of Conrad Ii, Frederick Felt The Need To Be Crowned By The Archbishop Of Arles, Regardless Of His Laying Claim To The Title From 1152. Frederick Did Not Forgive Henry The Lion For Refusing To Come To His Aid In 1176.[59] By 1180, Henry Had Successfully Established A Powerful And Contiguous State Comprising Saxony, Bavaria, And Substantial Territories In The North And East Of Germany. Taking Advantage Of The Hostility Of Other German Princes To Henry, Frederick Had Henry Tried In Absentia By A Court Of Bishops And Princes In 1180, Declared That Imperial Law Overruled Traditional German Law, And Had Henry Stripped Of His Lands And Declared An Outlaw.[60] He Then Invaded Saxony With An Imperial Army To Force His Cousin To Surrender. Henry's Allies Deserted Him, And He Finally Had To Submit In November 1181. Henry Spent Three Years In Exile At The Court Of His Father-In-Law Henry Ii Of England In Normandy Before Being Allowed Back Into Germany. He Finished His Days In Germany, As The Much-Diminished Duke Of Brunswick.[61] Frederick's Desire For Revenge Was Sated. Henry The Lion Lived A Relatively Quiet Life, Sponsoring Arts And Architecture. Frederick's Victory Over Henry Did Not Gain Him As Much In The German Feudalistic System As It Would Have In The English Feudalistic System. While In England The Pledge Of Fealty Went In A Direct Line From Overlords To Those Under Them, The Germans Pledged Oaths Only To The Direct Overlord, So That In Henry's Case, Those Below Him In The Feudal Chain Owed Nothing To Frederick. Thus, Despite The Diminished Stature Of Henry The Lion, Frederick Did Not Gain His Allegiances.[62] Frederick Was Faced With The Reality Of Disorder Among The German States, Where Continuous Civil Wars Were Waged Between Pretenders And The Ambitious Who Wanted The Crown For Themselves. Italian Unity Under German Rule Was More Myth Than Truth. Despite Proclamations Of German Hegemony, The Pope Was The Most Powerful Force In Italy.[63] When Frederick Returned To Germany After His Defeat In Northern Italy, He Was A Bitter And Exhausted Man. The German Princes, Far From Being Subordinated To Royal Control, Were Intensifying Their Hold On Wealth And Power In Germany And Entrenching Their Positions. There Began To Be A Generalized Social Desire To "Create Greater Germany" By Conquering The Slavs To The East.[64] Although The Italian City States Had Achieved A Measure Of Independence From Frederick As A Result Of His Failed Fifth Expedition Into Italy,[65] The Emperor Had Not Given Up On His Italian Dominions. In 1184, He Held A Massive Celebration When His Two Eldest Sons Were Knighted, And Thousands Of Knights Were Invited From All Over Germany. While Payments Upon The Knighting Of A Son Were Part Of The Expectations Of An Overlord In England And France, Only A "Gift" Was Given In Germany For Such An Occasion. Frederick's Monetary Gain From This Celebration Is Said To Have Been Modest.[66] Later In 1184, Frederick Again Moved Into Italy, This Time Joining Forces With The Local Rural Nobility To Reduce The Power Of The Tuscan Cities.[67] In 1186, He Engineered The Marriage Of His Son Henry To Constance Of Sicily, Heiress To The Kingdom Of Sicily, Over The Objections Of Pope Urban Iii.[68] Third Crusade And Death[Edit] Pope Urban Iii Died Shortly After, And Was Succeeded By Gregory Viii, Who Was More Concerned With Troubling Reports From The Holy Land Than With A Power Struggle With Barbarossa. After Making His Peace With The New Pope, Frederick Vowed To Take Up The Cross At The Diet Of Mainz In 1188.[50] Frederick Embarked On The Third Crusade (1189–92), A Massive Expedition In Conjunction With The French, Led By King Philip Augustus, And The English, Under King Richard The Lionheart. Frederick Organized A Grand Army Of 100,000 Men (Including 20,000 Knights) And Set Out On The Overland Route To The Holy Land;[69] Some Historians Believe That This Is An Exaggeration, However, And That The True Figure Might Be Closer To 15,000 Men, Including 3,000 Knights.[70] Barbarossa Drowns In The Saleph. From The Gotha Manuscript Of The Saxon World Chronicle The Saleph River, Now Known As The Göksu The Crusaders Passed Through Hungary, Serbia, And Bulgaria Before Entering Byzantine Territory And Arriving At Constantinople In The Autumn Of 1189. Matters Were Complicated By A Secret Alliance Between The Emperor Of Constantinople And Saladin, Warning Of Which Was Supplied By A Note From Sibylla, Ex-Queen Of Jerusalem.[71] While In Hungary, Barbarossa Personally Asked The Hungarian Prince Géza, Brother Of King Béla Iii Of Hungary, To Join The Crusade. The King Agreed, And A Hungarian Army Of 2,000 Men Led By Géza Escorted The German Emperor's Forces. The Armies Coming From Western Europe Pushed On Through Anatolia, Where They Were Victorious In Taking Aksehir And Defeating The Turks In The Battle Of Iconium, And Entered Cilician Armenia. The Approach Of The Immense German Army Greatly Concerned Saladin And The Other Muslim Leaders, Who Began To Rally Troops Of Their Own To Confront Barbarossa's Forces.[2] On 10 June 1190, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa Drowned Near Silifke Castle In The Saleph River.[72] Accounts Of The Event Are Conflicting. Some Historians Believe He May Have Had A Heart Attack That Complicated Matters. Some Of Frederick's Men Put Him In A Barrel Of Vinegar To Preserve His Body. Frederick's Death Plunged His Army Into Chaos. Leaderless, Panicking, And Attacked On All Sides By Turks, Many Germans Deserted, Were Killed, Or Committed Suicide. Only 5,000 Soldiers, A Small Fraction Of The Original Force, Arrived In Acre. Barbarossa's Son, Frederick Vi Of Swabia, Carried On With The Remnants Of The German Army, Along With The Hungarian Army Under The Command Of Prince Géza, With The Aim Of Burying The Emperor In Jerusalem, But Efforts To Conserve His Body In Vinegar Failed. Hence, His Flesh Was Interred In The Church Of St Peter In Antioch, His Bones In The Cathedral Of Tyre, And His Heart And Inner Organs In Tarsus.[2] The Unexpected Demise Of Frederick Left The Crusader Army Under The Command Of The Rivals Philip Ii And Richard, Who Had Traveled To Palestine Separately By Sea, And Ultimately Led To Its Dissolution. Richard Continued To The East Where He Defeated Saladin In Many Battles, Winning Significant Territories Along The Shores Of Palestine, But Ultimately Failed To Win The War By Conquering Jerusalem Itself Before He Was Forced To Return To His Own Territories In North-Western Europe, Known As The Angevin Empire. He Returned Home After He Signed The Treaty Of Ramla Agreeing That Jerusalem Would Remain Under Muslim Control While Allowing Unarmed Christian Pilgrims And Traders To Visit The City. The Treaty Also Reduced The Latin Kingdom To A Geopolitical Coastal Strip Extending From Tyre To Jaffa. Frederick And The Justinian Code[Edit] The Increase In Wealth Of The Trading Cities Of Northern Italy Led To A Revival In The Study Of The Justinian Code, A Latin Legal System That Had Become Extinct Centuries Earlier. Legal Scholars Renewed Its Application. It Is Speculated That Pope Gregory Vii Personally Encouraged The Justinian Rule Of Law And Had A Copy Of It. The Historian Norman Cantor Described Corpus Iuris Civilis (Justinian Body Of Civil Law) As "The Greatest Legal Code Ever Devised".