 David James Babcock |
Essex, England |
1590 |
Milton, Suffolk, Massachusetts, USA |
12 Jun 1677 |
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| Rev. James David Babcock |
Wivenhoe, Essex, England |
1555 |
Wivenhoe, Essex, England |
12 Jun 1619 |
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| Jonathan Babcock |
Dorchester, Suffolk, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
07 Mar 1651 |
Coventry, Tolland, Connecticut, British Colonies in America |
05 Jan 1732 |
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 |
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| Capt. Robert Babcock |
Wivenhoe, Essex, England |
1520 |
Wivenhoe, Essex, England |
12 Nov 1594 |
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| Capt. Robert Babcock |
Wivenhoe, Essex, England |
1620 |
Milton, Milton, Norfolk, Massachusetts, United States |
12 Nov 1694 |
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 Thankful Babcock |
Hadley, Hampshire, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
1687 |
Coventry, Tolland, Connecticut, British Colonies in America |
07 Jun 1736 |
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| John Baber |
Somerset, England |
1500 |
Regilbury, Somerset, England |
1559 |
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| Alonso Ortiz Baca |
Tenochtitlán, New Spain |
1589 |
Santa Fe, New Spain |
1662 |
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| Capitan Cristobal Baca III |
Tenochtitlán, New Spain |
1567 |
Valencia, New Spain |
1620 |
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| Cristobal Ii Baca |
Bernillo, New Spain |
1635 |
Tenochitlán, New Spain |
11 Apr 1697 |
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| Jose Baca |
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1664 |
Guadalupe del Paso, New Spain |
03 Jul 1687 |
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| Juana Baca |
Guadalupe de Paso, New Spain |
1681 |
Santa Fe, New Spain |
12 Feb 1766 |
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| Elizabeth Sarah Bache |
Germany |
1732 |
Pennsylvania |
1827 |
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| Dorothy Badby |
England |
1520 |
England |
1594 |
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| William Badby |
Layer Marney, Essex, England |
1485 |
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| Mary Badcock |
... England |
1557 |
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| William David Badcocke V |
Sussex, England |
1504 |
Sussex, England |
1561 |
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| Lady Maud Badlesmere |
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1322 |
London, Middlesex, England |
1360 |
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| Arnaldo De Baião |
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910 |
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| Abigail Bailey |
Newport, Rhode Island, British Colonies in America |
1640 |
Perquimans, North Carolina, British Colonies in America |
17 Mar 1687 |
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| Daniel Joseph Bailey |
England |
1625 |
Perquimans, North Carolina, British Colonies in America |
1695 |
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| David Bailey |
Elizabeth City, Pasquotank, Albemarle, Province of Carolina, British Colonies in America |
15 Apr 1683 |
Pasquotank, North Carolina, British Colonies in America |
06 Oct 1745 |
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| David Wallis Bailey |
Core, North Carolina, British Colonies in America |
1721 |
Pasquotank, North Carolina, British Colonies in America |
10 Mar 1762 |
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| Dorothy Bailey |
Perquimans, Province of Carolina, British Colonies in America |
1644 |
Perquimans, Province of Carolina, British Colonies in America |
1700 |
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| Elizabeth Bailey |
of, London, London, England |
1515 |
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from 1543 to 1610 |
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| John Bailey |
Bromham, Wiltshire, England |
1586 |
Newbury, Essex, Massachusetts, United States |
02 Nov 1651 |
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| John Wallis Bailey |
Back Creek Township, Randolph, North Carolina, British Colonies in America |
Abt 1756 |
Randolph, North Carolina, U.S.A. |
1810 |
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| Mary Bailey |
Guilford, North Carolina, Colonial America |
29 Mar 1778 |
Wayne, Wayne, Indiana, U.S.A. |
September 1821 |
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| Patrick Bailey |
England |
1650 |
Elizabeth City Township, Camden, North Carolina, British Colonies in America |
08 Sep 1691 |
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| Robert Bailey |
Chippenham, Wiltshire, England |
1617 |
Chippenham, Wiltshire, England |
1651 |
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| William Bailey Jr |
Little Compton, Newport, Rhode Island, New Netherlands |
1626 |
Newport, Rhode Island, British Colonies in America |
20 Jul 1673 |
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| Mary Bain |
Middle River, Victoria, Nova Scotia, Canada |
1828 |
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| Alice Elizabeth Baker |
Lydd, Kent, England |
1524 |
Lydd, Kent, England |
1600 |
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| Clement Baker |
England |
1350 |
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| Deannes Baker |
Weymouth, Dorset, England |
1513 |
England |
1544 |
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| Deannes Baker |
Somerset, England |
1520 |
Chard, Somerset, England |
08 Nov 1614 |
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| Joan Baker |
Great Waltham, Essex, England |
1502 |
Witham, Essex, England |
1542 |
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| John Baker |
England |
1370 |
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| John Baker |
of Aldesworth, Notts, Eng |
1450 |
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| Margaret Baker |
of Aldersworth, Nottinghamshire, England |
1510 |
Derby, Derbyshire, England |
1536 |
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| Richard Baker |
Aldesworth, Nottinghamshire, England |
1393 |
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| Richard Baker |
of Aldesworth, Nottingham, Eng |
1418 |
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| Richard Baker |
Aldesworth, Notts, Eng |
1482 |
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| Richard Baker |
Somerset, England |
abt 1490 |
Somerset, England |
1556 |
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| Roger Baker |
England |
1320 |
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| Jane Pigeone Baldwin |
of St Giles, Reading, Berkshire, England |
1598 |
St Giles, Reading, Berkshire, England |
30 Jan 1661 |
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| Richard Baldwin |
England |
1565 |
Cholesbury, Buckinghamshire, England |
16 May 1633 |
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| Sarah Baldwin |
Cholesbury, Buckinghamshire, England |
25 Jun 1621 |
Northampton, Hampshire, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
04 Sep 1690 |
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| Rainald Baliol |
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1040 |
Bywell, Northumberland, England, United Kingdom |
1086 |
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| Edward Ball |
London, England |
1670 |
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04 Sep 1726 |
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| John Ball |
England |
1535 |
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| Lewis Ball |
Amherst, Virginia, British Colonies in America |
1736 |
Colonial America |
1786 |
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| Lewis Ball |
North Carolina, British Colonies in America |
1768 |
Greene, Tennessee, U.S.A. |
14 May 1832 |
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| Dr. Reverend Richard Ball |
Lincoln Inn, Lincoln, England |
1588 |
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1634 |
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| Richard Ball |
Barkham Manor, Barkham, Berkshire, England |
02 Jan 1639 |
Shockoe, Richmond City, Virginia, British Colonies in America |
23 Feb 1677 |
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| Susanna Ball |
Virginia, U.S.A. |
1799 |
Cleveland, Bradley, Tennessee, U.S.A. |
1876 |
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| Valentine Ball |
Christchurch, Middlesex, Virginia, British Colonies in America |
31 Mar 1706 |
Amherst, Virginia, British Colonies in America |
05 Mar 1770 |
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| William Ball |
Wiltshire, England, UK |
1556 |
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October 1687 |
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| Colonel William A. Ball |
Wiltshire, England |
1615 |
Millenbeck, Lancaster, Virginia |
08 Nov 1680 |
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| Alicia Banister |
Yorkshire, England |
1508 |
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Rugeley, Staffordshire, ENGLAND |
1598 |
Shropshire, England, United Kingdom |
1637 |
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| Christopher Banks |
Canterbury, Kent, England |
1603 |
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| Janet Banks |
Canterbury, Kent, England |
1607 |
Henrico, Virginia |
1627 |
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| Katherine Elizabeth Banks |
Canterbury, Kent, Northampton, England |
1627 |
Bermuda Hundred, Henrico, Virginia, British Colonies in America |
10 Oct 1686 |
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| Juan Barbara Coronado |
Tenochtitlán, New Spain |
1619 |
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| Emperor Frederick I
From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Frederick Barbarossa
Friedrich I. Barbarossa.Jpg
A Golden Bust Of Frederick I, Given To His Godfather Count Otto Of Cappenberg In 1171. It Was Used As A Reliquary In Cappenberg Abbey And Is Said In The Deed Of The Gift To Have Been Made "In The Likeness Of The Emperor".
Holy Roman Emperor
Reign 2 January 1155 – 10 June 1190
Coronation 18 June 1155, Rome
Predecessor Lothair Iii
Successor Henry Vi
King Of Italy
Reign 1155–1190
Coronation C. 1155, Pavia
Predecessor Conrad Iii
Successor Henry Vi
King Of Germany
Formally King Of The Romans
Reign 1152–1190
Coronation 9 March 1152, Aachen
Predecessor Conrad Iii
Successor Henry Vi
King Of Burgundy
Reign 1152–1190
Coronation 30 June 1178, Arles
Born 1122
Died 10 June 1190 (Aged 67–68)
Saleph River, Cilician Armenia
Burial Church Of St Peter, Antioch
Spouse
Adelheid Of Vohburg
Beatrice I, Countess Of Burgundy
Issue
More...
Frederick V, Duke Of Swabia
Henry Vi, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick Vi, Duke Of Swabia
Otto I, Count Of Burgundy
Conrad Ii, Duke Of Swabia
Philip, King Of Germany
House Hohenstaufen
Father Frederick Ii, Duke Of Swabia
Mother Judith Of Bavaria
Religion Roman Catholicism
Frederick I (German: Friedrich; 1122 – 10 June 1190), Also Known As Frederick Barbarossa, Was The Holy Roman Emperor From 1155 Until His Death. He Was Elected King Of Germany At Frankfurt On 4 March 1152 And Crowned In Aachen On 9 March 1152. He Became King Of Italy In 1155 And Was Crowned Roman Emperor By Pope Adrian Iv On 18 June 1155. Two Years Later, The Term Sacrum ("Holy") First Appeared In A Document In Connection With His Empire.[1] He Was Later Formally Crowned King Of Burgundy, At Arles On 30 June 1178. He Got The Name Barbarossa From The Northern Italian Cities He Attempted To Rule: Barbarossa Means "Red Beard" In Italian;[2] In German, He Was Known As Kaiser Rotbart, Which Has The Same Meaning.
Before His Imperial Election, Frederick Was By Inheritance Duke Of Swabia (1147–1152, As Frederick Iii). He Was The Son Of Duke Frederick Ii Of The Hohenstaufen Dynasty And Judith, Daughter Of Henry Ix, Duke Of Bavaria, From The Rival House Of Welf. Frederick Therefore Descended From The Two Leading Families In Germany, Making Him An Acceptable Choice For The Empire's Prince-Electors.
Historians Consider Him Among The Holy Roman Empire's Greatest Medieval Emperors. He Combined Qualities That Made Him Appear Almost Superhuman To His Contemporaries: His Longevity, His Ambition, His Extraordinary Skills At Organization, His Battlefield Acumen And His Political Perspicuity. Among His Contributions To Central European Society And Culture Include The Reestablishment Of The Corpus Juris Civilis, Or The Roman Rule Of Law, Which Counterbalanced The Papal Power That Dominated The German States Since The Conclusion Of The Investiture Controversy.
Contents [Hide]
1 Life And Reign
1.1 Early Years
1.2 Rise To Power
1.3 First Italian Campaign: 1154–55
1.4 Second, Third And Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174
1.5 Later Years
1.6 Third Crusade And Death
2 Frederick And The Justinian Code
3 Charismatic Leader
4 Legend
5 Issue
6 Ancestry
7 In Popular Culture
8 See Also
9 References
9.1 Primary Sources
9.2 Secondary Sources
10 External Links
Life And Reign[Edit]
Early Years[Edit]
Frederick Was Born In 1122. In 1147 He Became Duke Of The Southern German Region Of Swabia (Herzog Von Schwaben), And Shortly Afterwards Made His First Trip To The East, Accompanied By His Uncle, The German King Conrad Iii, On The Second Crusade. The Expedition Proved To Be A Disaster,[3] But Frederick Distinguished Himself And Won The Complete Confidence Of The King. When Conrad Died In February 1152, Only Frederick And The Prince-Bishop Of Bamberg Were At His Deathbed. Both Asserted Afterwards That Conrad Had, In Full Possession Of His Mental Powers, Handed The Royal Insignia To Frederick And Indicated That Frederick, Rather Than Conrad's Own Six-Year-Old Son, The Future Frederick Iv, Duke Of Swabia, Succeed Him As King.[4] Frederick Energetically Pursued The Crown And At Frankfurt On 4 March 1152 The Kingdom's Princely Electors Designated Him As The Next German King.[4] He Was Crowned King Of The Romans At Aachen Several Days Later, On 9 March 1152.[5] Frederick's Father Was From The Hohenstaufen Family, And His Mother Was From The Welf Family, The Two Most Powerful Families In Germany. The Hohenstaufens Were Often Called Ghibellines, Which Derives From The Italianized Name For Waiblingen Castle, The Family Seat In Swabia; The Welfs, In A Similar Italianization, Were Called Guelfs.[6]
The Reigns Of Henry Iv And Henry V Left The Status Of The German Empire In Disarray, Its Power Waning Under The Weight Of The Investiture Controversy. For A Quarter Of A Century Following The Death Of Henry V In 1125, The German Monarchy Was Largely A Nominal Title With No Real Power.[7] The King Was Chosen By The Princes, Was Given No Resources Outside Those Of His Own Duchy, And He Was Prevented From Exercising Any Real Authority Or Leadership In The Realm. The Royal Title Was Furthermore Passed From One Family To Another To Preclude The Development Of Any Dynastic Interest In The German Crown. When Frederick I Of Hohenstaufen Was Chosen As King In 1152, Royal Power Had Been In Effective Abeyance For Over Twenty-Five Years, And To A Considerable Degree For More Than Eighty Years. The Only Real Claim To Wealth Lay In The Rich Cities Of Northern Italy, Which Were Still Within The Nominal Control Of The German King.[8] The Salian Line Had Died Out With The Death Of Henry V In 1125. The German Princes Refused To Give The Crown To His Nephew, The Duke Of Swabia, For Fear He Would Try To Regain The Imperial Power Held By Henry V. Instead, They Chose Lothair Iii (1125–1137), Who Found Himself Embroiled In A Long-Running Dispute With The Hohenstaufens, And Who Married Into The Welfs. One Of The Hohenstaufens Gained The Throne As Conrad Iii Of Germany (1137–1152). When Frederick Barbarossa Succeeded His Uncle In 1152, There Seemed To Be Excellent Prospects For Ending The Feud, Since He Was A Welf On His Mother's Side.[4] The Welf Duke Of Saxony, Henry The Lion, Would Not Be Appeased, However, Remaining An Implacable Enemy Of The Hohenstaufen Monarchy. Barbarossa Had The Duchies Of Swabia And Franconia, The Force Of His Own Personality, And Very Little Else To Construct An Empire.[9]
The Germany That Frederick Tried To Unite Was A Patchwork Of More Than 1600 Individual States, Each With Its Own Prince. A Few Of These, Such As Bavaria And Saxony, Were Large. Many Were Too Small To Pinpoint On A Map.[10] The Titles Afforded To The German King Were "Caesar", "Augustus", And "Emperor Of The Romans". By The Time Frederick Would Assume These, They Were Little More Than Propaganda Slogans With Little Other Meaning.[11] Frederick Was A Pragmatist Who Dealt With The Princes By Finding A Mutual Self-Interest. Unlike Henry Ii Of England, Frederick Did Not Attempt To End Medieval Feudalism, But Rather Tried To Restore It, Though This Was Beyond His Ability. The Great Players In The German Civil War Had Been The Pope, Emperor, Ghibellines, And The Guelfs, But None Of These Had Emerged As The Winner.[12]
Rise To Power[Edit]
Penny Or Denier With Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, Struck In Nijmegen.
Eager To Restore The Empire To The Position It Had Occupied Under Charlemagne And Otto I The Great, The New King Saw Clearly That The Restoration Of Order In Germany Was A Necessary Preliminary To The Enforcement Of The Imperial Rights In Italy. Issuing A General Order For Peace, He Made Lavish Concessions To The Nobles.[13] Abroad, Frederick Intervened In The Danish Civil War Between Svend Iii And Valdemar I Of Denmark[14] And Began Negotiations With The Eastern Roman Emperor, Manuel I Comnenus.[15] It Was Probably About This Time That The King Obtained Papal Assent For The Annulment Of His Childless Marriage With Adelheid Of Vohburg, On The Grounds Of Consanguinity (His Great-Great-Grandfather Was A Brother Of Adela's Great-Great-Great-Grandmother, Making Them Fourth Cousins, Once Removed). He Then Made A Vain Effort To Obtain A Bride From The Court Of Constantinople. On His Accession Frederick Had Communicated The News Of His Election To Pope Eugene Iii, But Had Neglected To Ask For The Papal Confirmation. In March 1153, Frederick Concluded The Treaty Of Constance With The Pope, Whereby He Promised, In Return For His Coronation, To Defend The Papacy, To Make No Peace With King Roger Ii Of Sicily Or Other Enemies Of The Church Without The Consent Of Eugene, And To Help Eugene Regain Control Of The City Of Rome.[16]
First Italian Campaign: 1154–55[Edit]
Frederick Undertook Six Expeditions Into Italy. In The First, Beginning In October 1154,[17] His Plan Was To Launch A Campaign Against The Normans Under King William I Of Sicily.[15] He Marched Down And Almost Immediately Encountered Resistance To His Authority. Obtaining The Submission Of Milan, He Successfully Besieged Tortona In Early 1155, Razing It To The Ground.[18] He Moved On To Pavia, Where He Received The Iron Crown And The Title Of King Of Italy.[19] Moving Through Bologna And Tuscany, He Was Soon Approaching The City Of Rome. There, Pope Adrian Iv Was Struggling With The Forces Of The Republican City Commune Led By Arnold Of Brescia, A Student Of Abelard.[2] As A Sign Of Good Faith, Frederick Dismissed The Ambassadors From The Revived Roman Senate,[15] And Imperial Forces Suppressed The Republicans. Arnold Was Captured And Hanged For Treason And Rebellion. Despite His Unorthodox Teaching Concerning Theology, Arnold Was Not Charged With Heresy.[20]
As Frederick Approached The Gates Of Rome, The Pope Advanced To Meet Him. At The Royal Tent The King Received Him, And After Kissing The Pope's Feet, Frederick Expected To Receive The Traditional Kiss Of Peace.[21] Frederick Had Declined To Hold The Pope's Stirrup While Leading Him To The Tent, However, So Adrian Refused To Give The Kiss Until This Protocol Had Been Complied With.[2] Frederick Hesitated, And Adrian Iv Withdrew; After A Day's Negotiation, Frederick Agreed To Perform The Required Ritual, Reportedly Muttering, "Pro Petro, Non Adriano -- For Peter, Not For Adrian."[21] Rome Was Still In An Uproar Over The Fate Of Arnold Of Brescia, So Rather Than Marching Through The Streets Of Rome, Frederick And Adrian Retired To The Vatican.
The Next Day, 18 June 1155, Adrian Iv Crowned Frederick I Holy Roman Emperor At St Peter's Basilica, Amidst The Acclamations Of The German Army.[22] The Romans Began To Riot, And Frederick Spent His Coronation Day Putting Down The Revolt, Resulting In The Deaths Of Over 1,000 Romans And Many More Thousands Injured. The Next Day, Frederick, Adrian, And The German Army Travelled To Tivoli. From There, A Combination Of The Unhealthy Italian Summer And The Effects Of His Year-Long Absence From Germany Meant He Was Forced To Put Off His Planned Campaign Against The Normans Of Sicily.[22] On Their Way Northwards, They Attacked Spoleto And Encountered The Ambassadors Of Manuel I Comnenus, Who Showered Frederick With Costly Gifts. At Verona, Frederick Declared His Fury With The Rebellious Milanese Before Finally Returning To Germany.[23]
Disorder Was Again Rampant In Germany, Especially In Bavaria, But General Peace Was Restored By Frederick's Vigorous, But Conciliatory, Measures. The Duchy Of Bavaria Was Transferred From Henry Ii Jasomirgott, Margrave Of Austria, To Frederick's Formidable Younger Cousin Henry The Lion, Duke Of Saxony, Of The House Of Guelph, Whose Father Had Previously Held Both Duchies.[24] Henry Ii Jasomirgott Was Named Duke Of Austria In Compensation For His Loss Of Bavaria. As Part Of His General Policy Of Concessions Of Formal Power To The German Princes And Ending The Civil Wars Within The Kingdom, Frederick Further Appeased Henry By Issuing Him With The Privilegium Minus, Granting Him Unprecedented Entitlements As Duke Of Austria. This Was A Large Concession On The Part Of Frederick, Who Realized That Henry The Lion Had To Be Accommodated, Even To The Point Of Sharing Some Power With Him. Frederick Could Not Afford To Make An Outright Enemy Of Henry.[25]
On 9 June 1156 At Würzburg, Frederick Married Beatrice Of Burgundy, Daughter And Heiress Of Renaud Iii, Thus Adding To His Possessions The Sizeable Realm Of The County Of Burgundy. In An Attempt To Create Comity, Emperor Frederick Proclaimed The Peace Of The Land,[26] Written Between 1152 And 1157, Which Enacted Punishments For A Variety Of Crimes, As Well As Systems For Adjudicating Many Disputes. He Also Declared Himself The Sole Augustus Of The Roman World, Ceasing To Recognise Manuel I At Constantinople.[27]
Second, Third And Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174[Edit]
Frederick Barbarossa As A Crusader, Miniature From A Copy Of The Historia Hierosolymitana, 1188.
The Retreat Of Frederick In 1155 Forced Pope Adrian Iv To Come To Terms With King William I Of Sicily, Granting To William I Territories That Frederick Viewed As His Dominion.[28] This Aggrieved Frederick, And He Was Further Displeased When Papal Legates Chose To Interpret A Letter From Adrian To Frederick In A Manner That Seemed To Imply That The Imperial Crown Was A Gift From The Papacy And That In Fact The Empire Itself Was A Fief Of The Papacy.[29] Disgusted With The Pope, And Still Wishing To Crush The Normans In The South Of Italy, In June 1158, Frederick Set Out Upon His Second Italian Expedition, Accompanied By Henry The Lion And His Saxon Troops.[30] This Expedition Resulted In The Revolt And Capture Of Milan,[31] The Diet Of Roncaglia That Saw The Establishment Of Imperial Officers And Ecclesiastical Reforms In The Cities Of Northern Italy,[32] And The Beginning Of The Long Struggle With Pope Alexander Iii.
The Death Of Pope Adrian Iv In 1159 Led To The Election Of Two Rival Popes, Alexander Iii And The Antipope Victor Iv, And Both Sought Frederick's Support.[33] Frederick, Busy With The Siege Of Crema, Appeared Unsupportive Of Alexander Iii, And After The Sacking Of Crema Demanded That Alexander Appear Before The Emperor At Pavia And To Accept The Imperial Decree.[34] Alexander Refused, And Frederick Recognised Victor Iv As The Legitimate Pope In 1160.[35] In Response, Alexander Iii Excommunicated Both Frederick I And Victor Iv.[36] Frederick Attempted To Convoke A Joint Council With King Louis Vii Of France In 1162 To Decide The Issue Of Who Should Be Pope.[35] Louis Neared The Meeting Site, But When He Became Aware That Frederick Had Stacked The Votes For Alexander, Louis Decided Not To Attend The Council. As A Result, The Issue Was Not Resolved At That Time.[37]
The Political Result Of The Struggle With Pope Alexander Was An Alliance Formed Between The Norman State Of Sicily And Pope Alexander Iii Against Frederick.[38] In The Meantime, Frederick Had To Deal With Another Rebellion At Milan, In Which The City Surrendered On 6 March 1162; Much Of It Was Destroyed Three Weeks Later On The Emperor's Orders.[39] The Fate Of Milan Led To The Submission Of Brescia, Placentia, And Many Other Northern Italian Cities.[40] Returning To Germany Towards The Close Of 1162, Frederick Prevented The Escalation Of Conflicts Between Henry The Lion From Saxony And A Number Of Neighbouring Princes Who Were Growing Weary Of Henry's Power, Influence, And Territorial Gains. He Also Severely Punished The Citizens Of Mainz For Their Rebellion Against Archbishop Arnold. In Frederick's Third Visit To Italy In 1163, His Plans For The Conquest Of Sicily Were Ruined By The Formation Of A Powerful League Against Him, Brought Together Mainly By Opposition To Imperial Taxes.
In 1164 Frederick Took What Are Believed To Be The Relics Of The "Biblical Magi" (The Wise Men Or Three Kings) From The Basilica Di Sant'eustorgio In Milan And Gave Them As A Gift (Or As Loot) To The Archbishop Of Cologne, Rainald Of Dassel. The Relics Had Great Religious Significance And Could Be Counted Upon To Draw Pilgrims From All Over Christendom. Today They Are Kept In The Shrine Of The Three Kings In The Cologne Cathedral. After The Death Of The Antipope Victor Iv, Frederick Supported Antipope Paschal Iii, But He Was Soon Driven From Rome, Leading To The Return Of Pope Alexander Iii In 1165.[41]
In The Meantime Frederick Was Focused On Restoring Peace In The Rhineland, Where He Organized A Magnificent Celebration Of The Canonization Of Charles The Great (Charlemagne) At Aachen, Under The Authority Of The Antipope Paschal Iii. Concerned Over Rumours That Alexander Iii Was About To Enter Into An Alliance With The Byzantine Emperor Manuel I,[42] In October 1166 Frederick Embarked On His Fourth Italian Campaign, Hoping As Well To Secure The Claim Of Paschal Iii And The Coronation Of His Wife Beatrice As Holy Roman Empress. This Time, Henry The Lion Refused To Join Frederick On His Italian Trip, Tending Instead To His Own Disputes With Neighbors And His Continuing Expansion Into Slavic Territories In Northeastern Germany. In 1167 Frederick Began Besieging Ancona, Which Had Acknowledged The Authority Of Manuel I;[43] At The Same Time, His Forces Achieved A Great Victory Over The Romans At The Battle Of Monte Porzio.[44] Heartened By This Victory, Frederick Lifted The Siege Of Ancona And Hurried To Rome, Where He Had His Wife Crowned Empress And Also Received A Second Coronation From Paschal Iii.[44] Unfortunately, His Campaign Was Halted By The Sudden Outbreak Of An Epidemic (Malaria Or The Plague), Which Threatened To Destroy The Imperial Army And Drove The Emperor As A Fugitive To Germany,[45][46] Where He Remained For The Ensuing Six Years. During This Period, Frederick Decided Conflicting Claims To Various Bishoprics, Asserted Imperial Authority Over Bohemia, Poland, And Hungary, Initiated Friendly Relations With Manuel I, And Tried To Come To A Better Understanding With Henry Ii Of England And Louis Vii Of France. Many Swabian Counts, Including His Cousin The Young Duke Of Swabia, Frederick Iv, Died In 1167, So He Was Able To Organize A New Mighty Territory In The Duchy Of Swabia Under His Reign In This Time. Consequently, His Younger Son Frederick V Became The New Duke Of Swabia In 1167,[47] While His Eldest Son Henry Was Crowned King Of The Romans In 1169, Alongside His Father Who Also Retained The Title.[45]
Later Years[Edit]
Frederick Barbarossa, Middle, Flanked By Two Of His Children, King Henry Vi (Left) And Duke Frederick Vi (Right). From The Historia Welforum.
Increasing Anti-German Sentiment Swept Through Lombardy, Culminating In The Restoration Of Milan In 1169.[48] In 1174 Frederick Made His Fifth Expedition To Italy. (It Was Probably During This Time That The Famous Tafelgüterverzeichnis, A Record Of The Royal Estates, Was Made.[49]) He Was Opposed By The Pro-Papal Lombard League (Now Joined By Venice, Sicily, And Constantinople), Which Had Previously Formed To Stand Against Him.[50] The Cities Of Northern Italy Had Become Exceedingly Wealthy Through Trade, Representing A Marked Turning Point In The Transition From Medieval Feudalism. While Continental Feudalism Had Remained Strong Socially And Economically, It Was In Deep Political Decline By The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa. When The Northern Italian Cities Inflicted A Defeat On Frederick At Alessandria In 1175, The European World Was Shocked.[51][52] With The Refusal Of Henry The Lion To Bring Help To Italy, The Campaign Was A Complete Failure. Frederick Suffered A Heavy Defeat At The Battle Of Legnano Near Milan, On 29 May 1176, Where He Was Wounded And For Some Time Was Believed To Be Dead.[53] This Battle Marked The Turning Point In Frederick's Claim To Empire.[54] He Had No Choice Other Than To Begin Negotiations For Peace With Alexander Iii And The Lombard League. In The Peace Of Anagni In 1176, Frederick Recognized Alexander Iii As Pope, And In The Peace Of Venice In 1177, Frederick And Alexander Iii Were Formally Reconciled.[55]
The Scene Was Similar To That Which Had Occurred Between Pope Gregory Vii And Henry Iv, Holy Roman Emperor At Canossa A Century Earlier. The Conflict Was The Same As That Resolved In The Concordat Of Worms: Did The Holy Roman Emperor Have The Power To Name The Pope And Bishops? The Investiture Controversy From Previous Centuries Had Been Brought To A Tendentious Peace With The Concordat Of Worms And Affirmed In The First Council Of The Lateran. Now It Had Recurred, In A Slightly Different Form. Frederick Had To Humble Himself Before Alexander Iii At Venice.[56] The Emperor Acknowledged The Pope's Sovereignty Over The Papal States, And In Return Alexander Acknowledged The Emperor's Overlordship Of The Imperial Church. Also In The Peace Of Venice, A Truce Was Made With The Lombard Cities, Which Took Effect In August 1178.[57] The Grounds For A Permanent Peace Were Not Established Until 1183, However, In The Peace Of Constance, When Frederick Conceded Their Right To Freely Elect Town Magistrates. By This Move, Frederick Recovered His Nominal Domination Over Italy, Which Became His Chief Means Of Applying Pressure On The Papacy.[58]
In A Move To Consolidate His Reign After The Disastrous Expedition Into Italy, Frederick Was Formally Crowned King Of Burgundy At Arles On 30 June 1178. Although Traditionally The German Kings Had Automatically Inherited The Royal Crown Of Arles Since The Time Of Conrad Ii, Frederick Felt The Need To Be Crowned By The Archbishop Of Arles, Regardless Of His Laying Claim To The Title From 1152.