[73] It Envisaged The Law Of The State As A Reflection Of Natural Moral Law (As Seen By The Men Of The Justinian System), The Principle Of Rationality In The Universe. By The Time Frederick Assumed The Throne, This Legal System Was Well Established On Both Sides Of The Alps. He Was The First To Utilize The Availability Of The New Professional Class Of Lawyers. The Civil Law Allowed Frederick To Use These Lawyers To Administer His Kingdom In A Logical And Consistent Manner. It Also Provided A Framework To Legitimize His Claim To The Right To Rule Both Germany And Northern Italy. In The Old Days Of Henry V And Henry Vi, The Claim Of Divine Right Of Kings Had Been Severely Undermined By The Investiture Controversy. The Church Had Won That Argument In The Common Man's Mind. There Was No Divine Right For The German King To Also Control The Church By Naming Both Bishops And Popes. The Institution Of The Justinian Code Was Used, Perhaps Unscrupulously, By Frederick To Lay Claim To Divine Powers.[74] In Germany, Frederick Was A Political Realist, Taking What He Could And Leaving The Rest. In Italy, He Tended To Be A Romantic Reactionary, Reveling In The Antiquarian Spirit Of The Age, Exemplified By A Revival Of Classical Studies And Roman Law. It Was Through The Use Of The Restored Justinian Code That Frederick Came To View Himself As A New Roman Emperor.[75] Roman Law Gave A Rational Purpose For The Existence Of Frederick And His Imperial Ambitions. It Was A Counterweight To The Claims Of The Church To Have Authority Because Of Divine Revelation. The Church Was Opposed To Frederick For Ideological Reasons, Not The Least Of Which Was The Humanist Nature Found In The Revival Of The Old Roman Legal System.[76] When Pepin The Short Sought To Become King Of The Franks In The 8Th Century, The Church Needed Military Protection, So Pepin Found It Convenient To Make An Ally Of The Pope. Frederick, However, Desired To Put The Pope Aside And Claim The Crown Of Old Rome Simply Because He Was In The Likeness Of The Greatest Emperors Of The Pre-Christian Era. Pope Adrian Iv Was Naturally Opposed To This View And Undertook A Vigorous Propaganda Campaign Designed To Diminish Frederick And His Ambition. To A Large Extent, This Was Successful.[77] Charismatic Leader[Edit] Historians Have Compared Frederick To Henry Ii Of England. Both Were Considered The Greatest And Most Charismatic Leaders Of Their Age. Each Possessed A Rare Combination Of Qualities That Made Him Appear Superhuman To His Contemporaries: Longevity, Boundless Ambition, Extraordinary Organizing Skill, And Greatness On The Battlefield. Both Were Handsome And Proficient In Courtly Skills, Without Appearing Effeminate Or Affected. Both Came To The Throne In The Prime Of Manhood. Each Had An Element Of Learning, Without Being Considered Impractical Intellectuals But Rather More Inclined To Practicality. Each Found Himself In The Possession Of New Legal Institutions That Were Put To Creative Use In Governing. Both Henry And Frederick Were Viewed To Be Sufficiently And Formally Devout To The Teachings Of The Church, Without Being Moved To The Extremes Of Spirituality Seen In The Great Saints Of The 12Th Century. In Making Final Decisions, Each Relied Solely Upon His Own Judgment,[78] And Both Were Interested In Gathering As Much Power As They Could.[79] In Keeping With This View Of Frederick, His Uncle, Otto Of Freising, Wrote An Account Of Frederick's Reign Entitled Gesta Friderici I Imperatoris (Deeds Of The Emperor Frederick). Otto Died After Finishing The First Two Books, Leaving The Last Two To Rahewin, His Provost. The Text Is In Places Heavily Dependent On Classical Precedent.[80] For Example, Rahewin's Physical Description Of Frederick Reproduces Word-For-Word (Except For Details Of Hair And Beard) A Description Of Another Monarch Written Nearly Eight Hundred Years Earlier By Sidonius Apollinaris:[81] His Character Is Such That Not Even Those Envious Of His Power Can Belittle Its Praise. His Person Is Well-Proportioned. He Is Shorter Than Very Tall Men, But Taller And More Noble Than Men Of Medium Height. His Hair Is Golden, Curling A Little Above His Forehead ... His Eyes Are Sharp And Piercing, His Beard Reddish [Barba Subrufa], His Lips Delicate ... His Whole Face Is Bright And Cheerful. His Teeth Are Even And Snow-White In Color ... Modesty Rather Than Anger Causes Him To Blush Frequently. His Shoulders Are Rather Broad, And He Is Strongly Built ... Frederick's Charisma Led To A Fantastic Juggling Act That, Over A Quarter Of A Century, Restored The Imperial Authority In The German States. His Formidable Enemies Defeated Him On Almost Every Side, Yet In The End He Emerged Triumphant. When Frederick Came To The Throne, The Prospects For The Revival Of German Imperial Power Were Extremely Thin. The Great German Princes Had Increased Their Power And Land Holdings. The King Had Been Left With Only The Traditional Family Domains And A Vestige Of Power Over The Bishops And Abbeys. The Backwash Of The Investiture Controversy Had Left The German States In Continuous Turmoil. Rival States Were In Perpetual War. These Conditions Allowed Frederick To Be Both Warrior And Occasional Peace-Maker, Both To His Advantage.[9] Legend[Edit] Frederick Sends Out The Boy To See Whether The Ravens Still Fly. Frederick Is The Subject Of Many Legends, Including That Of A Sleeping Hero, Like The Much Older British Celtic Legends Of Arthur Or Bran The Blessed. Legend Says He Is Not Dead, But Asleep With His Knights In A Cave In The Kyffhäuser Mountain In Thuringia Or Mount Untersberg In Bavaria, Germany, And That When The Ravens Cease To Fly Around The Mountain He Will Awake And Restore Germany To Its Ancient Greatness. According To The Story, His Red Beard Has Grown Through The Table At Which He Sits. His Eyes Are Half Closed In Sleep, But Now And Then He Raises His Hand And Sends A Boy Out To See If The Ravens Have Stopped Flying.[82] A Similar Story, Set In Sicily, Was Earlier Attested About His Grandson, Frederick Ii.[83] To Garner Political Support The German Empire Built Atop The Kyffhäuser The Kyffhäuser Monument, Which Declared Kaiser Wilhelm I The Reincarnation Of Frederick; The 1896 Dedication Occurred On 18 June, The Day Of Frederick's Coronation.[84] In Medieval Europe, The Golden Legend Became Refined By Jacopo Da Voragine. This Was A Popularized Interpretation Of The Biblical End Of The World. It Consisted Of Three Things: (1) Terrible Natural Disasters; (2) The Arrival Of The Antichrist; (3) The Establishment Of A Good King To Combat The Anti-Christ. These Millennial Fables Were Common And Freely Traded By The Populations On Continental Europe. End-Time Accounts Had Been Around For Thousands Of Years, But Entered The Christian Tradition With The Writings Of The Apostle Peter. German Propaganda Played Into The Exaggerated Fables Believed By The Common People By Characterizing Frederick Barbarossa And Frederick Ii As Personification Of The "Good King".[85] Frederick's Uncle, Otto, Bishop Of Freising Wrote A Biography Entitled The Deeds Of Frederick Barbarosa, Which Is Considered To Be An Accurate History Of The King. Otto's Other Major Work, The Two Cities Was An Exposition Of The Work Of St. Augustine Of Hippo Of A Similar Title. The Latter Work Was Full Of Augustinian Negativity Concerning The Nature Of The World And History. His Work On Frederick Is Of Opposite Tone, Being An Optimistic Portrayal Of The Glorious Potentials Of Imperial Authority. (See Description Supra.)