Frederick Did Not Forgive Henry The Lion For Refusing To Come To His Aid In 1176.[59] By 1180, Henry Had Successfully Established A Powerful And Contiguous State Comprising Saxony, Bavaria, And Substantial Territories In The North And East Of Germany. Taking Advantage Of The Hostility Of Other German Princes To Henry, Frederick Had Henry Tried In Absentia By A Court Of Bishops And Princes In 1180, Declared That Imperial Law Overruled Traditional German Law, And Had Henry Stripped Of His Lands And Declared An Outlaw.[60] He Then Invaded Saxony With An Imperial Army To Force His Cousin To Surrender. Henry's Allies Deserted Him, And He Finally Had To Submit In November 1181. Henry Spent Three Years In Exile At The Court Of His Father-In-Law Henry Ii Of England In Normandy Before Being Allowed Back Into Germany. He Finished His Days In Germany, As The Much-Diminished Duke Of Brunswick.[61] Frederick's Desire For Revenge Was Sated. Henry The Lion Lived A Relatively Quiet Life, Sponsoring Arts And Architecture. Frederick's Victory Over Henry Did Not Gain Him As Much In The German Feudalistic System As It Would Have In The English Feudalistic System. While In England The Pledge Of Fealty Went In A Direct Line From Overlords To Those Under Them, The Germans Pledged Oaths Only To The Direct Overlord, So That In Henry's Case, Those Below Him In The Feudal Chain Owed Nothing To Frederick. Thus, Despite The Diminished Stature Of Henry The Lion, Frederick Did Not Gain His Allegiances.[62]
Frederick Was Faced With The Reality Of Disorder Among The German States, Where Continuous Civil Wars Were Waged Between Pretenders And The Ambitious Who Wanted The Crown For Themselves. Italian Unity Under German Rule Was More Myth Than Truth. Despite Proclamations Of German Hegemony, The Pope Was The Most Powerful Force In Italy.[63] When Frederick Returned To Germany After His Defeat In Northern Italy, He Was A Bitter And Exhausted Man. The German Princes, Far From Being Subordinated To Royal Control, Were Intensifying Their Hold On Wealth And Power In Germany And Entrenching Their Positions. There Began To Be A Generalized Social Desire To "Create Greater Germany" By Conquering The Slavs To The East.[64]
Although The Italian City States Had Achieved A Measure Of Independence From Frederick As A Result Of His Failed Fifth Expedition Into Italy,[65] The Emperor Had Not Given Up On His Italian Dominions. In 1184, He Held A Massive Celebration When His Two Eldest Sons Were Knighted, And Thousands Of Knights Were Invited From All Over Germany. While Payments Upon The Knighting Of A Son Were Part Of The Expectations Of An Overlord In England And France, Only A "Gift" Was Given In Germany For Such An Occasion. Frederick's Monetary Gain From This Celebration Is Said To Have Been Modest.[66] Later In 1184, Frederick Again Moved Into Italy, This Time Joining Forces With The Local Rural Nobility To Reduce The Power Of The Tuscan Cities.[67] In 1186, He Engineered The Marriage Of His Son Henry To Constance Of Sicily, Heiress To The Kingdom Of Sicily, Over The Objections Of Pope Urban Iii.[68]
Third Crusade And Death[Edit]
Pope Urban Iii Died Shortly After, And Was Succeeded By Gregory Viii, Who Was More Concerned With Troubling Reports From The Holy Land Than With A Power Struggle With Barbarossa. After Making His Peace With The New Pope, Frederick Vowed To Take Up The Cross At The Diet Of Mainz In 1188.[50] Frederick Embarked On The Third Crusade (1189–92), A Massive Expedition In Conjunction With The French, Led By King Philip Augustus, And The English, Under King Richard The Lionheart. Frederick Organized A Grand Army Of 100,000 Men (Including 20,000 Knights) And Set Out On The Overland Route To The Holy Land;[69] Some Historians Believe That This Is An Exaggeration, However, And That The True Figure Might Be Closer To 15,000 Men, Including 3,000 Knights.[70]
Barbarossa Drowns In The Saleph. From The Gotha Manuscript Of The Saxon World Chronicle
The Saleph River, Now Known As The Göksu
The Crusaders Passed Through Hungary, Serbia, And Bulgaria Before Entering Byzantine Territory And Arriving At Constantinople In The Autumn Of 1189. Matters Were Complicated By A Secret Alliance Between The Emperor Of Constantinople And Saladin, Warning Of Which Was Supplied By A Note From Sibylla, Ex-Queen Of Jerusalem.[71] While In Hungary, Barbarossa Personally Asked The Hungarian Prince Géza, Brother Of King Béla Iii Of Hungary, To Join The Crusade. The King Agreed, And A Hungarian Army Of 2,000 Men Led By Géza Escorted The German Emperor's Forces. The Armies Coming From Western Europe Pushed On Through Anatolia, Where They Were Victorious In Taking Aksehir And Defeating The Turks In The Battle Of Iconium, And Entered Cilician Armenia. The Approach Of The Immense German Army Greatly Concerned Saladin And The Other Muslim Leaders, Who Began To Rally Troops Of Their Own To Confront Barbarossa's Forces.[2]
On 10 June 1190, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa Drowned Near Silifke Castle In The Saleph River.[72] Accounts Of The Event Are Conflicting. Some Historians Believe He May Have Had A Heart Attack That Complicated Matters. Some Of Frederick's Men Put Him In A Barrel Of Vinegar To Preserve His Body.
Frederick's Death Plunged His Army Into Chaos. Leaderless, Panicking, And Attacked On All Sides By Turks, Many Germans Deserted, Were Killed, Or Committed Suicide. Only 5,000 Soldiers, A Small Fraction Of The Original Force, Arrived In Acre. Barbarossa's Son, Frederick Vi Of Swabia, Carried On With The Remnants Of The German Army, Along With The Hungarian Army Under The Command Of Prince Géza, With The Aim Of Burying The Emperor In Jerusalem, But Efforts To Conserve His Body In Vinegar Failed. Hence, His Flesh Was Interred In The Church Of St Peter In Antioch, His Bones In The Cathedral Of Tyre, And His Heart And Inner Organs In Tarsus.[2]
The Unexpected Demise Of Frederick Left The Crusader Army Under The Command Of The Rivals Philip Ii And Richard, Who Had Traveled To Palestine Separately By Sea, And Ultimately Led To Its Dissolution. Richard Continued To The East Where He Defeated Saladin In Many Battles, Winning Significant Territories Along The Shores Of Palestine, But Ultimately Failed To Win The War By Conquering Jerusalem Itself Before He Was Forced To Return To His Own Territories In North-Western Europe, Known As The Angevin Empire. He Returned Home After He Signed The Treaty Of Ramla Agreeing That Jerusalem Would Remain Under Muslim Control While Allowing Unarmed Christian Pilgrims And Traders To Visit The City. The Treaty Also Reduced The Latin Kingdom To A Geopolitical Coastal Strip Extending From Tyre To Jaffa.
Frederick And The Justinian Code[Edit]
The Increase In Wealth Of The Trading Cities Of Northern Italy Led To A Revival In The Study Of The Justinian Code, A Latin Legal System That Had Become Extinct Centuries Earlier. Legal Scholars Renewed Its Application. It Is Speculated That Pope Gregory Vii Personally Encouraged The Justinian Rule Of Law And Had A Copy Of It. The Historian Norman Cantor Described Corpus Iuris Civilis (Justinian Body Of Civil Law) As "The Greatest Legal Code Ever Devised".[73] It Envisaged The Law Of The State As A Reflection Of Natural Moral Law (As Seen By The Men Of The Justinian System), The Principle Of Rationality In The Universe. By The Time Frederick Assumed The Throne, This Legal System Was Well Established On Both Sides Of The Alps. He Was The First To Utilize The Availability Of The New Professional Class Of Lawyers. The Civil Law Allowed Frederick To Use These Lawyers To Administer His Kingdom In A Logical And Consistent Manner. It Also Provided A Framework To Legitimize His Claim To The Right To Rule Both Germany And Northern Italy. In The Old Days Of Henry V And Henry Vi, The Claim Of Divine Right Of Kings Had Been Severely Undermined By The Investiture Controversy. The Church Had Won That Argument In The Common Man's Mind. There Was No Divine Right For The German King To Also Control The Church By Naming Both Bishops And Popes. The Institution Of The Justinian Code Was Used, Perhaps Unscrupulously, By Frederick To Lay Claim To Divine Powers.[74]
In Germany, Frederick Was A Political Realist, Taking What He Could And Leaving The Rest. In Italy, He Tended To Be A Romantic Reactionary, Reveling In The Antiquarian Spirit Of The Age, Exemplified By A Revival Of Classical Studies And Roman Law. It Was Through The Use Of The Restored Justinian Code That Frederick Came To View Himself As A New Roman Emperor.[75] Roman Law Gave A Rational Purpose For The Existence Of Frederick And His Imperial Ambitions. It Was A Counterweight To The Claims Of The Church To Have Authority Because Of Divine Revelation. The Church Was Opposed To Frederick For Ideological Reasons, Not The Least Of Which Was The Humanist Nature Found In The Revival Of The Old Roman Legal System.[76] When Pepin The Short Sought To Become King Of The Franks In The 8Th Century, The Church Needed Military Protection, So Pepin Found It Convenient To Make An Ally Of The Pope. Frederick, However, Desired To Put The Pope Aside And Claim The Crown Of Old Rome Simply Because He Was In The Likeness Of The Greatest Emperors Of The Pre-Christian Era. Pope Adrian Iv Was Naturally Opposed To This View And Undertook A Vigorous Propaganda Campaign Designed To Diminish Frederick And His Ambition. To A Large Extent, This Was Successful.[77]
Charismatic Leader[Edit]
Historians Have Compared Frederick To Henry Ii Of England. Both Were Considered The Greatest And Most Charismatic Leaders Of Their Age. Each Possessed A Rare Combination Of Qualities That Made Him Appear Superhuman To His Contemporaries: Longevity, Boundless Ambition, Extraordinary Organizing Skill, And Greatness On The Battlefield. Both Were Handsome And Proficient In Courtly Skills, Without Appearing Effeminate Or Affected. Both Came To The Throne In The Prime Of Manhood. Each Had An Element Of Learning, Without Being Considered Impractical Intellectuals But Rather More Inclined To Practicality. Each Found Himself In The Possession Of New Legal Institutions That Were Put To Creative Use In Governing. Both Henry And Frederick Were Viewed To Be Sufficiently And Formally Devout To The Teachings Of The Church, Without Being Moved To The Extremes Of Spirituality Seen In The Great Saints Of The 12Th Century. In Making Final Decisions, Each Relied Solely Upon His Own Judgment,[78] And Both Were Interested In Gathering As Much Power As They Could.[79]
In Keeping With This View Of Frederick, His Uncle, Otto Of Freising, Wrote An Account Of Frederick's Reign Entitled Gesta Friderici I Imperatoris (Deeds Of The Emperor Frederick). Otto Died After Finishing The First Two Books, Leaving The Last Two To Rahewin, His Provost. The Text Is In Places Heavily Dependent On Classical Precedent.[80] For Example, Rahewin's Physical Description Of Frederick Reproduces Word-For-Word (Except For Details Of Hair And Beard) A Description Of Another Monarch Written Nearly Eight Hundred Years Earlier By Sidonius Apollinaris:[81]
His Character Is Such That Not Even Those Envious Of His Power Can Belittle Its Praise. His Person Is Well-Proportioned. He Is Shorter Than Very Tall Men, But Taller And More Noble Than Men Of Medium Height. His Hair Is Golden, Curling A Little Above His Forehead ... His Eyes Are Sharp And Piercing, His Beard Reddish [Barba Subrufa], His Lips Delicate ... His Whole Face Is Bright And Cheerful. His Teeth Are Even And Snow-White In Color ... Modesty Rather Than Anger Causes Him To Blush Frequently. His Shoulders Are Rather Broad, And He Is Strongly Built ...
Frederick's Charisma Led To A Fantastic Juggling Act That, Over A Quarter Of A Century, Restored The Imperial Authority In The German States. His Formidable Enemies Defeated Him On Almost Every Side, Yet In The End He Emerged Triumphant. When Frederick Came To The Throne, The Prospects For The Revival Of German Imperial Power Were Extremely Thin. The Great German Princes Had Increased Their Power And Land Holdings. The King Had Been Left With Only The Traditional Family Domains And A Vestige Of Power Over The Bishops And Abbeys. The Backwash Of The Investiture Controversy Had Left The German States In Continuous Turmoil. Rival States Were In Perpetual War. These Conditions Allowed Frederick To Be Both Warrior And Occasional Peace-Maker, Both To His Advantage.[9]
Legend[Edit]
Frederick Sends Out The Boy To See Whether The Ravens Still Fly.
Frederick Is The Subject Of Many Legends, Including That Of A Sleeping Hero, Like The Much Older British Celtic Legends Of Arthur Or Bran The Blessed. Legend Says He Is Not Dead, But Asleep With His Knights In A Cave In The Kyffhäuser Mountain In Thuringia Or Mount Untersberg In Bavaria, Germany, And That When The Ravens Cease To Fly Around The Mountain He Will Awake And Restore Germany To Its Ancient Greatness. According To The Story, His Red Beard Has Grown Through The Table At Which He Sits. His Eyes Are Half Closed In Sleep, But Now And Then He Raises His Hand And Sends A Boy Out To See If The Ravens Have Stopped Flying.[82] A Similar Story, Set In Sicily, Was Earlier Attested About His Grandson, Frederick Ii.[83] To Garner Political Support The German Empire Built Atop The Kyffhäuser The Kyffhäuser Monument, Which Declared Kaiser Wilhelm I The Reincarnation Of Frederick; The 1896 Dedication Occurred On 18 June, The Day Of Frederick's Coronation.[84]
In Medieval Europe, The Golden Legend Became Refined By Jacopo Da Voragine. This Was A Popularized Interpretation Of The Biblical End Of The World. It Consisted Of Three Things: (1) Terrible Natural Disasters; (2) The Arrival Of The Antichrist; (3) The Establishment Of A Good King To Combat The Anti-Christ. These Millennial Fables Were Common And Freely Traded By The Populations On Continental Europe. End-Time Accounts Had Been Around For Thousands Of Years, But Entered The Christian Tradition With The Writings Of The Apostle Peter. German Propaganda Played Into The Exaggerated Fables Believed By The Common People By Characterizing Frederick Barbarossa And Frederick Ii As Personification Of The "Good King".[85]
Frederick's Uncle, Otto, Bishop Of Freising Wrote A Biography Entitled The Deeds Of Frederick Barbarosa, Which Is Considered To Be An Accurate History Of The King. Otto's Other Major Work, The Two Cities Was An Exposition Of The Work Of St. Augustine Of Hippo Of A Similar Title. The Latter Work Was Full Of Augustinian Negativity Concerning The Nature Of The World And History. His Work On Frederick Is Of Opposite Tone, Being An Optimistic Portrayal Of The Glorious Potentials Of Imperial Authority. (See Description Supra.)[86]
Another Legend States That When Barbarossa Was In The Process Of Seizing Milan In 1158, His Wife, The Empress Beatrice, Was Taken Captive By The Enraged Milanese And Forced To Ride Through The City On A Donkey In A Humiliating Manner. Some Sources Of This Legend Indicate That Barbarossa Implemented His Revenge For This Insult By Forcing The Magistrates Of The City To Remove A Fig From The Anus Of A Donkey Using Only Their Teeth.[87] Another Source States That Barbarossa Took His Wrath Upon Every Able-Bodied Man In The City, And That It Was Not A Fig They Were Forced To Hold In Their Mouth, But Excrement From The Donkey. To Add To This Debasement, They Were Made To Announce, "Ecco La Fica", (Meaning "Behold The Fig"), With The Feces Still In Their Mouths. It Used To Be Said That The Insulting Gesture, (Called Fico), Of Holding One's Fist With The Thumb In Between The Middle And Forefinger Came By Its Origin From This Event.[88]
Issue[Edit]
Frederick's First Marriage, To Adelheid Of Vohburg, Did Not Produce Any Issue And Was Annulled.[89]
From His Second Marriage, To Beatrice Of Burgundy,[89] He Had The Following Children:
Beatrice (1162–1174). She Was Betrothed To King William Ii Of Sicily But Died Before They Could Be Married.
Frederick V, Duke Of Swabia (Pavia, 16 July 1164 – 28 November 1170).
Henry Vi, Holy Roman Emperor (Nijmegen, November 1165 – Messina, 28 September 1197).[89]
Conrad (Modigliana, February 1167 – Acre, 20 January 1191), Later Renamed Frederick Vi, Duke Of Swabia After The Death Of His Older Brother.[89]
Gisela (October/November 1168 – 1184).
Otto I, Count Of Burgundy (June/July 1170 – Killed, Besançon, 13 January 1200).[89]
Conrad Ii, Duke Of Swabia And Rothenburg (February/March 1172 – Killed, Durlach, 15 August 1196).[89]
Renaud (October/November 1173 – In Infancy).
William (June/July 1176 – In Infancy).
Philip Of Swabia (August 1177 – Killed, Bamberg, 21 June 1208) King Of Germany In 1198.[89]
Agnes (1181 – 8 October 1184). She Was Betrothed To King Emeric Of Hungary But Died Before They Could Be Married.
Ancestry[Edit]
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[Show]Ancestors Of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
In Popular Culture[Edit]
In Victor Hugo's Romantic Play Les Burgraves (1843), Frederick (As Character Frédéric De Hohenstaufen) Returns Many Years After He Was Presumed Dead, As Expected By Some Medieval Legends.
Cyrus Townsend Brady's Hohenzollern; A Story Of The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa (1901) Begins With A Dedication To "The Descendants Of The Great Germanic Race Who In Europe, In America, And In The Far East Rule The World".[90]
Land Of Unreason (1941), By L. Sprague De Camp And Fletcher Pratt, Mentions The Castle Of The Kyffhäuser.
John Crowley's Novel Little, Big (1981) Features Frederick Barbarossa As A Character In Modern Times, Awoken From His Centuries Of Sleep. In The Book, He Becomes The President Of The United States And Rules As A Tyrant.[91]
Umberto Eco's Novel Baudolino (2000) Is Set Partly At Frederick's Court, And Also Deals With The Mystery Of Frederick's Death. The Imaginary Hero, Baudolino, Is The Emperor's Adopted Son And Confidant.
In 1999 Film The Thomas Crown Affair, The Title Character Is Said To Be In Possession Of "An Ornament Worn By Frederick Barbarossa At His Coronation In 1152."
The 1999 Real-Time Strategy Video Game Age Of Empires Ii: The Age Of Kings Developed By Ensemble Studios Has A Campaign Which Follows Fredrick Barbarossa From The Period Of His Struggles In Germany To His Death On The Third Crusade. It Is Of Note That Barbarossa Never Appears As An Actual Unit In The Game, Though The Objective Of The Final Level (After His Death) Is To Take A Unit Named "Emperor In A Barrel" To The Dome Of The Rock In Jerusalem.
In The 2002 Real-Time Strategy Video Game Stronghold: Crusader, Emperor Frederick Is An Ai Opponent That Players Can Challenge In Skirmish Play.
The 2006 Turn-Based Strategy Video Game Medieval Ii Total War: Kingdoms Developed By Creative Assembly Features Frederick Barbarossa In The Crusade Campaign. Barbarossa Launches A Crusade To The Holy Land With 100,000 Strong Men. During The Next 'Turn,' He Drowns In The Sea And Because Of His Death The Crusade Is Canceled.
Andreas Seiler's Novel Real Wizard (2008) Is An Attribution To The 1,000-Year-Old Myth, With Aspects Of Life And Death Of The Emperor. It Includes A Generalised German History Of Unification As A Background To The Story. Isbn 978-0-646-49625-2
In The 2009 Movie Barbarossa (Also Entitled Sword Of War And Barbarossa: Siege Lord), Barbarossa Is One Of The Main Characters, Played By Rutger Hauer.
Frederick Barbarossa Leads The German Civilization In The 2016 4X Video Game Civilization Vi Developed By Firaxis Games.[92][93]
See Also[Edit]
German Monarchs Family Tree
Dukes Of Swabia Family Tree
Operation Barbarossa, The Codename Of The German Invasion Of The Soviet Union In 1941.[94]
References[Edit]
This Article Incorporates Text From A Publication Now In The Public Domain: Chisholm, Hugh, Ed. (1911). "Frederick I., Roman Emperor". Encyclopædia Britannica (11Th Ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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^ Jump Up To: A B C D E Canduci (2010), P. 263
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^ Jump Up To: A B C Comyn (1851), P. 200
Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 266
Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), Pp. 300–302
Jump Up ^ Bryce (1913), P. 166
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 302–303
^ Jump Up To: A B Cantor (1969), Pp. 428–429
Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 359
Jump Up ^ Brown (1972)
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 318–319
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 202
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 201
^ Jump Up To: A B C Comyn (1851), P. 230
Jump Up ^ Falco (1964), Pp. 218 Et Seq.
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 227
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 228
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 229
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 368–369
^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 231
^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 232
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 233
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 203
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 319
Jump Up ^ "Peace Of The Land Established By Frederick Barbarossa Between 1152 And 1157 A.D.". The Avalon Project. Yale Law School.
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 234
Jump Up ^ Wikisource-Logo.Svg Ua Clerigh, Arthur (1913). "Pope Adrian Iv". In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 235
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 236
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 238
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 240
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 241
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 242
^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 243
Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 295
Jump Up ^ Munz (1969), P. 228
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 326–327
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 245
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 246
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 247
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 248
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 249
^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 250
^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 251
Jump Up ^ See Entry For The Contemporary Chroniclers, Ottone And Acerbo Morena.
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 252
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 253
Jump Up ^ Leyser (1988), P. 157
^ Jump Up To: A B Kampers, Franz. "Frederick I (Barbarossa)". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 21 May 2009.
Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 104
Jump Up ^ Reprint Of B. Arthaud. La Civilization De L'occident Medieval, Paris, 1964.
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 257
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 332 Et Seq.
Jump Up ^ Brown (1972), Pp. 164–165
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 260
Jump Up ^ See Yale Avalon Project.
Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), Pp. 96–97
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 263
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 333
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 264
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 433–434
Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), Pp. 102–103
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 429
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 262
Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 240
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 265
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 266
Jump Up ^ J. Phillips, The Fourth Crusade And The Sack Of Constantinople, 66
Jump Up ^ Konstam, Historical Atlas Of The Crusades, 162
Jump Up ^ The Crusade Of Frederick Barbarossa: Letters, Fordham University.
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 267
Jump Up ^ Cantor, Norman F. (1993). The Civilization Of The Middle Ages. New York: Harpercollins. P. 309. Isbn 0060170336. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 340–342
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 332
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 324
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 325
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 422–423
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 424
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 360
Jump Up ^ Sidonius Apollinaris, Epistles 1.2, A Description Of Theodoric Ii Of The Visigoths (453–66). See Mierow And Emery (1953) P. 331.
Jump Up ^ Brown (1972), P. 172
Jump Up ^ Kantorowicz, Frederick Ii; Last Chapter
Jump Up ^ Jarausch (1997), P. 35
Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 190
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 359–360
Jump Up ^ Walford, Cox & Apperson (1885), P. 119
Jump Up ^ Novobatzky & Shea (2001)
^ Jump Up To: A B C D E F G Gislebertus (Of Mons), Chronicle Of Hainaut, Transl. Laura Napran, (Boydell Press, 2005), 55 Note245.
Jump Up ^ Brady (1901)
Jump Up ^ Crowley (2006), Pp. 346, 429
Jump Up ^ "Civilization Vi: Frederick Barbarossa Leads Germany". Official Civilization Website. August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
Jump Up ^ "Frederick Barbarossa Leads Germany In 'Civilization Vi'". Digital Trends. August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
Jump Up ^ Kershaw (2001), P. 335
Primary Sources[Edit]
Otto Of Freising And His Continuator Rahewin, The Deeds Of Frederick Barbarossa Tr. Charles Christopher Mierow With Richard Emery. New York: Columbia University Press, 1953. Reprinted: Toronto: University Of Toronto Press, 1994.
Ibn Al-Athir
Romuald Of Salerno. Chronicon In Rerum Italicarum Scriptores.
Otto Of Sankt Blasien
The "Bergamo Master". Carmen De Gestis Frederici I Imperatoris In Lombardia.
Chronicon Vincentii Canonici Pragensis In Monumenta Historica Boemiae By Fr. Gelasius Dobner (1764)[1] [2]
Secondary Sources[Edit]
Brady, Charles Townsend (1901). Hohenzollern; A Story Of The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa. New York: The Century Co.
Brown, R. A. (1972). The Origins Of Modern Europe. Boydell Press.
Bryce, James (1913). The Holy Roman Empire. Macmillan.
Canduci, Alexander (2010). Triumph & Tragedy: The Rise And Fall Of Rome's Immortal Emperors. Pier 9. Isbn 978-1-74196-598-8.
Cantor, N. F. (1969). Medieval History. Macmillan And Company.
Comyn, Robert (1851). History Of The Western Empire, From Its Restoration By Charlemagne To The Accession Of Charles V. I.
Crowley, John William (2006). Little, Big. New York: Perennial. Isbn 978-0-06-112005-3.
Dahmus, J. (1969). The Middle Ages, A Popular History. Garden City, Ny: Doubleday.
Davis, R. H. C. (1957). A History Of Medieval Europe. Longmans.
Falco, G. (1964). The Holy Roman Republic. New York: Barnes And Co.
Freed, John (2016). Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince And The Myth. New Haven, Ct: Yale University Press. Isbn 978-0-300-122763.
Jarausch, K. H. (1997). After Unity; Reconfiguring German Identities. New York: Berghahn Books. Isbn 1-57181-041-2.
Kershaw, Ian (2001). Hitler, 1936–45: Nemesis. Penguin.
Le Goff, J. (2000). Medieval Civilization, 400–1500. New York: Barnes And Noble.
Leyser, Karl J. (1988). Frederick Barbarossa And The Hohenstaufen Polity. University Of California Press.
Munz, Peter (1969). Frederick Barbarossa: A Study In Medieval Politics. Ithaca And London: Cornell University Press.
Novobatzky, Peter; Shea, Ammon (2001). Depraved And Insulting English. Orlando: Harcourt.
Walford, Edward; Cox, John Charles; Apperson, George Latimer (1885). "Digit Folklore, Part Ii". The Antiquary. Xi: 119–123.
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Charter Given By Emperor Frederick For The Bishopric Of Bamberg Showing The Emperor's Seal, 6.4.1157 . Taken From The Collections Of The Lichtbildarchiv Älterer Originalurkunden At Marburg University
Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
House Of Hohenstaufen
Born: 1122 Died: 1190
Regnal Titles
Preceded By
Conrad Iii German King
Formally King Of The Romans
1152–1190 Succeeded By
Henry Vi
King Of Italy
1155–1190
Preceded By
Lothair Iii King Of Arles
1152–1190
Holy Roman Emperor
1155–1190
Preceded By
Frederick Ii Duke Of Swabia
1147–1152 Succeeded By
Frederick Iv
Preceded By
Beatrice I
As Sole Ruler Count Palatine Of Burgundy
1156–1190
With Beatrice I Succeeded By
Otto I
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Frederick Barbarossa
Friedrich I. Barbarossa.Jpg
A Golden Bust Of Frederick I, Given To His Godfather Count Otto Of Cappenberg In 1171. It Was Used As A Reliquary In Cappenberg Abbey And Is Said In The Deed Of The Gift To Have Been Made "In The Likeness Of The Emperor".