[86] Another Legend States That When Barbarossa Was In The Process Of Seizing Milan In 1158, His Wife, The Empress Beatrice, Was Taken Captive By The Enraged Milanese And Forced To Ride Through The City On A Donkey In A Humiliating Manner. Some Sources Of This Legend Indicate That Barbarossa Implemented His Revenge For This Insult By Forcing The Magistrates Of The City To Remove A Fig From The Anus Of A Donkey Using Only Their Teeth.[87] Another Source States That Barbarossa Took His Wrath Upon Every Able-Bodied Man In The City, And That It Was Not A Fig They Were Forced To Hold In Their Mouth, But Excrement From The Donkey. To Add To This Debasement, They Were Made To Announce, "Ecco La Fica", (Meaning "Behold The Fig"), With The Feces Still In Their Mouths. It Used To Be Said That The Insulting Gesture, (Called Fico), Of Holding One's Fist With The Thumb In Between The Middle And Forefinger Came By Its Origin From This Event.[88] Issue[Edit] Frederick's First Marriage, To Adelheid Of Vohburg, Did Not Produce Any Issue And Was Annulled.[89] From His Second Marriage, To Beatrice Of Burgundy,[89] He Had The Following Children: Beatrice (1162–1174). She Was Betrothed To King William Ii Of Sicily But Died Before They Could Be Married. Frederick V, Duke Of Swabia (Pavia, 16 July 1164 – 28 November 1170). Henry Vi, Holy Roman Emperor (Nijmegen, November 1165 – Messina, 28 September 1197).[89] Conrad (Modigliana, February 1167 – Acre, 20 January 1191), Later Renamed Frederick Vi, Duke Of Swabia After The Death Of His Older Brother.[89] Gisela (October/November 1168 – 1184). Otto I, Count Of Burgundy (June/July 1170 – Killed, Besançon, 13 January 1200).[89] Conrad Ii, Duke Of Swabia And Rothenburg (February/March 1172 – Killed, Durlach, 15 August 1196).[89] Renaud (October/November 1173 – In Infancy). William (June/July 1176 – In Infancy). Philip Of Swabia (August 1177 – Killed, Bamberg, 21 June 1208) King Of Germany In 1198.[89] Agnes (1181 – 8 October 1184). She Was Betrothed To King Emeric Of Hungary But Died Before They Could Be Married. Ancestry[Edit] This Section Does Not Cite Any Sources. Please Help Improve This Section By Adding Citations To Reliable Sources. Unsourced Material May Be Challenged And Removed. (January 2016) (Learn How And When To Remove This Template Message) [Show]Ancestors Of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor In Popular Culture[Edit] In Victor Hugo's Romantic Play Les Burgraves (1843), Frederick (As Character Frédéric De Hohenstaufen) Returns Many Years After He Was Presumed Dead, As Expected By Some Medieval Legends. Cyrus Townsend Brady's Hohenzollern; A Story Of The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa (1901) Begins With A Dedication To "The Descendants Of The Great Germanic Race Who In Europe, In America, And In The Far East Rule The World".[90] Land Of Unreason (1941), By L. Sprague De Camp And Fletcher Pratt, Mentions The Castle Of The Kyffhäuser. John Crowley's Novel Little, Big (1981) Features Frederick Barbarossa As A Character In Modern Times, Awoken From His Centuries Of Sleep. In The Book, He Becomes The President Of The United States And Rules As A Tyrant.[91] Umberto Eco's Novel Baudolino (2000) Is Set Partly At Frederick's Court, And Also Deals With The Mystery Of Frederick's Death. The Imaginary Hero, Baudolino, Is The Emperor's Adopted Son And Confidant. In 1999 Film The Thomas Crown Affair, The Title Character Is Said To Be In Possession Of "An Ornament Worn By Frederick Barbarossa At His Coronation In 1152." The 1999 Real-Time Strategy Video Game Age Of Empires Ii: The Age Of Kings Developed By Ensemble Studios Has A Campaign Which Follows Fredrick Barbarossa From The Period Of His Struggles In Germany To His Death On The Third Crusade. It Is Of Note That Barbarossa Never Appears As An Actual Unit In The Game, Though The Objective Of The Final Level (After His Death) Is To Take A Unit Named "Emperor In A Barrel" To The Dome Of The Rock In Jerusalem. In The 2002 Real-Time Strategy Video Game Stronghold: Crusader, Emperor Frederick Is An Ai Opponent That Players Can Challenge In Skirmish Play. The 2006 Turn-Based Strategy Video Game Medieval Ii Total War: Kingdoms Developed By Creative Assembly Features Frederick Barbarossa In The Crusade Campaign. Barbarossa Launches A Crusade To The Holy Land With 100,000 Strong Men. During The Next 'Turn,' He Drowns In The Sea And Because Of His Death The Crusade Is Canceled. Andreas Seiler's Novel Real Wizard (2008) Is An Attribution To The 1,000-Year-Old Myth, With Aspects Of Life And Death Of The Emperor. It Includes A Generalised German History Of Unification As A Background To The Story. Isbn 978-0-646-49625-2 In The 2009 Movie Barbarossa (Also Entitled Sword Of War And Barbarossa: Siege Lord), Barbarossa Is One Of The Main Characters, Played By Rutger Hauer. Frederick Barbarossa Leads The German Civilization In The 2016 4X Video Game Civilization Vi Developed By Firaxis Games.[92][93] See Also[Edit] German Monarchs Family Tree Dukes Of Swabia Family Tree Operation Barbarossa, The Codename Of The German Invasion Of The Soviet Union In 1941.[94] References[Edit] This Article Incorporates Text From A Publication Now In The Public Domain: Chisholm, Hugh, Ed. (1911). "Frederick I., Roman Emperor". Encyclopædia Britannica (11Th Ed.). Cambridge University Press. Jump Up ^ Peter Moraw, Heiliges Reich, In: Lexikon Des Mittelalters, Munich & Zurich: Artemis 1977–1999, Vol. 4, Pp. 2025–28. ^ Jump Up To: A B C D E Canduci (2010), P. 263 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 199 ^ Jump Up To: A B C Comyn (1851), P. 200 Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 266 Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), Pp. 300–302 Jump Up ^ Bryce (1913), P. 166 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 302–303 ^ Jump Up To: A B Cantor (1969), Pp. 428–429 Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 359 Jump Up ^ Brown (1972) Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 318–319 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 202 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 201 ^ Jump Up To: A B C Comyn (1851), P. 230 Jump Up ^ Falco (1964), Pp. 218 Et Seq. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 227 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 228 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 229 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 368–369 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 231 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 232 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 233 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 203 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 319 Jump Up ^ "Peace Of The Land Established By Frederick Barbarossa Between 1152 And 1157 A.D.". The Avalon Project. Yale Law School. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 234 Jump Up ^ Wikisource-Logo.Svg Ua Clerigh, Arthur (1913). "Pope Adrian Iv". In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 235 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 236 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 238 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 240 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 241 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 242 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 243 Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 295 Jump Up ^ Munz (1969), P. 228 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 326–327 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 245 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 246 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 247 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 248 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 249 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 250 ^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 251 Jump Up ^ See Entry For The Contemporary Chroniclers, Ottone And Acerbo Morena. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 252 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 253 Jump Up ^ Leyser (1988), P. 157 ^ Jump Up To: A B Kampers, Franz. "Frederick I (Barbarossa)". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 21 May 2009. Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 104 Jump Up ^ Reprint Of B. Arthaud. La Civilization De L'occident Medieval, Paris, 1964. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 257 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 332 Et Seq. Jump Up ^ Brown (1972), Pp. 164–165 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 260 Jump Up ^ See Yale Avalon Project. Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), Pp. 96–97 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 263 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 333 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 264 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 433–434 Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), Pp. 102–103 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 429 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 262 Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 240 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 265 Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 266 Jump Up ^ J. Phillips, The Fourth Crusade And The Sack Of Constantinople, 66 Jump Up ^ Konstam, Historical Atlas Of The Crusades, 162 Jump Up ^ The Crusade Of Frederick Barbarossa: Letters, Fordham University. Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 267 Jump Up ^ Cantor, Norman F. (1993). The Civilization Of The Middle Ages. New York: Harpercollins. P. 309. Isbn 0060170336. Retrieved 24 September 2016. Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 340–342 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 332 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 324 Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 325 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 422–423 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 424 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 360 Jump Up ^ Sidonius Apollinaris, Epistles 1.2, A Description Of Theodoric Ii Of The Visigoths (453–66). See Mierow And Emery (1953) P. 331. Jump Up ^ Brown (1972), P. 172 Jump Up ^ Kantorowicz, Frederick Ii; Last Chapter Jump Up ^ Jarausch (1997), P. 35 Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 190 Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 359–360 Jump Up ^ Walford, Cox & Apperson (1885), P. 119 Jump Up ^ Novobatzky & Shea (2001) ^ Jump Up To: A B C D E F G Gislebertus (Of Mons), Chronicle Of Hainaut, Transl. Laura Napran, (Boydell Press, 2005), 55 Note245. Jump Up ^ Brady (1901) Jump Up ^ Crowley (2006), Pp. 346, 429 Jump Up ^ "Civilization Vi: Frederick Barbarossa Leads Germany". Official Civilization Website. August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016. Jump Up ^ "Frederick Barbarossa Leads Germany In 'Civilization Vi'". Digital Trends. August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016. Jump Up ^ Kershaw (2001), P. 335 Primary Sources[Edit] Otto Of Freising And His Continuator Rahewin, The Deeds Of Frederick Barbarossa Tr. Charles Christopher Mierow With Richard Emery. New York: Columbia University Press, 1953. Reprinted: Toronto: University Of Toronto Press, 1994. Ibn Al-Athir Romuald Of Salerno. Chronicon In Rerum Italicarum Scriptores. Otto Of Sankt Blasien The "Bergamo Master". Carmen De Gestis Frederici I Imperatoris In Lombardia. Chronicon Vincentii Canonici Pragensis In Monumenta Historica Boemiae By Fr. Gelasius Dobner (1764)[1] [2] Secondary Sources[Edit] Brady, Charles Townsend (1901). Hohenzollern; A Story Of The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa. New York: The Century Co. Brown, R. A. (1972). The Origins Of Modern Europe. Boydell Press. Bryce, James (1913). The Holy Roman Empire. Macmillan. Canduci, Alexander (2010). Triumph & Tragedy: The Rise And Fall Of Rome's Immortal Emperors. Pier 9. Isbn 978-1-74196-598-8. Cantor, N. F. (1969). Medieval History. Macmillan And Company. Comyn, Robert (1851). History Of The Western Empire, From Its Restoration By Charlemagne To The Accession Of Charles V. I. Crowley, John William (2006). Little, Big. New York: Perennial. Isbn 978-0-06-112005-3. Dahmus, J. (1969). The Middle Ages, A Popular History. Garden City, Ny: Doubleday. Davis, R. H. C. (1957). A History Of Medieval Europe. Longmans. Falco, G. (1964). The Holy Roman Republic. New York: Barnes And Co. Freed, John (2016). Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince And The Myth. New Haven, Ct: Yale University Press. Isbn 978-0-300-122763. Jarausch, K. H. (1997). After Unity; Reconfiguring German Identities. New York: Berghahn Books. Isbn 1-57181-041-2. Kershaw, Ian (2001). Hitler, 1936–45: Nemesis. Penguin. Le Goff, J. (2000). Medieval Civilization, 400–1500. New York: Barnes And Noble. Leyser, Karl J. (1988). Frederick Barbarossa And The Hohenstaufen Polity. University Of California Press. Munz, Peter (1969). Frederick Barbarossa: A Study In Medieval Politics. Ithaca And London: Cornell University Press. Novobatzky, Peter; Shea, Ammon (2001). Depraved And Insulting English. Orlando: Harcourt. Walford, Edward; Cox, John Charles; Apperson, George Latimer (1885). "Digit Folklore, Part Ii". The Antiquary. Xi: 119–123. External Links[Edit] Wikimedia Commons Has Media Related To Friedrich I. Barbarossa. Wikisource Has Original Works Written By Or About: Frederick I Msn Encarta – Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire) (Archived 2009-10-31) Famous Men Of The Middle Ages – Frederick Barbarossa Charter Given By Emperor Frederick For The Bishopric Of Bamberg Showing The Emperor's Seal, 6.4.1157 . Taken From The Collections Of The Lichtbildarchiv Älterer Originalurkunden At Marburg University Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor House Of Hohenstaufen Born: 1122 Died: 1190 Regnal Titles Preceded By Conrad Iii German King Formally King Of The Romans 1152–1190 Succeeded By Henry Vi King Of Italy 1155–1190 Preceded By Lothair Iii King Of Arles 1152–1190 Holy Roman Emperor 1155–1190 Preceded By Frederick Ii Duke Of Swabia 1147–1152 Succeeded By Frederick Iv Preceded By Beatrice I As Sole Ruler Count Palatine Of Burgundy 1156–1190 With Beatrice I Succeeded By Otto I [Show] V T E Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Emperors [Show] V T E Monarchs Of Germany Authority Control Worldcat Identities Viaf: 66596013 Lccn: N50047907 Isni: 0000 0001 1885 1477 Gnd: 118535757 Selibr: 230780 Sudoc: 034094296 Bnf: Cb12488571M (Data) Ulan: 500329612 Nla: 35683449 Nkc: Jn20000700567 Bne: Xx856878 Categories: Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor1122 Births1190 Deathschristians Of The Third Crusadedeaths By Drowningdukes Of Swabiahohenstaufen Dynastyholy Roman Emperorsgerman Kings Of Burgundyreleased From Excommunicationpeople From Baden-Württemberg12Th-Century Monarchs In Europe Navigation Menu Not Logged Intalkcontributionscreate Accountlog Inarticletalkreadeditview Historysearch Frederick I, Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor	Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy	King Philip Of Swabia, Prince of the House of Hohenstaufen & King of Germany