Holy Roman Emperor
Reign 2 January 1155 – 10 June 1190
Coronation 18 June 1155, Rome
Predecessor Lothair Iii
Successor Henry Vi
King Of Italy
Reign 1155–1190
Coronation C. 1155, Pavia
Predecessor Conrad Iii
Successor Henry Vi
King Of Germany
Formally King Of The Romans
Reign 1152–1190
Coronation 9 March 1152, Aachen
Predecessor Conrad Iii
Successor Henry Vi
King Of Burgundy
Reign 1152–1190
Coronation 30 June 1178, Arles
Born 1122
Died 10 June 1190 (Aged 67–68)
Saleph River, Cilician Armenia
Burial Church Of St Peter, Antioch
Spouse
Adelheid Of Vohburg
Beatrice I, Countess Of Burgundy
Issue
More...
Frederick V, Duke Of Swabia
Henry Vi, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick Vi, Duke Of Swabia
Otto I, Count Of Burgundy
Conrad Ii, Duke Of Swabia
Philip, King Of Germany
House Hohenstaufen
Father Frederick Ii, Duke Of Swabia
Mother Judith Of Bavaria
Religion Roman Catholicism
Frederick I (German: Friedrich; 1122 – 10 June 1190), Also Known As Frederick Barbarossa, Was The Holy Roman Emperor From 1155 Until His Death. He Was Elected King Of Germany At Frankfurt On 4 March 1152 And Crowned In Aachen On 9 March 1152. He Became King Of Italy In 1155 And Was Crowned Roman Emperor By Pope Adrian Iv On 18 June 1155. Two Years Later, The Term Sacrum ("Holy") First Appeared In A Document In Connection With His Empire.[1] He Was Later Formally Crowned King Of Burgundy, At Arles On 30 June 1178. He Got The Name Barbarossa From The Northern Italian Cities He Attempted To Rule: Barbarossa Means "Red Beard" In Italian;[2] In German, He Was Known As Kaiser Rotbart, Which Has The Same Meaning.
Before His Imperial Election, Frederick Was By Inheritance Duke Of Swabia (1147–1152, As Frederick Iii). He Was The Son Of Duke Frederick Ii Of The Hohenstaufen Dynasty And Judith, Daughter Of Henry Ix, Duke Of Bavaria, From The Rival House Of Welf. Frederick Therefore Descended From The Two Leading Families In Germany, Making Him An Acceptable Choice For The Empire's Prince-Electors.
Historians Consider Him Among The Holy Roman Empire's Greatest Medieval Emperors. He Combined Qualities That Made Him Appear Almost Superhuman To His Contemporaries: His Longevity, His Ambition, His Extraordinary Skills At Organization, His Battlefield Acumen And His Political Perspicuity. Among His Contributions To Central European Society And Culture Include The Reestablishment Of The Corpus Juris Civilis, Or The Roman Rule Of Law, Which Counterbalanced The Papal Power That Dominated The German States Since The Conclusion Of The Investiture Controversy.
Contents [Hide]
1 Life And Reign
1.1 Early Years
1.2 Rise To Power
1.3 First Italian Campaign: 1154–55
1.4 Second, Third And Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174
1.5 Later Years
1.6 Third Crusade And Death
2 Frederick And The Justinian Code
3 Charismatic Leader
4 Legend
5 Issue
6 Ancestry
7 In Popular Culture
8 See Also
9 References
9.1 Primary Sources
9.2 Secondary Sources
10 External Links
Life And Reign[Edit]
Early Years[Edit]
Frederick Was Born In 1122. In 1147 He Became Duke Of The Southern German Region Of Swabia (Herzog Von Schwaben), And Shortly Afterwards Made His First Trip To The East, Accompanied By His Uncle, The German King Conrad Iii, On The Second Crusade. The Expedition Proved To Be A Disaster,[3] But Frederick Distinguished Himself And Won The Complete Confidence Of The King. When Conrad Died In February 1152, Only Frederick And The Prince-Bishop Of Bamberg Were At His Deathbed. Both Asserted Afterwards That Conrad Had, In Full Possession Of His Mental Powers, Handed The Royal Insignia To Frederick And Indicated That Frederick, Rather Than Conrad's Own Six-Year-Old Son, The Future Frederick Iv, Duke Of Swabia, Succeed Him As King.[4] Frederick Energetically Pursued The Crown And At Frankfurt On 4 March 1152 The Kingdom's Princely Electors Designated Him As The Next German King.[4] He Was Crowned King Of The Romans At Aachen Several Days Later, On 9 March 1152.[5] Frederick's Father Was From The Hohenstaufen Family, And His Mother Was From The Welf Family, The Two Most Powerful Families In Germany. The Hohenstaufens Were Often Called Ghibellines, Which Derives From The Italianized Name For Waiblingen Castle, The Family Seat In Swabia; The Welfs, In A Similar Italianization, Were Called Guelfs.[6]
The Reigns Of Henry Iv And Henry V Left The Status Of The German Empire In Disarray, Its Power Waning Under The Weight Of The Investiture Controversy. For A Quarter Of A Century Following The Death Of Henry V In 1125, The German Monarchy Was Largely A Nominal Title With No Real Power.[7] The King Was Chosen By The Princes, Was Given No Resources Outside Those Of His Own Duchy, And He Was Prevented From Exercising Any Real Authority Or Leadership In The Realm. The Royal Title Was Furthermore Passed From One Family To Another To Preclude The Development Of Any Dynastic Interest In The German Crown. When Frederick I Of Hohenstaufen Was Chosen As King In 1152, Royal Power Had Been In Effective Abeyance For Over Twenty-Five Years, And To A Considerable Degree For More Than Eighty Years. The Only Real Claim To Wealth Lay In The Rich Cities Of Northern Italy, Which Were Still Within The Nominal Control Of The German King.[8] The Salian Line Had Died Out With The Death Of Henry V In 1125. The German Princes Refused To Give The Crown To His Nephew, The Duke Of Swabia, For Fear He Would Try To Regain The Imperial Power Held By Henry V. Instead, They Chose Lothair Iii (1125–1137), Who Found Himself Embroiled In A Long-Running Dispute With The Hohenstaufens, And Who Married Into The Welfs. One Of The Hohenstaufens Gained The Throne As Conrad Iii Of Germany (1137–1152). When Frederick Barbarossa Succeeded His Uncle In 1152, There Seemed To Be Excellent Prospects For Ending The Feud, Since He Was A Welf On His Mother's Side.[4] The Welf Duke Of Saxony, Henry The Lion, Would Not Be Appeased, However, Remaining An Implacable Enemy Of The Hohenstaufen Monarchy. Barbarossa Had The Duchies Of Swabia And Franconia, The Force Of His Own Personality, And Very Little Else To Construct An Empire.[9]
The Germany That Frederick Tried To Unite Was A Patchwork Of More Than 1600 Individual States, Each With Its Own Prince. A Few Of These, Such As Bavaria And Saxony, Were Large. Many Were Too Small To Pinpoint On A Map.[10] The Titles Afforded To The German King Were "Caesar", "Augustus", And "Emperor Of The Romans". By The Time Frederick Would Assume These, They Were Little More Than Propaganda Slogans With Little Other Meaning.[11] Frederick Was A Pragmatist Who Dealt With The Princes By Finding A Mutual Self-Interest. Unlike Henry Ii Of England, Frederick Did Not Attempt To End Medieval Feudalism, But Rather Tried To Restore It, Though This Was Beyond His Ability. The Great Players In The German Civil War Had Been The Pope, Emperor, Ghibellines, And The Guelfs, But None Of These Had Emerged As The Winner.[12]
Rise To Power[Edit]
Penny Or Denier With Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, Struck In Nijmegen.
Eager To Restore The Empire To The Position It Had Occupied Under Charlemagne And Otto I The Great, The New King Saw Clearly That The Restoration Of Order In Germany Was A Necessary Preliminary To The Enforcement Of The Imperial Rights In Italy. Issuing A General Order For Peace, He Made Lavish Concessions To The Nobles.[13] Abroad, Frederick Intervened In The Danish Civil War Between Svend Iii And Valdemar I Of Denmark[14] And Began Negotiations With The Eastern Roman Emperor, Manuel I Comnenus.[15] It Was Probably About This Time That The King Obtained Papal Assent For The Annulment Of His Childless Marriage With Adelheid Of Vohburg, On The Grounds Of Consanguinity (His Great-Great-Grandfather Was A Brother Of Adela's Great-Great-Great-Grandmother, Making Them Fourth Cousins, Once Removed). He Then Made A Vain Effort To Obtain A Bride From The Court Of Constantinople. On His Accession Frederick Had Communicated The News Of His Election To Pope Eugene Iii, But Had Neglected To Ask For The Papal Confirmation. In March 1153, Frederick Concluded The Treaty Of Constance With The Pope, Whereby He Promised, In Return For His Coronation, To Defend The Papacy, To Make No Peace With King Roger Ii Of Sicily Or Other Enemies Of The Church Without The Consent Of Eugene, And To Help Eugene Regain Control Of The City Of Rome.[16]
First Italian Campaign: 1154–55[Edit]
Frederick Undertook Six Expeditions Into Italy. In The First, Beginning In October 1154,[17] His Plan Was To Launch A Campaign Against The Normans Under King William I Of Sicily.[15] He Marched Down And Almost Immediately Encountered Resistance To His Authority. Obtaining The Submission Of Milan, He Successfully Besieged Tortona In Early 1155, Razing It To The Ground.[18] He Moved On To Pavia, Where He Received The Iron Crown And The Title Of King Of Italy.[19] Moving Through Bologna And Tuscany, He Was Soon Approaching The City Of Rome. There, Pope Adrian Iv Was Struggling With The Forces Of The Republican City Commune Led By Arnold Of Brescia, A Student Of Abelard.[2] As A Sign Of Good Faith, Frederick Dismissed The Ambassadors From The Revived Roman Senate,[15] And Imperial Forces Suppressed The Republicans. Arnold Was Captured And Hanged For Treason And Rebellion. Despite His Unorthodox Teaching Concerning Theology, Arnold Was Not Charged With Heresy.[20]
As Frederick Approached The Gates Of Rome, The Pope Advanced To Meet Him. At The Royal Tent The King Received Him, And After Kissing The Pope's Feet, Frederick Expected To Receive The Traditional Kiss Of Peace.[21] Frederick Had Declined To Hold The Pope's Stirrup While Leading Him To The Tent, However, So Adrian Refused To Give The Kiss Until This Protocol Had Been Complied With.[2] Frederick Hesitated, And Adrian Iv Withdrew; After A Day's Negotiation, Frederick Agreed To Perform The Required Ritual, Reportedly Muttering, "Pro Petro, Non Adriano -- For Peter, Not For Adrian."[21] Rome Was Still In An Uproar Over The Fate Of Arnold Of Brescia, So Rather Than Marching Through The Streets Of Rome, Frederick And Adrian Retired To The Vatican.
The Next Day, 18 June 1155, Adrian Iv Crowned Frederick I Holy Roman Emperor At St Peter's Basilica, Amidst The Acclamations Of The German Army.[22] The Romans Began To Riot, And Frederick Spent His Coronation Day Putting Down The Revolt, Resulting In The Deaths Of Over 1,000 Romans And Many More Thousands Injured. The Next Day, Frederick, Adrian, And The German Army Travelled To Tivoli. From There, A Combination Of The Unhealthy Italian Summer And The Effects Of His Year-Long Absence From Germany Meant He Was Forced To Put Off His Planned Campaign Against The Normans Of Sicily.[22] On Their Way Northwards, They Attacked Spoleto And Encountered The Ambassadors Of Manuel I Comnenus, Who Showered Frederick With Costly Gifts. At Verona, Frederick Declared His Fury With The Rebellious Milanese Before Finally Returning To Germany.[23]
Disorder Was Again Rampant In Germany, Especially In Bavaria, But General Peace Was Restored By Frederick's Vigorous, But Conciliatory, Measures. The Duchy Of Bavaria Was Transferred From Henry Ii Jasomirgott, Margrave Of Austria, To Frederick's Formidable Younger Cousin Henry The Lion, Duke Of Saxony, Of The House Of Guelph, Whose Father Had Previously Held Both Duchies.[24] Henry Ii Jasomirgott Was Named Duke Of Austria In Compensation For His Loss Of Bavaria. As Part Of His General Policy Of Concessions Of Formal Power To The German Princes And Ending The Civil Wars Within The Kingdom, Frederick Further Appeased Henry By Issuing Him With The Privilegium Minus, Granting Him Unprecedented Entitlements As Duke Of Austria. This Was A Large Concession On The Part Of Frederick, Who Realized That Henry The Lion Had To Be Accommodated, Even To The Point Of Sharing Some Power With Him. Frederick Could Not Afford To Make An Outright Enemy Of Henry.[25]
On 9 June 1156 At Würzburg, Frederick Married Beatrice Of Burgundy, Daughter And Heiress Of Renaud Iii, Thus Adding To His Possessions The Sizeable Realm Of The County Of Burgundy. In An Attempt To Create Comity, Emperor Frederick Proclaimed The Peace Of The Land,[26] Written Between 1152 And 1157, Which Enacted Punishments For A Variety Of Crimes, As Well As Systems For Adjudicating Many Disputes. He Also Declared Himself The Sole Augustus Of The Roman World, Ceasing To Recognise Manuel I At Constantinople.[27]
Second, Third And Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174[Edit]
Frederick Barbarossa As A Crusader, Miniature From A Copy Of The Historia Hierosolymitana, 1188.
The Retreat Of Frederick In 1155 Forced Pope Adrian Iv To Come To Terms With King William I Of Sicily, Granting To William I Territories That Frederick Viewed As His Dominion.[28] This Aggrieved Frederick, And He Was Further Displeased When Papal Legates Chose To Interpret A Letter From Adrian To Frederick In A Manner That Seemed To Imply That The Imperial Crown Was A Gift From The Papacy And That In Fact The Empire Itself Was A Fief Of The Papacy.[29] Disgusted With The Pope, And Still Wishing To Crush The Normans In The South Of Italy, In June 1158, Frederick Set Out Upon His Second Italian Expedition, Accompanied By Henry The Lion And His Saxon Troops.[30] This Expedition Resulted In The Revolt And Capture Of Milan,[31] The Diet Of Roncaglia That Saw The Establishment Of Imperial Officers And Ecclesiastical Reforms In The Cities Of Northern Italy,[32] And The Beginning Of The Long Struggle With Pope Alexander Iii.