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Thomas Barber / Dorothy Henderson	Thomas Barber	Dorothy Henderson	Dorothy Glover
David Barclay / Mary Marie Rait	David Barclay	Mary Marie Rait	George Barclay
George Barclay / Mary Erskine	George Barclay	Mary Erskine	Christian Barclay
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John Barker / Elizabeth Hill	John Barker	Elizabeth Hill	Dorothy Barker Alice Barker Parnell Barker
Lieutenant John Barker / Sarah Roberts	Lieutenant John Barker	Sarah Roberts	Mary Barker
Richard Barker / Joannah Shipley	Richard Barker	Joannah Shipley	Stephen Barker
Richard Barker / Mary Abbott	Richard Barker	Mary Abbott
Stephen Barker / Mary Abbott	Stephen Barker	Mary Abbott	Stephen Barker
Stephen Barker / Mary Frye	Stephen Barker	Mary Frye	Lieutenant John Barker
Benjamin Barley / Margery Stroud	Benjamin Barley	Margery Stroud	Margery Barley
John Barnard / Phebe Whiting	John Barnard	Phebe Whiting	John Barnard
John Barnard / Sarah Fleming	John Barnard	Sarah Fleming	Ann Barnard
Thomas Barnard / Elizabeth Woodhouse	Thomas Barnard	Elizabeth Woodhouse	John Barnard
John Barnard Barnett / Katherine Anne Farrar	John Barnard Barnett	Katherine Anne Farrar	Joyce Barnett
William Barnett I / Elizabeth Dickinson	William Barnett I	Elizabeth Dickinson	William O Barnett
William O Barnett / Anna Rolfe	William O Barnett	Anna Rolfe	John Barnard Barnett
Christopher Barrett / Elizabeth Clark	Christopher Barrett	Elizabeth Clark	Thomas Barrett Margaret Barrett
John Barrett / Dorothy Proctor	John Barrett	Dorothy Proctor	John Barrett II
John Barrett / Joan Baret	John Barrett	Joan Baret	William Barrett
John Barrett II / Margaret Parker	John Barrett II	Margaret Parker	Hannah Barrett
Lt. John Barrett / Sara Bate	Lt. John Barrett	Sara Bate	John Barrett
Thomas Barrett / Margaret Huntington	Thomas Barrett	Margaret Huntington	Lt. John Barrett
Thomas Barrett / Margaret Huntington	Thomas Barrett	Margaret Huntington	Mary Barrett
William Barrett / -	William Barrett		William Barrett
William Barrett / Margaret Petyshall	William Barrett	Margaret Petyshall	Christopher Barrett
John Barrington / -	John Barrington		Alice Barrington
Elias Barron IV / Grace Hannah Hawkins	Elias Barron IV	Grace Hannah Hawkins	Mary Barron
John Bartlett / Prudence Merrill	John Bartlett	Prudence Merrill	Hannah Barlett
Richard Bartlett / Hannah Emery	Richard Bartlett	Hannah Emery	John Bartlett
Richard Bartlett II / Abigail Wells	Richard Bartlett II	Abigail Wells	Richard Bartlett
Robert Bartlett Jr. / Mary Warren	Robert Bartlett Jr.	Mary Warren	Elizabeth Bartlett
John Arthur Barton / -	John Arthur Barton		Agnes Barton
Richard Barttelot / Joan De Wiltshire	Richard Barttelot	Joan De Wiltshire	Richard Bartlett II
Deacon Samuel Bass / Anne Savil	Deacon Samuel Bass	Anne Savil	John Bass
John Bass / Ruth Alden	John Bass	Ruth Alden	Sara Bass
Humphery Basse / Mary Buschier	Humphery Basse	Mary Buschier	Deacon Samuel Bass
Judge Thomas Basset of Headington / Adeliza de Dunstanville	Judge Thomas Basset of Headington	Adeliza de Dunstanville	Alan de Basset
John Bate / Margaret Andrews	John Bate	Margaret Andrews	John Bates James Bates
Clement Bates / Anna Dalrymple	Clement Bates	Anna Dalrymple	Sara Bate
James Bates / Mary Martine	James Bates	Mary Martine	Clement Bates
John Bates / Mildred Ward	John Bates	Mildred Ward	James Bates
Thomas Bates / -	Thomas Bates		Elizabeth Bates
Henry Batten / Margaret	Henry Batten	Margaret	Margaret Battin
Henry Batten / Mary Boyland	Henry Batten	Mary Boyland	Henry Batten
Andreas Baumann / -	Andreas Baumann		Christian Baumann
Christian Baumann / Anna Dorothea Wolf	Christian Baumann	Anna Dorothea Wolf	Anna Dorothea Baumann
Sir Thomas Bayley / Jane Seymour	Sir Thomas Bayley	Jane Seymour	John Bailey
Thomas Bayley / Dorithie Watts	Thomas Bayley	Dorithie Watts	Jane Bayley
William Baylie / Prudence Stalingboro	William Baylie	Prudence Stalingboro	William Bailey Jr
Eneas Bean / Catherine Smithers	Eneas Bean	Catherine Smithers	Catherine Bean
King Henry I Beauclerc, King of England & Duke of Normandy / -	King Henry I Beauclerc, King of England & Duke of Normandy		Robert Fitzroy, 1st Earl of Gloucester
King Henry I Beauclerc, King of England & Duke of Normandy / -	King Henry I Beauclerc, King of England & Duke of Normandy		Adeliza de Dunstanville
King Henry I Beauclerc, King of England & Duke of Normandy / Lady Sybilla Corbet of Alcester	King Henry I Beauclerc, King of England & Duke of Normandy	Lady Sybilla Corbet of Alcester	Sibylla of Normandy
King Henry I Beauclerc, King of England & Duke of Normandy / Matilda Of Scotland	King Henry I Beauclerc, King of England & Duke of Normandy	Matilda Of Scotland	Empress Matilda
Edmund Belcher / Alice Spencer	Edmund Belcher	Alice Spencer	Elizabeth Belcher
Jeremiah Belcher / Mary Clifford	Jeremiah Belcher	Mary Clifford	Mary Belcher
Thomas Belcher / Deborah Hunt	Thomas Belcher	Deborah Hunt	William Belcher
William Belcher / Sally Ann Davey	William Belcher	Sally Ann Davey	Dorothy Belcher
Sir Sueiro Belfaguer , 1st Lord of the House of Sousa / Munia Ribeiro	Sir Sueiro Belfaguer , 1st Lord of the House of Sousa	Munia Ribeiro	Hugo Soares Belfaguer
John Bellemann / Mettel Lerner	John Bellemann	Mettel Lerner	Marie Bellemain
Zakkai Ben Avraham / -	Zakkai Ben Avraham		David Ben Zakkai
Gaon Hezekiah Ben David / -	Gaon Hezekiah Ben David		David Ben Hezekiah
Nathan Ben David / -	Nathan Ben David		Avraham Ben Nathan
Rabbi David Ben Hazub / -	Rabbi David Ben Hazub		Nathan Ben David
David Ben Hezekiah / -	David Ben Hezekiah		Hiyya Al-Daudi , Gaon of Andalucia
Yahia Ben Ibn Yahia / Mina Ben Yehuda	Yahia Ben Ibn Yahia	Mina Ben Yehuda	Shlomo Ha-Zaken Ben Yosef
Avraham Ben Nathan / -	Avraham Ben Nathan		Zakkai Ben Avraham
Yahia Ben Rabbi / -	Yahia Ben Rabbi		Yahia Ben Ibn Yahia
Gedaliah Ben Shlomo Ha-Zaken / Tamar Ibn Yahya (Bat Musaphia Heni)	Gedaliah Ben Shlomo Ha-Zaken	Tamar Ibn Yahya (Bat Musaphia Heni)	Yonah
Shlomo Ha-Zaken Ben Yosef / Ibn Yachya Hazaken	Shlomo Ha-Zaken Ben Yosef	Ibn Yachya Hazaken	Gedaliah Ben Shlomo Ha-Zaken
David Ben Zakkai / -	David Ben Zakkai		Gaon Hezekiah Ben David
Rabbi Hazub Beni Phinehas / -	Rabbi Hazub Beni Phinehas		Rabbi David Ben Hazub
Fisher Rice Bennett / Judith Hanson	Fisher Rice Bennett	Judith Hanson	Nancy Bennett
John Bennett / Mary Sawyer	John Bennett	Mary Sawyer	William Bennett
Richard Bennett / Elizabeth Rice	Richard Bennett	Elizabeth Rice	Fisher Rice Bennett
Thomas Bennett / Agnes Beard	Thomas Bennett	Agnes Beard	John Bennett
William Bennett / Mary Smith	William Bennett	Mary Smith	William Bennett Jr.
William Bennett Jr. / Sarah Brumwell	William Bennett Jr.	Sarah Brumwell	Richard Bennett
John Bent / Martha Blanchard	John Bent	Martha Blanchard	Agnes Bent
Judicael Berengar, Count of Rennes / -	Judicael Berengar, Count of Rennes		Conan I, Duke of Brittany
Ramon Berenguer Iv, Count of Provence / Beatrice De Savoie	Ramon Berenguer Iv, Count of Provence	Beatrice De Savoie	Margaret Of Provence, Queen of France Eleanor Of Provence Beatrice Of Provence, Countess of Provence and Forcalquier
Arden Beresford / Ursula Rolleston	Arden Beresford	Ursula Rolleston	Elizabeth Beresford
George Beresford / Benedicta Bradborne	George Beresford	Benedicta Bradborne	Arden Beresford
Jose Antonio De La Cruz Bermudez / Maria Cirilla Armenta	Jose Antonio De La Cruz Bermudez	Maria Cirilla Armenta	Maria Del Refugio Bermudes
Juan Jose Andrez Bermudez / Maria Rita Zamora	Juan Jose Andrez Bermudez	Maria Rita Zamora	Jose Antonio De La Cruz Bermudez
Francis Bernard I / Alice Hazelwood	Francis Bernard I	Alice Hazelwood	Thomas Barnard
Anthony Berse / Jane Beme	Anthony Berse	Jane Beme	Ann Besse
Rees Bevan / Ann Lewis	Rees Bevan	Ann Lewis	Elizabeth Bevan
Caspar Bidebach / Anna Catharina Ott	Caspar Bidebach	Anna Catharina Ott	Anna Christina Bidebach
Caspar Bidebach / Anna Maria Rieble	Caspar Bidebach	Anna Maria Rieble	Eva Catharina Bidebach
Casper Bidebach / -	Casper Bidebach		Wigand Bidebach
Wigand Bidebach / Magdalana	Wigand Bidebach	Magdalana	Caspar Bidebach
Rodrigo Iñiguez De Biedma II / Juana Díaz De Funes	Rodrigo Iñiguez De Biedma II	Juana Díaz De Funes	Maria Ruiz De Biedma
Rollo Thurstan Bigod / Gerlotte De Blois	Rollo Thurstan Bigod	Gerlotte De Blois	Lancelot De Briquebec
William H. Bird / Elizabeth Bodilly	William H. Bird	Elizabeth Bodilly	Prudence Bird
Captain Samuel Bishop / Sarah Forbes	Captain Samuel Bishop	Sarah Forbes	Esther Bishop
John Bishop / Elizabeth Dawe	John Bishop	Elizabeth Dawe	William Bishop
John Thomas Bishop / Lady Margerie Grey	John Thomas Bishop	Lady Margerie Grey	John Bishop
Samuel Bishop / Hester Cogswell	Samuel Bishop	Hester Cogswell	Captain Samuel Bishop
Thomas Bishop / Avis Abbott	Thomas Bishop	Avis Abbott	Nancy Bishop Thomas Bishop
Thomas Bishop / Margaret Ann Lewin	Thomas Bishop	Margaret Ann Lewin	Samuel Bishop
William Bishop / Alice Granville Dunning	William Bishop	Alice Granville Dunning	Thomas Bishop
William Bishop / Breda Bucklar	William Bishop	Breda Bucklar	William Bishop
William Bitfield / Elizabeth Parkes	William Bitfield	Elizabeth Parkes	Ruth Bitfield
George Bixby / Elizabeth Sudbury	George Bixby	Elizabeth Sudbury	Sgt. Joseph Bixby
Johnathan Bixby / Sarah Smith	Johnathan Bixby	Sarah Smith	Lydia Bixby
Richard Bixby / Isabel Elizabeth Nunn	Richard Bixby	Isabel Elizabeth Nunn	George Bixby
Sgt. Joseph Bixby / Sarah Heard Wyatt	Sgt. Joseph Bixby	Sarah Heard Wyatt	Johnathan Bixby
Thomas Bixby / Margret Munnings	Thomas Bixby	Margret Munnings	Richard Bixby
King Erik Björnsson, King of Sweden / -	King Erik Björnsson, King of Sweden		King Anund of Uppsala, King of Sweden
Gudrød Bjørnsson, Fief of Vestfold / Cecilie	Gudrød Bjørnsson, Fief of Vestfold	Cecilie	King Harald Grenske, King of Vestfold and Agder
George Blage / Dorothy Badby	George Blage	Dorothy Badby	Judith Blagge
Robert Blage / Mary Cecily Brooke	Robert Blage	Mary Cecily Brooke	George Blage
Peter Blair / Mary Hamilton	Peter Blair	Mary Hamilton	Christian A Blair
Barthlin Blatz / Barbara Bitt	Barthlin Blatz	Barbara Bitt	Hans Jacob Platz
Maredudd Ap Bleddyn / -	Maredudd Ap Bleddyn		Madog ap Maredudd Prince of Powys
Hyfaidd Ap Bleiddig / -	Hyfaidd Ap Bleiddig		Llywarch Ap Hymeid
William "Old Bill" Blevins II / Ann Bunch	William "Old Bill" Blevins II	Ann Bunch	Mary Blevins
Hans Blind / Catharina Mutschler	Hans Blind	Catharina Mutschler	Anna Blind
Jakob Blind / Barbara Neiss	Jakob Blind	Barbara Neiss	Hans Blind
James Blood / -	James Blood		James Blood
James Blood / Elizabeth Longley	James Blood	Elizabeth Longley	Elizabeth Blood
James Blood / Ellen Harrison	James Blood	Ellen Harrison	Richard Blood Mary Blood
John Blood / -	John Blood		James Blood
Richard Blood / Isabel Wilkinson	Richard Blood	Isabel Wilkinson	James Blood Hannah Blood
Daniel David Bloomer / Lucinda Looney Defoe	Daniel David Bloomer	Lucinda Looney Defoe	Elizabeth Bloomer
John B. Bloomer / Bethia Fowler	John B. Bloomer	Bethia Fowler	Nehemiah Bloomer
Nehemiah Bloomer / Elizabeth Ketchum	Nehemiah Bloomer	Elizabeth Ketchum	Daniel David Bloomer
Robert Bloomer II / -	Robert Bloomer II		John B. Bloomer
Sir Roger Of Ratherwas Bodenham / Jane Whittington	Sir Roger Of Ratherwas Bodenham	Jane Whittington	Elizabeth Bodenham
Jacob Boehl / -	Jacob Boehl		Anna Boehl
John William Bolitho / -	John William Bolitho		William Bolitho
William Bolitho / -	William Bolitho		Margaret Bolitho
Benjamin Bolles / Anne Goodrich	Benjamin Bolles	Anne Goodrich	Thomas Bolles
Joseph Bolles / Mary Howell	Joseph Bolles	Mary Howell	Mary Bolles
Thomas Bolles / Elizabeth Perkins	Thomas Bolles	Elizabeth Perkins	Joseph Bolles
William Vowell Bolles / Lucy Watts	William Vowell Bolles	Lucy Watts	Benjamin Bolles
Sergeant Robert Boltwood / Mary Gernon Rice	Sergeant Robert Boltwood	Mary Gernon Rice	Sara Boltwood
Thomas Boltwood / Mary Humphrey	Thomas Boltwood	Mary Humphrey	Sergeant Robert Boltwood
Corporal Conrad Boosinger / Catharine Barbara Yancer	Corporal Conrad Boosinger	Catharine Barbara Yancer	Susannah Boosinger
Johann Georg Boosinger / Maria Weither	Johann Georg Boosinger	Maria Weither	Johannes Von Buessinger
Benjamin Fowle Borden / Abigail Grover	Benjamin Fowle Borden	Abigail Grover	Hon. Joseph Borden