The Death Of Pope Adrian Iv In 1159 Led To The Election Of Two Rival Popes, Alexander Iii And The Antipope Victor Iv, And Both Sought Frederick's Support.[33] Frederick, Busy With The Siege Of Crema, Appeared Unsupportive Of Alexander Iii, And After The Sacking Of Crema Demanded That Alexander Appear Before The Emperor At Pavia And To Accept The Imperial Decree.[34] Alexander Refused, And Frederick Recognised Victor Iv As The Legitimate Pope In 1160.[35] In Response, Alexander Iii Excommunicated Both Frederick I And Victor Iv.[36] Frederick Attempted To Convoke A Joint Council With King Louis Vii Of France In 1162 To Decide The Issue Of Who Should Be Pope.[35] Louis Neared The Meeting Site, But When He Became Aware That Frederick Had Stacked The Votes For Alexander, Louis Decided Not To Attend The Council. As A Result, The Issue Was Not Resolved At That Time.[37]
The Political Result Of The Struggle With Pope Alexander Was An Alliance Formed Between The Norman State Of Sicily And Pope Alexander Iii Against Frederick.[38] In The Meantime, Frederick Had To Deal With Another Rebellion At Milan, In Which The City Surrendered On 6 March 1162; Much Of It Was Destroyed Three Weeks Later On The Emperor's Orders.[39] The Fate Of Milan Led To The Submission Of Brescia, Placentia, And Many Other Northern Italian Cities.[40] Returning To Germany Towards The Close Of 1162, Frederick Prevented The Escalation Of Conflicts Between Henry The Lion From Saxony And A Number Of Neighbouring Princes Who Were Growing Weary Of Henry's Power, Influence, And Territorial Gains. He Also Severely Punished The Citizens Of Mainz For Their Rebellion Against Archbishop Arnold. In Frederick's Third Visit To Italy In 1163, His Plans For The Conquest Of Sicily Were Ruined By The Formation Of A Powerful League Against Him, Brought Together Mainly By Opposition To Imperial Taxes.
In 1164 Frederick Took What Are Believed To Be The Relics Of The "Biblical Magi" (The Wise Men Or Three Kings) From The Basilica Di Sant'eustorgio In Milan And Gave Them As A Gift (Or As Loot) To The Archbishop Of Cologne, Rainald Of Dassel. The Relics Had Great Religious Significance And Could Be Counted Upon To Draw Pilgrims From All Over Christendom. Today They Are Kept In The Shrine Of The Three Kings In The Cologne Cathedral. After The Death Of The Antipope Victor Iv, Frederick Supported Antipope Paschal Iii, But He Was Soon Driven From Rome, Leading To The Return Of Pope Alexander Iii In 1165.[41]
In The Meantime Frederick Was Focused On Restoring Peace In The Rhineland, Where He Organized A Magnificent Celebration Of The Canonization Of Charles The Great (Charlemagne) At Aachen, Under The Authority Of The Antipope Paschal Iii. Concerned Over Rumours That Alexander Iii Was About To Enter Into An Alliance With The Byzantine Emperor Manuel I,[42] In October 1166 Frederick Embarked On His Fourth Italian Campaign, Hoping As Well To Secure The Claim Of Paschal Iii And The Coronation Of His Wife Beatrice As Holy Roman Empress. This Time, Henry The Lion Refused To Join Frederick On His Italian Trip, Tending Instead To His Own Disputes With Neighbors And His Continuing Expansion Into Slavic Territories In Northeastern Germany. In 1167 Frederick Began Besieging Ancona, Which Had Acknowledged The Authority Of Manuel I;[43] At The Same Time, His Forces Achieved A Great Victory Over The Romans At The Battle Of Monte Porzio.[44] Heartened By This Victory, Frederick Lifted The Siege Of Ancona And Hurried To Rome, Where He Had His Wife Crowned Empress And Also Received A Second Coronation From Paschal Iii.[44] Unfortunately, His Campaign Was Halted By The Sudden Outbreak Of An Epidemic (Malaria Or The Plague), Which Threatened To Destroy The Imperial Army And Drove The Emperor As A Fugitive To Germany,[45][46] Where He Remained For The Ensuing Six Years. During This Period, Frederick Decided Conflicting Claims To Various Bishoprics, Asserted Imperial Authority Over Bohemia, Poland, And Hungary, Initiated Friendly Relations With Manuel I, And Tried To Come To A Better Understanding With Henry Ii Of England And Louis Vii Of France. Many Swabian Counts, Including His Cousin The Young Duke Of Swabia, Frederick Iv, Died In 1167, So He Was Able To Organize A New Mighty Territory In The Duchy Of Swabia Under His Reign In This Time. Consequently, His Younger Son Frederick V Became The New Duke Of Swabia In 1167,[47] While His Eldest Son Henry Was Crowned King Of The Romans In 1169, Alongside His Father Who Also Retained The Title.[45]
Later Years[Edit]
Frederick Barbarossa, Middle, Flanked By Two Of His Children, King Henry Vi (Left) And Duke Frederick Vi (Right). From The Historia Welforum.
Increasing Anti-German Sentiment Swept Through Lombardy, Culminating In The Restoration Of Milan In 1169.[48] In 1174 Frederick Made His Fifth Expedition To Italy. (It Was Probably During This Time That The Famous Tafelgüterverzeichnis, A Record Of The Royal Estates, Was Made.[49]) He Was Opposed By The Pro-Papal Lombard League (Now Joined By Venice, Sicily, And Constantinople), Which Had Previously Formed To Stand Against Him.[50] The Cities Of Northern Italy Had Become Exceedingly Wealthy Through Trade, Representing A Marked Turning Point In The Transition From Medieval Feudalism. While Continental Feudalism Had Remained Strong Socially And Economically, It Was In Deep Political Decline By The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa. When The Northern Italian Cities Inflicted A Defeat On Frederick At Alessandria In 1175, The European World Was Shocked.[51][52] With The Refusal Of Henry The Lion To Bring Help To Italy, The Campaign Was A Complete Failure. Frederick Suffered A Heavy Defeat At The Battle Of Legnano Near Milan, On 29 May 1176, Where He Was Wounded And For Some Time Was Believed To Be Dead.[53] This Battle Marked The Turning Point In Frederick's Claim To Empire.[54] He Had No Choice Other Than To Begin Negotiations For Peace With Alexander Iii And The Lombard League. In The Peace Of Anagni In 1176, Frederick Recognized Alexander Iii As Pope, And In The Peace Of Venice In 1177, Frederick And Alexander Iii Were Formally Reconciled.[55]
The Scene Was Similar To That Which Had Occurred Between Pope Gregory Vii And Henry Iv, Holy Roman Emperor At Canossa A Century Earlier. The Conflict Was The Same As That Resolved In The Concordat Of Worms: Did The Holy Roman Emperor Have The Power To Name The Pope And Bishops? The Investiture Controversy From Previous Centuries Had Been Brought To A Tendentious Peace With The Concordat Of Worms And Affirmed In The First Council Of The Lateran. Now It Had Recurred, In A Slightly Different Form. Frederick Had To Humble Himself Before Alexander Iii At Venice.[56] The Emperor Acknowledged The Pope's Sovereignty Over The Papal States, And In Return Alexander Acknowledged The Emperor's Overlordship Of The Imperial Church. Also In The Peace Of Venice, A Truce Was Made With The Lombard Cities, Which Took Effect In August 1178.[57] The Grounds For A Permanent Peace Were Not Established Until 1183, However, In The Peace Of Constance, When Frederick Conceded Their Right To Freely Elect Town Magistrates. By This Move, Frederick Recovered His Nominal Domination Over Italy, Which Became His Chief Means Of Applying Pressure On The Papacy.[58]
In A Move To Consolidate His Reign After The Disastrous Expedition Into Italy, Frederick Was Formally Crowned King Of Burgundy At Arles On 30 June 1178. Although Traditionally The German Kings Had Automatically Inherited The Royal Crown Of Arles Since The Time Of Conrad Ii, Frederick Felt The Need To Be Crowned By The Archbishop Of Arles, Regardless Of His Laying Claim To The Title From 1152.
Frederick Did Not Forgive Henry The Lion For Refusing To Come To His Aid In 1176.[59] By 1180, Henry Had Successfully Established A Powerful And Contiguous State Comprising Saxony, Bavaria, And Substantial Territories In The North And East Of Germany. Taking Advantage Of The Hostility Of Other German Princes To Henry, Frederick Had Henry Tried In Absentia By A Court Of Bishops And Princes In 1180, Declared That Imperial Law Overruled Traditional German Law, And Had Henry Stripped Of His Lands And Declared An Outlaw.[60] He Then Invaded Saxony With An Imperial Army To Force His Cousin To Surrender. Henry's Allies Deserted Him, And He Finally Had To Submit In November 1181. Henry Spent Three Years In Exile At The Court Of His Father-In-Law Henry Ii Of England In Normandy Before Being Allowed Back Into Germany. He Finished His Days In Germany, As The Much-Diminished Duke Of Brunswick.[61] Frederick's Desire For Revenge Was Sated. Henry The Lion Lived A Relatively Quiet Life, Sponsoring Arts And Architecture. Frederick's Victory Over Henry Did Not Gain Him As Much In The German Feudalistic System As It Would Have In The English Feudalistic System. While In England The Pledge Of Fealty Went In A Direct Line From Overlords To Those Under Them, The Germans Pledged Oaths Only To The Direct Overlord, So That In Henry's Case, Those Below Him In The Feudal Chain Owed Nothing To Frederick. Thus, Despite The Diminished Stature Of Henry The Lion, Frederick Did Not Gain His Allegiances.[62]
Frederick Was Faced With The Reality Of Disorder Among The German States, Where Continuous Civil Wars Were Waged Between Pretenders And The Ambitious Who Wanted The Crown For Themselves. Italian Unity Under German Rule Was More Myth Than Truth. Despite Proclamations Of German Hegemony, The Pope Was The Most Powerful Force In Italy.[63] When Frederick Returned To Germany After His Defeat In Northern Italy, He Was A Bitter And Exhausted Man. The German Princes, Far From Being Subordinated To Royal Control, Were Intensifying Their Hold On Wealth And Power In Germany And Entrenching Their Positions. There Began To Be A Generalized Social Desire To "Create Greater Germany" By Conquering The Slavs To The East.[64]
Although The Italian City States Had Achieved A Measure Of Independence From Frederick As A Result Of His Failed Fifth Expedition Into Italy,[65] The Emperor Had Not Given Up On His Italian Dominions. In 1184, He Held A Massive Celebration When His Two Eldest Sons Were Knighted, And Thousands Of Knights Were Invited From All Over Germany. While Payments Upon The Knighting Of A Son Were Part Of The Expectations Of An Overlord In England And France, Only A "Gift" Was Given In Germany For Such An Occasion. Frederick's Monetary Gain From This Celebration Is Said To Have Been Modest.[66] Later In 1184, Frederick Again Moved Into Italy, This Time Joining Forces With The Local Rural Nobility To Reduce The Power Of The Tuscan Cities.[67] In 1186, He Engineered The Marriage Of His Son Henry To Constance Of Sicily, Heiress To The Kingdom Of Sicily, Over The Objections Of Pope Urban Iii.[68]
Third Crusade And Death[Edit]
Pope Urban Iii Died Shortly After, And Was Succeeded By Gregory Viii, Who Was More Concerned With Troubling Reports From The Holy Land Than With A Power Struggle With Barbarossa. After Making His Peace With The New Pope, Frederick Vowed To Take Up The Cross At The Diet Of Mainz In 1188.[50] Frederick Embarked On The Third Crusade (1189–92), A Massive Expedition In Conjunction With The French, Led By King Philip Augustus, And The English, Under King Richard The Lionheart. Frederick Organized A Grand Army Of 100,000 Men (Including 20,000 Knights) And Set Out On The Overland Route To The Holy Land;[69] Some Historians Believe That This Is An Exaggeration, However, And That The True Figure Might Be Closer To 15,000 Men, Including 3,000 Knights.[70]
Barbarossa Drowns In The Saleph. From The Gotha Manuscript Of The Saxon World Chronicle
The Saleph River, Now Known As The Göksu
The Crusaders Passed Through Hungary, Serbia, And Bulgaria Before Entering Byzantine Territory And Arriving At Constantinople In The Autumn Of 1189. Matters Were Complicated By A Secret Alliance Between The Emperor Of Constantinople And Saladin, Warning Of Which Was Supplied By A Note From Sibylla, Ex-Queen Of Jerusalem.[71] While In Hungary, Barbarossa Personally Asked The Hungarian Prince Géza, Brother Of King Béla Iii Of Hungary, To Join The Crusade. The King Agreed, And A Hungarian Army Of 2,000 Men Led By Géza Escorted The German Emperor's Forces. The Armies Coming From Western Europe Pushed On Through Anatolia, Where They Were Victorious In Taking Aksehir And Defeating The Turks In The Battle Of Iconium, And Entered Cilician Armenia. The Approach Of The Immense German Army Greatly Concerned Saladin And The Other Muslim Leaders, Who Began To Rally Troops Of Their Own To Confront Barbarossa's Forces.[2]
On 10 June 1190, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa Drowned Near Silifke Castle In The Saleph River.[72] Accounts Of The Event Are Conflicting. Some Historians Believe He May Have Had A Heart Attack That Complicated Matters. Some Of Frederick's Men Put Him In A Barrel Of Vinegar To Preserve His Body.
Frederick's Death Plunged His Army Into Chaos. Leaderless, Panicking, And Attacked On All Sides By Turks, Many Germans Deserted, Were Killed, Or Committed Suicide. Only 5,000 Soldiers, A Small Fraction Of The Original Force, Arrived In Acre. Barbarossa's Son, Frederick Vi Of Swabia, Carried On With The Remnants Of The German Army, Along With The Hungarian Army Under The Command Of Prince Géza, With The Aim Of Burying The Emperor In Jerusalem, But Efforts To Conserve His Body In Vinegar Failed. Hence, His Flesh Was Interred In The Church Of St Peter In Antioch, His Bones In The Cathedral Of Tyre, And His Heart And Inner Organs In Tarsus.[2]
The Unexpected Demise Of Frederick Left The Crusader Army Under The Command Of The Rivals Philip Ii And Richard, Who Had Traveled To Palestine Separately By Sea, And Ultimately Led To Its Dissolution. Richard Continued To The East Where He Defeated Saladin In Many Battles, Winning Significant Territories Along The Shores Of Palestine, But Ultimately Failed To Win The War By Conquering Jerusalem Itself Before He Was Forced To Return To His Own Territories In North-Western Europe, Known As The Angevin Empire. He Returned Home After He Signed The Treaty Of Ramla Agreeing That Jerusalem Would Remain Under Muslim Control While Allowing Unarmed Christian Pilgrims And Traders To Visit The City. The Treaty Also Reduced The Latin Kingdom To A Geopolitical Coastal Strip Extending From Tyre To Jaffa.
Frederick And The Justinian Code[Edit]
The Increase In Wealth Of The Trading Cities Of Northern Italy Led To A Revival In The Study Of The Justinian Code, A Latin Legal System That Had Become Extinct Centuries Earlier. Legal Scholars Renewed Its Application. It Is Speculated That Pope Gregory Vii Personally Encouraged The Justinian Rule Of Law And Had A Copy Of It. The Historian Norman Cantor Described Corpus Iuris Civilis (Justinian Body Of Civil Law) As "The Greatest Legal Code Ever Devised".[73] It Envisaged The Law Of The State As A Reflection Of Natural Moral Law (As Seen By The Men Of The Justinian System), The Principle Of Rationality In The Universe. By The Time Frederick Assumed The Throne, This Legal System Was Well Established On Both Sides Of The Alps. He Was The First To Utilize The Availability Of The New Professional Class Of Lawyers. The Civil Law Allowed Frederick To Use These Lawyers To Administer His Kingdom In A Logical And Consistent Manner. It Also Provided A Framework To Legitimize His Claim To The Right To Rule Both Germany And Northern Italy. In The Old Days Of Henry V And Henry Vi, The Claim Of Divine Right Of Kings Had Been Severely Undermined By The Investiture Controversy. The Church Had Won That Argument In The Common Man's Mind. There Was No Divine Right For The German King To Also Control The Church By Naming Both Bishops And Popes. The Institution Of The Justinian Code Was Used, Perhaps Unscrupulously, By Frederick To Lay Claim To Divine Powers.[74]
In Germany, Frederick Was A Political Realist, Taking What He Could And Leaving The Rest. In Italy, He Tended To Be A Romantic Reactionary, Reveling In The Antiquarian Spirit Of The Age, Exemplified By A Revival Of Classical Studies And Roman Law. It Was Through The Use Of The Restored Justinian Code That Frederick Came To View Himself As A New Roman Emperor.[75] Roman Law Gave A Rational Purpose For The Existence Of Frederick And His Imperial Ambitions. It Was A Counterweight To The Claims Of The Church To Have Authority Because Of Divine Revelation. The Church Was Opposed To Frederick For Ideological Reasons, Not The Least Of Which Was The Humanist Nature Found In The Revival Of The Old Roman Legal System.[76] When Pepin The Short Sought To Become King Of The Franks In The 8Th Century, The Church Needed Military Protection, So Pepin Found It Convenient To Make An Ally Of The Pope. Frederick, However, Desired To Put The Pope Aside And Claim The Crown Of Old Rome Simply Because He Was In The Likeness Of The Greatest Emperors Of The Pre-Christian Era. Pope Adrian Iv Was Naturally Opposed To This View And Undertook A Vigorous Propaganda Campaign Designed To Diminish Frederick And His Ambition. To A Large Extent, This Was Successful.[77]
Charismatic Leader[Edit]
Historians Have Compared Frederick To Henry Ii Of England. Both Were Considered The Greatest And Most Charismatic Leaders Of Their Age. Each Possessed A Rare Combination Of Qualities That Made Him Appear Superhuman To His Contemporaries: Longevity, Boundless Ambition, Extraordinary Organizing Skill, And Greatness On The Battlefield. Both Were Handsome And Proficient In Courtly Skills, Without Appearing Effeminate Or Affected. Both Came To The Throne In The Prime Of Manhood. Each Had An Element Of Learning, Without Being Considered Impractical Intellectuals But Rather More Inclined To Practicality. Each Found Himself In The Possession Of New Legal Institutions That Were Put To Creative Use In Governing. Both Henry And Frederick Were Viewed To Be Sufficiently And Formally Devout To The Teachings Of The Church, Without Being Moved To The Extremes Of Spirituality Seen In The Great Saints Of The 12Th Century. In Making Final Decisions, Each Relied Solely Upon His Own Judgment,[78] And Both Were Interested In Gathering As Much Power As They Could.[79]
In Keeping With This View Of Frederick, His Uncle, Otto Of Freising, Wrote An Account Of Frederick's Reign Entitled Gesta Friderici I Imperatoris (Deeds Of The Emperor Frederick). Otto Died After Finishing The First Two Books, Leaving The Last Two To Rahewin, His Provost. The Text Is In Places Heavily Dependent On Classical Precedent.[80] For Example, Rahewin's Physical Description Of Frederick Reproduces Word-For-Word (Except For Details Of Hair And Beard) A Description Of Another Monarch Written Nearly Eight Hundred Years Earlier By Sidonius Apollinaris:[81]
His Character Is Such That Not Even Those Envious Of His Power Can Belittle Its Praise. His Person Is Well-Proportioned. He Is Shorter Than Very Tall Men, But Taller And More Noble Than Men Of Medium Height. His Hair Is Golden, Curling A Little Above His Forehead ... His Eyes Are Sharp And Piercing, His Beard Reddish [Barba Subrufa], His Lips Delicate ... His Whole Face Is Bright And Cheerful. His Teeth Are Even And Snow-White In Color ... Modesty Rather Than Anger Causes Him To Blush Frequently. His Shoulders Are Rather Broad, And He Is Strongly Built ...
Frederick's Charisma Led To A Fantastic Juggling Act That, Over A Quarter Of A Century, Restored The Imperial Authority In The German States. His Formidable Enemies Defeated Him On Almost Every Side, Yet In The End He Emerged Triumphant. When Frederick Came To The Throne, The Prospects For The Revival Of German Imperial Power Were Extremely Thin. The Great German Princes Had Increased Their Power And Land Holdings. The King Had Been Left With Only The Traditional Family Domains And A Vestige Of Power Over The Bishops And Abbeys. The Backwash Of The Investiture Controversy Had Left The German States In Continuous Turmoil. Rival States Were In Perpetual War. These Conditions Allowed Frederick To Be Both Warrior And Occasional Peace-Maker, Both To His Advantage.[9]
Legend[Edit]
Frederick Sends Out The Boy To See Whether The Ravens Still Fly.
Frederick Is The Subject Of Many Legends, Including That Of A Sleeping Hero, Like The Much Older British Celtic Legends Of Arthur Or Bran The Blessed. Legend Says He Is Not Dead, But Asleep With His Knights In A Cave In The Kyffhäuser Mountain In Thuringia Or Mount Untersberg In Bavaria, Germany, And That When The Ravens Cease To Fly Around The Mountain He Will Awake And Restore Germany To Its Ancient Greatness. According To The Story, His Red Beard Has Grown Through The Table At Which He Sits. His Eyes Are Half Closed In Sleep, But Now And Then He Raises His Hand And Sends A Boy Out To See If The Ravens Have Stopped Flying.[82] A Similar Story, Set In Sicily, Was Earlier Attested About His Grandson, Frederick Ii.[83] To Garner Political Support The German Empire Built Atop The Kyffhäuser The Kyffhäuser Monument, Which Declared Kaiser Wilhelm I The Reincarnation Of Frederick; The 1896 Dedication Occurred On 18 June, The Day Of Frederick's Coronation.[84]
In Medieval Europe, The Golden Legend Became Refined By Jacopo Da Voragine. This Was A Popularized Interpretation Of The Biblical End Of The World. It Consisted Of Three Things: (1) Terrible Natural Disasters; (2) The Arrival Of The Antichrist; (3) The Establishment Of A Good King To Combat The Anti-Christ. These Millennial Fables Were Common And Freely Traded By The Populations On Continental Europe. End-Time Accounts Had Been Around For Thousands Of Years, But Entered The Christian Tradition With The Writings Of The Apostle Peter. German Propaganda Played Into The Exaggerated Fables Believed By The Common People By Characterizing Frederick Barbarossa And Frederick Ii As Personification Of The "Good King".[85]
Frederick's Uncle, Otto, Bishop Of Freising Wrote A Biography Entitled The Deeds Of Frederick Barbarosa, Which Is Considered To Be An Accurate History Of The King. Otto's Other Major Work, The Two Cities Was An Exposition Of The Work Of St. Augustine Of Hippo Of A Similar Title. The Latter Work Was Full Of Augustinian Negativity Concerning The Nature Of The World And History. His Work On Frederick Is Of Opposite Tone, Being An Optimistic Portrayal Of The Glorious Potentials Of Imperial Authority. (See Description Supra.)[86]
Another Legend States That When Barbarossa Was In The Process Of Seizing Milan In 1158, His Wife, The Empress Beatrice, Was Taken Captive By The Enraged Milanese And Forced To Ride Through The City On A Donkey In A Humiliating Manner. Some Sources Of This Legend Indicate That Barbarossa Implemented His Revenge For This Insult By Forcing The Magistrates Of The City To Remove A Fig From The Anus Of A Donkey Using Only Their Teeth.[87] Another Source States That Barbarossa Took His Wrath Upon Every Able-Bodied Man In The City, And That It Was Not A Fig They Were Forced To Hold In Their Mouth, But Excrement From The Donkey. To Add To This Debasement, They Were Made To Announce, "Ecco La Fica", (Meaning "Behold The Fig"), With The Feces Still In Their Mouths. It Used To Be Said That The Insulting Gesture, (Called Fico), Of Holding One's Fist With The Thumb In Between The Middle And Forefinger Came By Its Origin From This Event.[88]
Issue[Edit]
Frederick's First Marriage, To Adelheid Of Vohburg, Did Not Produce Any Issue And Was Annulled.[89]
From His Second Marriage, To Beatrice Of Burgundy,[89] He Had The Following Children:
Beatrice (1162–1174). She Was Betrothed To King William Ii Of Sicily But Died Before They Could Be Married.
Frederick V, Duke Of Swabia (Pavia, 16 July 1164 – 28 November 1170).
Henry Vi, Holy Roman Emperor (Nijmegen, November 1165 – Messina, 28 September 1197).[89]
Conrad (Modigliana, February 1167 – Acre, 20 January 1191), Later Renamed Frederick Vi, Duke Of Swabia After The Death Of His Older Brother.[89]
Gisela (October/November 1168 – 1184).
Otto I, Count Of Burgundy (June/July 1170 – Killed, Besançon, 13 January 1200).[89]
Conrad Ii, Duke Of Swabia And Rothenburg (February/March 1172 – Killed, Durlach, 15 August 1196).[89]
Renaud (October/November 1173 – In Infancy).
William (June/July 1176 – In Infancy).
Philip Of Swabia (August 1177 – Killed, Bamberg, 21 June 1208) King Of Germany In 1198.[89]
Agnes (1181 – 8 October 1184). She Was Betrothed To King Emeric Of Hungary But Died Before They Could Be Married.
Ancestry[Edit]
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[Show]Ancestors Of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
In Popular Culture[Edit]
In Victor Hugo's Romantic Play Les Burgraves (1843), Frederick (As Character Frédéric De Hohenstaufen) Returns Many Years After He Was Presumed Dead, As Expected By Some Medieval Legends.
Cyrus Townsend Brady's Hohenzollern; A Story Of The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa (1901) Begins With A Dedication To "The Descendants Of The Great Germanic Race Who In Europe, In America, And In The Far East Rule The World".[90]
Land Of Unreason (1941), By L. Sprague De Camp And Fletcher Pratt, Mentions The Castle Of The Kyffhäuser.
John Crowley's Novel Little, Big (1981) Features Frederick Barbarossa As A Character In Modern Times, Awoken From His Centuries Of Sleep. In The Book, He Becomes The President Of The United States And Rules As A Tyrant.[91]
Umberto Eco's Novel Baudolino (2000) Is Set Partly At Frederick's Court, And Also Deals With The Mystery Of Frederick's Death. The Imaginary Hero, Baudolino, Is The Emperor's Adopted Son And Confidant.
In 1999 Film The Thomas Crown Affair, The Title Character Is Said To Be In Possession Of "An Ornament Worn By Frederick Barbarossa At His Coronation In 1152."
The 1999 Real-Time Strategy Video Game Age Of Empires Ii: The Age Of Kings Developed By Ensemble Studios Has A Campaign Which Follows Fredrick Barbarossa From The Period Of His Struggles In Germany To His Death On The Third Crusade. It Is Of Note That Barbarossa Never Appears As An Actual Unit In The Game, Though The Objective Of The Final Level (After His Death) Is To Take A Unit Named "Emperor In A Barrel" To The Dome Of The Rock In Jerusalem.
In The 2002 Real-Time Strategy Video Game Stronghold: Crusader, Emperor Frederick Is An Ai Opponent That Players Can Challenge In Skirmish Play.
The 2006 Turn-Based Strategy Video Game Medieval Ii Total War: Kingdoms Developed By Creative Assembly Features Frederick Barbarossa In The Crusade Campaign. Barbarossa Launches A Crusade To The Holy Land With 100,000 Strong Men. During The Next 'Turn,' He Drowns In The Sea And Because Of His Death The Crusade Is Canceled.
Andreas Seiler's Novel Real Wizard (2008) Is An Attribution To The 1,000-Year-Old Myth, With Aspects Of Life And Death Of The Emperor. It Includes A Generalised German History Of Unification As A Background To The Story. Isbn 978-0-646-49625-2
In The 2009 Movie Barbarossa (Also Entitled Sword Of War And Barbarossa: Siege Lord), Barbarossa Is One Of The Main Characters, Played By Rutger Hauer.
Frederick Barbarossa Leads The German Civilization In The 2016 4X Video Game Civilization Vi Developed By Firaxis Games.[92][93]
See Also[Edit]
German Monarchs Family Tree
Dukes Of Swabia Family Tree
Operation Barbarossa, The Codename Of The German Invasion Of The Soviet Union In 1941.[94]
References[Edit]
This Article Incorporates Text From A Publication Now In The Public Domain: Chisholm, Hugh, Ed. (1911). "Frederick I., Roman Emperor". Encyclopædia Britannica (11Th Ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Jump Up ^ Peter Moraw, Heiliges Reich, In: Lexikon Des Mittelalters, Munich & Zurich: Artemis 1977–1999, Vol. 4, Pp. 2025–28.
^ Jump Up To: A B C D E Canduci (2010), P. 263
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 199
^ Jump Up To: A B C Comyn (1851), P. 200
Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 266
Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), Pp. 300–302
Jump Up ^ Bryce (1913), P. 166
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 302–303
^ Jump Up To: A B Cantor (1969), Pp. 428–429
Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 359
Jump Up ^ Brown (1972)
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 318–319
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 202
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 201
^ Jump Up To: A B C Comyn (1851), P. 230
Jump Up ^ Falco (1964), Pp. 218 Et Seq.
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 227
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 228
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 229
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 368–369
^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 231
^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 232
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 233
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 203
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 319
Jump Up ^ "Peace Of The Land Established By Frederick Barbarossa Between 1152 And 1157 A.D.". The Avalon Project. Yale Law School.