Hon. Joseph Borden / Mary Anne Van Kouvenhoven	Hon. Joseph Borden	Mary Anne Van Kouvenhoven	Ann Borden
John Borden / Joan Glover	John Borden	Joan Glover	Richard Borden
John Borden / Mary Earle	John Borden	Mary Earle	Mary Borden
Richard Borden / Joan Fowle	Richard Borden	Joan Fowle	John Borden Benjamin Fowle Borden
Jay Borgand / Rachel Mattyssen Corneliusse	Jay Borgand	Rachel Mattyssen Corneliusse	Janneke Borgond
Edward Borte / Joane Chatfeld	Edward Borte	Joane Chatfeld	Anne Burt
King Brian Boru, High King of Ireland / Gormflaith Ingen Murchada O'faelain	King Brian Boru, High King of Ireland	Gormflaith Ingen Murchada O'faelain	King Donnchadh Mac Briain, King of Munster
King Brian Boru, High King of Ireland / Mór Of Uí Fiachrach Aidne	King Brian Boru, High King of Ireland	Mór Of Uí Fiachrach Aidne	Sláine
Hugh Boscawen / -	Hugh Boscawen		Mary Boscawen
Adam Bostock / Janet Bradshaw	Adam Bostock	Janet Bradshaw	Sir Ralph Bostock
Adam Bostock / Margaret Whetenhall	Adam Bostock	Margaret Whetenhall	Adam Bostock
Ralph Bostock / Margaret Vernon	Ralph Bostock	Margaret Vernon	Jane Bostock
Sir Adam Bostock / Elizabeth Venables	Sir Adam Bostock	Elizabeth Venables	William Bostock
Sir Ralph Bostock / Isabel Lawton	Sir Ralph Bostock	Isabel Lawton	Sir Adam Bostock
William Bostock / -	William Bostock		Ralph Bostock
Peeter Botfeild / Ann Child	Peeter Botfeild	Ann Child	William Bitfield
Peter Botfield / -	Peter Botfield		Peeter Botfeild
Fulke Bourchier / Elizabeth Dinham	Fulke Bourchier	Elizabeth Dinham	Sir John Bourchier
John Bourchier / Helen Colchester	John Bourchier	Helen Colchester	Robert Bourchier
Robert Bourchier / Margaret Prayers	Robert Bourchier	Margaret Prayers	William Bourchier
Sir Humphrey Bourchier / Elizabeth Tilney, Countess of Surrey	Sir Humphrey Bourchier	Elizabeth Tilney, Countess of Surrey	Anne Bourchier, Baroness Dacre
Sir John Bourchier / Cicely Daubeney	Sir John Bourchier	Cicely Daubeney	John, 2nd Earl of Bourchier
William Bourchier / Anne Plantagenet	William Bourchier	Anne Plantagenet	William Bourchier
William Bourchier / Eleanor De Louvaine	William Bourchier	Eleanor De Louvaine	William Bourchier
William Bourchier / Thomasine Hankeford	William Bourchier	Thomasine Hankeford	Fulke Bourchier
John Bourne / -	John Bourne		Judith Bourne
Robert Henry Bourne / -	Robert Henry Bourne		John Bourne
Captain Nathaniel Bowman / Ann Barnard	Captain Nathaniel Bowman	Ann Barnard	Abigail Bowman
Francis Bowman / Martha Sherman	Francis Bowman	Martha Sherman	Captain Nathaniel Bowman
Nathaniel Bowman / Anna Hannah Smith	Nathaniel Bowman	Anna Hannah Smith	Francis Bowman
Robert Bowman / Helen Critchlow	Robert Bowman	Helen Critchlow
Sir Richard Bowman / -	Sir Richard Bowman		Robert Bowman
Edward Boyland / -	Edward Boyland		Mary Boyland
Jacob Bracher / Anna Marie Veronika Tenner	Jacob Bracher	Anna Marie Veronika Tenner	Mary Bracher
Duke Charles Brandon / Queen Mary Tudor	Duke Charles Brandon	Queen Mary Tudor	Frances Brandon
Henry, Knight of the Garter, 1st Duke of Suffolk, The Marquess of Dorset Grey / Frances Brandon	Henry, Knight of the Garter, 1st Duke of Suffolk, The Marquess of Dorset Grey	Frances Brandon	Lady Mary Grey
Robert Brashears / Elizabeth Florence Fowke	Robert Brashears	Elizabeth Florence Fowke
William M. Brasier / -	William M. Brasier		Alice Brasier
Allemand Brassier De Jocas / Madeleine De Cheilus	Allemand Brassier De Jocas	Madeleine De Cheilus	Robert Brashears
Edmund Bray / Beatrice Shirley	Edmund Bray	Beatrice Shirley	Sir Thomas Bray
John Bray / -	John Bray		Sir Edward (Edmund) Bray
John Bray / Jane Halighwell	John Bray	Jane Halighwell
Ralph De Bray / -	Ralph De Bray		William De Bray
Richard Bray / Johanna Troughton	Richard Bray	Johanna Troughton	John Bray
Robert De Bray / -	Robert De Bray		James De Bray
Sir Edward (Edmund) Bray / Jane Halighwell	Sir Edward (Edmund) Bray	Jane Halighwell	Edmund Bray
Sir Thomas Bray / Alice Braxley	Sir Thomas Bray	Alice Braxley	William De Bray
Sir Thomas Bray / Margaret Haslonde	Sir Thomas Bray	Margaret Haslonde	Thomas Bray
Thomas Bray / -	Thomas Bray		Elinor Bray
Thomas Bray I / -	Thomas Bray I		Thomas Bray II
Thomas Bray II / Mary Wilson	Thomas Bray II	Mary Wilson	Hannah Bray
William De Bray / Mrs Athalina De Watford	William De Bray	Mrs Athalina De Watford	Robert De Bray
Francis Brayton / Helen Gale	Francis Brayton	Helen Gale	Francis Jr. Brayton
Francis Jr. Brayton / Grace Hardy	Francis Jr. Brayton	Grace Hardy	Martha Brayton
- / Elizabeth Brereton		Elizabeth Brereton	Randulph Smith
Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany / Hawise Bretagne	Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany	Hawise Bretagne	Geoffrey, Count of Brittany
Captain Benjamin Brewster / Ann Addis	Captain Benjamin Brewster	Ann Addis	Daniel Brewster
Daniel Brewster / Hannah Gager	Daniel Brewster	Hannah Gager	Bethia Brewster
Jonathan Brewster / Lucretia Oldham	Jonathan Brewster	Lucretia Oldham	Captain Benjamin Brewster
William Brewster / Mary Love Wentworth	William Brewster	Mary Love Wentworth	Jonathan Brewster
William Brewster III / Mary Smythe	William Brewster III	Mary Smythe	William Brewster
William Brichard / Catherine Finch	William Brichard	Catherine Finch	Mary Birchard
John Bridge / Elizabeth Wilcox	John Bridge	Elizabeth Wilcox	Mathew Bridge
Mathew Bridge / Abigail Russell	Mathew Bridge	Abigail Russell	Mathew Bridge III
Mathew Bridge / Anna Danforth	Mathew Bridge	Anna Danforth	Mathew Bridge
Mathew Bridge III / Abigail Bowman	Mathew Bridge III	Abigail Bowman	Sarah Bridge
Johannes Brieler / Magdalena Essig	Johannes Brieler	Magdalena Essig	Anna Maria Brieler
Thomas Brigham / Elizabeth Armytts	Thomas Brigham	Elizabeth Armytts	Thomas Brigham
Thomas Brigham / Gillian Tryelinson	Thomas Brigham	Gillian Tryelinson	Thomas Brigham
Thomas Brigham / Isabel Watson	Thomas Brigham	Isabel Watson	Constance Brigham
Thomas Brigham / Jennett Millington	Thomas Brigham	Jennett Millington	Thomas Brigham
Gille Brigte , Lord of Galloway / -	Gille Brigte , Lord of Galloway		Donnchadh, 1st Earl of Carrick
Gille Brigte, Earl of Angus / -	Gille Brigte, Earl of Angus		Gille Críst, Earl of Angus
Cristobal Briones / Maria Rangel	Cristobal Briones	Maria Rangel	Francisco Briones
Francisco Briones / Manuela Maria Loredo	Francisco Briones	Manuela Maria Loredo	Ygnacio Vicente Briones
Marcos Jose Briones / Maria Ygnacia Ysadora Tapia	Marcos Jose Briones	Maria Ygnacia Ysadora Tapia	Maria Guadalupe Briones
Ygnacio Vicente Briones / Maria Antonia De Padron	Ygnacio Vicente Briones	Maria Antonia De Padron	Marcos Jose Briones
Wilson Broadbent / Mary Kempley	Wilson Broadbent	Mary Kempley	Alice Broadbent
John Bromwich / -	John Bromwich		Lord Justice Of Ireland, Thomas Bromwich
Lord Justice Of Ireland, Thomas Bromwich / Alice Oldcastle	Lord Justice Of Ireland, Thomas Bromwich	Alice Oldcastle	Elizabeth Maude Bromwich
Ralph Bromwich / -	Ralph Bromwich		John Bromwich
Friðgar Brondsson / -	Friðgar Brondsson		Freawine Frithugarson, Governor of Schleswig
Arthur Brooks / -	Arthur Brooks		Edward Brooks
Edward Brooks / Florence Brandbridge	Edward Brooks	Florence Brandbridge	Hugh Brooks
Henry Brooks / Grace Wheeler	Henry Brooks	Grace Wheeler	William Brooks Hannah Brooks
Hugh Brooks / Dorothy Preston	Hugh Brooks	Dorothy Preston	Henry Brooks
Joseph Brooks / Lynda Warner	Joseph Brooks	Lynda Warner	Silence Brooks
William Brooks / Mary Burt	William Brooks	Mary Burt	Joseph Brooks
Abraham Brown / Elizabeth Shepherd	Abraham Brown	Elizabeth Shepherd	Bethia Brown
Edmund Brown / Mary Cramphorn	Edmund Brown	Mary Cramphorn	Susanna Browne
George Brown / Lady Margaret Elizabeth Lawe	George Brown	Lady Margaret Elizabeth Lawe	Margaret Brown
Robert Brown / Agnes Barlow	Robert Brown	Agnes Barlow	Elisabeth Brown
William Brown / -	William Brown		Agnes Brown
William Brown / Joan Clarke	William Brown	Joan Clarke	John Browne Edmund Brown
Deacon Henry Browne / Abigail Eastman	Deacon Henry Browne	Abigail Eastman	Abraham Brown
Edward Browne / Janet Jane Leids	Edward Browne	Janet Jane Leids	Ann Browne
George Browne / Christiana Hibbert	George Browne	Christiana Hibbert	Deacon Henry Browne
George Browne / Jone Threeder	George Browne	Jone Threeder	George Browne
John Abram Browne / Dorothy Kent	John Abram Browne	Dorothy Kent	John Browne
John Browne / -	John Browne		George Browne
John Browne / Hester Makepeace	John Browne	Hester Makepeace	Elizabeth Makepeace Browne
Sir Thomas Browne Sr / Margaret King	Sir Thomas Browne Sr	Margaret King	Edward Browne
Peter Brumwell / Eleanor Edwards	Peter Brumwell	Eleanor Edwards	Sarah Brumwell
William Brumwell / -	William Brumwell		Peter Brumwell
John Hill Bryan Sr. / Elizabeth Crenshaw	John Hill Bryan Sr.	Elizabeth Crenshaw	Rita Bryan
William Bryan Sr. / Ann Delamar	William Bryan Sr.	Ann Delamar	John Hill Bryan Sr.
Edward Bryant / Ann Butler	Edward Bryant	Ann Butler	John Bryant
Edward Bryant Sr. / Christianna Council	Edward Bryant Sr.	Christianna Council	William Bryan Sr.
John Bryant / Mary Witherell	John Bryant	Mary Witherell	Edward Bryant Sr.
Thomas Bryge / Alicia Banister	Thomas Bryge	Alicia Banister	Margareta Brygge
James Buck / Elizabeth Sherman	James Buck	Elizabeth Sherman	William W Buck
James Buck III / Lydia Buck	James Buck III	Lydia Buck	Susannah Buck
Jonathan Buck / Zuriah Covalt	Jonathan Buck	Zuriah Covalt	Elizabeth Buck
Thomas Buck / Elizabeth Scott	Thomas Buck	Elizabeth Scott	Jonathan Buck
William W Buck / Margaret Neave	William W Buck	Margaret Neave	Margaret Buck
Francis Bucke Sr. / Mary Wall	Francis Bucke Sr.	Mary Wall	James Buck
Kenelm Bucke / Ellen Neville	Kenelm Bucke	Ellen Neville	Francis Bucke Sr.
Thomas Bullock / Alice Kingsmill	Thomas Bullock	Alice Kingsmill	Maragaret Bullock
- / Jane Bulstrode		Jane Bulstrode	Elizabeth Hungerford
William Buntinge / Alice Stanyerne	William Buntinge	Alice Stanyerne	Ellen Buntinge
Philip Burford / Mildred Terrell	Philip Burford	Mildred Terrell	Mary Burford
William Burford / Sarah Miles	William Burford	Sarah Miles	Philip Burford
- / Desconicida Burgueno		Desconicida Burgueno	Maria Burgueno
Robert Burnell / -	Robert Burnell		Alice Ane Burnell
Henry Burt / Eulalia March	Henry Burt	Eulalia March	Mary Burt
Henry Burt Sr / -	Henry Burt Sr		Henry Burt
James Burt / Anna Lewis	James Burt	Anna Lewis	Sarah Burt
Richard Leonard Burt / Jane Adams	Richard Leonard Burt	Jane Adams	James Burt
John Burton / Lydia Frye	John Burton	Lydia Frye	Mary Burton
John Bushell / Mary Hutchins	John Bushell	Mary Hutchins	Joseph Bushell
Joseph Bushell / Sara Webb	Joseph Bushell	Sara Webb	Mary Bushnell
Francis Bushnell II / Ferris Quenell	Francis Bushnell II	Ferris Quenell	John Bushnell
John Bushnell / Jane	John Bushnell	Jane	John Bushnell
John Bushnell / Sarah Lovering	John Bushnell	Sarah Lovering	Mary Bushnell
Bernardo De Bustamante Y Tagle / Feliciana De La Vega Lazo Vique Y Coca	Bernardo De Bustamante Y Tagle	Feliciana De La Vega Lazo Vique Y Coca	Josefa Bustamante Y Tagle
Gilbert, 3rd Baron Talbot / Lady Petronilla Butler	Gilbert, 3rd Baron Talbot	Lady Petronilla Butler	Sir Richard de Talbot, 4th Baron Talbot
Thomas Butter Butler / Marion Willes	Thomas Butter Butler	Marion Willes	Agnes Lucy Butler
Peter Button / -	Peter Button		Mary Button
Giles Butts / Marye Musse	Giles Butts	Marye Musse	Thomas Butts
Thomas Butts / Elizabeth Lake	Thomas Butts	Elizabeth Lake	Hepzibah Butts