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 234
Jump Up ^ Wikisource-Logo.Svg Ua Clerigh, Arthur (1913). "Pope Adrian Iv". In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 235
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 236
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 238
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 240
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 241
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 242
^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 243
Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 295
Jump Up ^ Munz (1969), P. 228
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 326–327
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 245
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 246
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 247
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 248
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 249
^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 250
^ Jump Up To: A B Comyn (1851), P. 251
Jump Up ^ See Entry For The Contemporary Chroniclers, Ottone And Acerbo Morena.
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 252
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 253
Jump Up ^ Leyser (1988), P. 157
^ Jump Up To: A B Kampers, Franz. "Frederick I (Barbarossa)". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 21 May 2009.
Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 104
Jump Up ^ Reprint Of B. Arthaud. La Civilization De L'occident Medieval, Paris, 1964.
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 257
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), Pp. 332 Et Seq.
Jump Up ^ Brown (1972), Pp. 164–165
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 260
Jump Up ^ See Yale Avalon Project.
Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), Pp. 96–97
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 263
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 333
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 264
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 433–434
Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), Pp. 102–103
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 429
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 262
Jump Up ^ Dahmus (1969), P. 240
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 265
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 266
Jump Up ^ J. Phillips, The Fourth Crusade And The Sack Of Constantinople, 66
Jump Up ^ Konstam, Historical Atlas Of The Crusades, 162
Jump Up ^ The Crusade Of Frederick Barbarossa: Letters, Fordham University.
Jump Up ^ Comyn (1851), P. 267
Jump Up ^ Cantor, Norman F. (1993). The Civilization Of The Middle Ages. New York: Harpercollins. P. 309. Isbn 0060170336. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 340–342
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 332
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 324
Jump Up ^ Davis (1957), P. 325
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 422–423
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 424
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), P. 360
Jump Up ^ Sidonius Apollinaris, Epistles 1.2, A Description Of Theodoric Ii Of The Visigoths (453–66). See Mierow And Emery (1953) P. 331.
Jump Up ^ Brown (1972), P. 172
Jump Up ^ Kantorowicz, Frederick Ii; Last Chapter
Jump Up ^ Jarausch (1997), P. 35
Jump Up ^ Le Goff (2000), P. 190
Jump Up ^ Cantor (1969), Pp. 359–360
Jump Up ^ Walford, Cox & Apperson (1885), P. 119
Jump Up ^ Novobatzky & Shea (2001)
^ Jump Up To: A B C D E F G Gislebertus (Of Mons), Chronicle Of Hainaut, Transl. Laura Napran, (Boydell Press, 2005), 55 Note245.
Jump Up ^ Brady (1901)
Jump Up ^ Crowley (2006), Pp. 346, 429
Jump Up ^ "Civilization Vi: Frederick Barbarossa Leads Germany". Official Civilization Website. August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
Jump Up ^ "Frederick Barbarossa Leads Germany In 'Civilization Vi'". Digital Trends. August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
Jump Up ^ Kershaw (2001), P. 335
Primary Sources[Edit]
Otto Of Freising And His Continuator Rahewin, The Deeds Of Frederick Barbarossa Tr. Charles Christopher Mierow With Richard Emery. New York: Columbia University Press, 1953. Reprinted: Toronto: University Of Toronto Press, 1994.
Ibn Al-Athir
Romuald Of Salerno. Chronicon In Rerum Italicarum Scriptores.
Otto Of Sankt Blasien
The "Bergamo Master". Carmen De Gestis Frederici I Imperatoris In Lombardia.
Chronicon Vincentii Canonici Pragensis In Monumenta Historica Boemiae By Fr. Gelasius Dobner (1764)[1] [2]
Secondary Sources[Edit]
Brady, Charles Townsend (1901). Hohenzollern; A Story Of The Time Of Frederick Barbarossa. New York: The Century Co.
Brown, R. A. (1972). The Origins Of Modern Europe. Boydell Press.
Bryce, James (1913). The Holy Roman Empire. Macmillan.
Canduci, Alexander (2010). Triumph & Tragedy: The Rise And Fall Of Rome's Immortal Emperors. Pier 9. Isbn 978-1-74196-598-8.
Cantor, N. F. (1969). Medieval History. Macmillan And Company.
Comyn, Robert (1851). History Of The Western Empire, From Its Restoration By Charlemagne To The Accession Of Charles V. I.
Crowley, John William (2006). Little, Big. New York: Perennial. Isbn 978-0-06-112005-3.
Dahmus, J. (1969). The Middle Ages, A Popular History. Garden City, Ny: Doubleday.
Davis, R. H. C. (1957). A History Of Medieval Europe. Longmans.
Falco, G. (1964). The Holy Roman Republic. New York: Barnes And Co.
Freed, John (2016). Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince And The Myth. New Haven, Ct: Yale University Press. Isbn 978-0-300-122763.
Jarausch, K. H. (1997). After Unity; Reconfiguring German Identities. New York: Berghahn Books. Isbn 1-57181-041-2.
Kershaw, Ian (2001). Hitler, 1936–45: Nemesis. Penguin.
Le Goff, J. (2000). Medieval Civilization, 400–1500. New York: Barnes And Noble.
Leyser, Karl J. (1988). Frederick Barbarossa And The Hohenstaufen Polity. University Of California Press.
Munz, Peter (1969). Frederick Barbarossa: A Study In Medieval Politics. Ithaca And London: Cornell University Press.
Novobatzky, Peter; Shea, Ammon (2001). Depraved And Insulting English. Orlando: Harcourt.
Walford, Edward; Cox, John Charles; Apperson, George Latimer (1885). "Digit Folklore, Part Ii". The Antiquary. Xi: 119–123.
External Links[Edit]
Wikimedia Commons Has Media Related To Friedrich I. Barbarossa.
Wikisource Has Original Works Written By Or About:
Frederick I
Msn Encarta – Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire) (Archived 2009-10-31)
Famous Men Of The Middle Ages – Frederick Barbarossa
Charter Given By Emperor Frederick For The Bishopric Of Bamberg Showing The Emperor's Seal, 6.4.1157 . Taken From The Collections Of The Lichtbildarchiv Älterer Originalurkunden At Marburg University
Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
House Of Hohenstaufen
Born: 1122 Died: 1190
Regnal Titles
Preceded By
Conrad Iii German King
Formally King Of The Romans
1152–1190 Succeeded By
Henry Vi
King Of Italy
1155–1190
Preceded By
Lothair Iii King Of Arles
1152–1190
Holy Roman Emperor
1155–1190
Preceded By
Frederick Ii Duke Of Swabia
1147–1152 Succeeded By
Frederick Iv
Preceded By
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Frederick I, Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor |
Ravensburg, Württemberg, Allemagne |
1122 |
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10 Jun 1190 |
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| Agnes Barber |
Fressingfield, Suffolk, England |
1512 |
Fressingfield, Suffolk, England |
1582 |
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| Sir Edward "Edmund" Barber |
Stoneleigh, Warwickshire, England |
1531 |
Chew Magna, Somerset, England |
23 Sep 1578 |
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| Thomas Barber |
London, Greater London, England |
1552 |
Watertown, Middlesex, Massachusetts, United States |
1600 |
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| Christian Barclay |
Mathers, Kincardine, Scotland |
1572 |
Delft, Holland, Netherlands |
1630 |
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| David Barclay |
Mathers, Kincardine, Scotland |
1510 |
Montrose, Angus, Scotland |
1560 |
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| George Barclay |
Kirktounhill, St Cyrus, Kincardineshire, Scotland |
1536 |
Corse, Aberdeen, Scotland |
1607 |
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| Grietje Samuels Barents |
New York City, New York, New Amsterdam |
1638 |
New Jersey, British Colonies in America |
October 1698 |
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| Samuel Barents |
New York, United States |
1610 |
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| Joan Baret |
Blythborough, Suffolk, England |
1469 |
Blythborough, Suffolk, England |
14 Mar 1526 |
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| Alice Barker |
Wolverton, Shropshire, England |
1517 |
St Dunstan and All Saints, Middlesex, England |
1603 |
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| Dorothy Barker |
Ipswich, Suffolk, England |
1501 |
Ipswich, Suffolk, England |
1538 |
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| John Barker |
Market Drayton, Shropshire, England |
1500 |
Hopton Castle, Shropshire, England |
14 May 1572 |
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| Lieutenant John Barker |
Andover, Essex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
28 Sep 1721 |
Methuen, Essex, Massachusetts, U.S.A. |
1799 |
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| Mary Barker |
Amesbury, Essex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
27 Nov 1743 |
Yorkshire, Cattaraugus, New York, U.S.A. |
1823 |
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| Parnell Barker |
Ipswich, Suffolk, England |
1530 |
Ipswich, Suffolk, England |
09 Mar 1595 |
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| Richard Barker |
Nayland, Suffolk, England |
1618 |
Andover, Essex, Massachusetts, United States |
15 Mar 1693 |
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| Stephen Barker |
Andover, Essex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
06 Jul 1659 |
Methuen, Essex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
21 May 1740 |
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| Stephen Barker |
Andover, Essex, Massachusetts Bay Colony, British Colonial America |
26 Jan 1688 |
Metheun, Essex, Massachusetts Bay Colony, British Colonial America |
07 Aug 1750 |
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| Hannah Barlett |
Newbury, Essex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
10 Feb 1701 |
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| Benjamin Barley |
Baydon, Wiltshire, England |
1585 |
Baydon, Wiltshire, England, United Kingdom |
27 May 1663 |
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| Margery Barley |
Baydon, Wiltshire, England |
1605 |
Baydon, Wiltshire, England |
1678 |
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| Agnes Barlow |
Lasswade, Midlothian, Scotland |
1642 |
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| Ann Barnard |
Watertown, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
Sep 1670 |
Watertown, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
16 Sep 1757 |
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| John Barnard |
of Salisbury, Wiltshire, England |
24 Oct 1604 |
Watertown, Middlesex, Massachusetts, United States |
23 Jun 1646 |
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| John Barnard |
England |
1632 |
Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
1677 |
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| Thomas Barnard |
Chevington, Suffolk, England |
1566 |
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1626 |
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| Margaret Barnes |
Felmersham, Bedfordshire, England |
1560 |
Chellington, Bedfordshire, England |
26 Apr 1639 |
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|
| John Barnard Barnett |
Goochland, Colony of Virginia, British Colonies in America |
16 Aug 1678 |
Goochland, Colony of Virginia, British Colonies in America |
21 Sep 1756 |
|
|
|
| Joyce Barnett |
Lunenburg, Colony of Virginia, British Colonies in America |
1711 |
Lunenburg, Colony of Virginia, British Colonies in America |
1765 |
|
|
|
| William Barnett I |
|
1611 |
|
|
|
|
|
| William O Barnett |
James Town, Virginia, British Colonies in America |
1645 |
Goochland, Virginia, British Colonies in America |
1710 |
|
|
|
| Ann Villiers Baroness Eccleswall |
Herefordshire, England |
1152 |
Y, Somme, Picardie, France |
1260 |
|
|
|
| Anne Barre |
|
1300 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Christopher Barrett |
Westhall, Halesworth, Suffolk, England, United Kingdom |
13 May 1562 |
Norwich, Norfolk, England, United Kingdom |
August 1649 |
|
|
|
| Hannah Barrett |
Littleton, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
10 Oct 1714 |
Littleton, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
22 Feb 1753 |
|
|
|
| John Barrett |
Blythburgh, Suffolk, England |
1461 |
Blythburgh, Suffolk, England |
14 Jan 1513 |
|
|
|
| Lt. John Barrett |
England |
1630 |
Chelmsford, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
19 May 1706 |
|
|
|
| John Barrett |
Braintree, Norflok, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
06 May 1655 |
Chelmsford, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
06 Sep 1694 |
|
|
|
| John Barrett II |
Chelmsford, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
22 Apr 1686 |
Chelmsford, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
1767 |
|
|
|
| Margaret Barrett |
Norwich, Norfolk, England |
29 Sep 1595 |
Norwich, New London, Connecticut, Bristish America |
25 Mar 1661 |
|
|
|
| Mary Barrett |
Braintree, Norfolk, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
1633 |
Braintree, Norfolk, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
02 Feb 1657 |
|
|
|
| Thomas Barrett |
St. Peter Mancroft, Norwich, Norfolk, England |
23 Aug 1590 |
Chelmsford, Middlesex, Massachusetts, United States |
06 Oct 1668 |
|
|
|
| Thomas Barrett |
England |
1605 |
|
06 Oct 1668 |
|
|
|
| William Barrett |
Blythburgh, Suffolk, England, United Kingdom |
1483 |
Westhall, Suffolk, England |
08 Nov 1547 |
|
|
|
| William Barrett |
Westhall, Halesworth, Suffolk, England |
1511 |
Westhall, Halesworth, Suffolk, England |
11 Mar 1565 |
|
|
|
| Johanna Barrett Or Bennett |
Dorset, England |
1566 |
Dorset, England |
1618 |
|
|
|
| Alice Barrington |
of Barrington Hall, Ongar, Essex, England |
1404 |
|
21 Dec 1468 |
|
|
|
| John Barrington |
Ongar, Essex, England |
1382 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Elias Barron IV |
Burnchurch, Kilkenny, Ireland |
1605 |
Watertown, Middlesex, Massachusetts Bay Colony, British Colonies in America |
30 Oct 1676 |
|
|
|
| Mary Barron |
Watertown, Massachusetts Bay, British Colonies in America |
01 Jan 1632 |
Watertown, Middlesex, Massachusetts Bay, British Colonies in America |
13 Feb 1716 |
|
|
|
| Urraca Barroso |
Esteban, Toledo, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain |
1189 |
Spain |
|
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Bartlett |
Malden, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
23 May 1636 |
Hingham, Plymouth, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
17 Feb 1713 |
|
|
|
| John Bartlett |
Newbury, Essex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
23 Sep 1678 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mary Bartlett |
England |
1612 |
Watertown, Middlesex, Massachusetts |
1684 |
|
|
|
| Richard Bartlett II |
Ernley, Wiltshire, Essex, England |
31 Oct 1621 |
Newberry, Essex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
18 Jul 1698 |
|
|
|
| Richard Bartlett |
Newbury, Essex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
21 Feb 1648 |
Newbury, Essex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
17 Apr 1724 |
|
|
|
| Robert Bartlett Jr. |
Northampton, Northamptonshire, England |
27 May 1603 |
Manomet, Plymouth, Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States |
05 Nov 1688 |
|
|
|
| Agnes Barton |
St. David-Barton, Somerset, England, Great Britain |
1529 |
Barton, St David, Somerset, England |
27 May 1597 |
|
|
|
| John Arthur Barton |
Hadlow, Kent, England |
1500 |
Hadlow, Kent, England |
1559 |
|
|
|
| Richard Barttelot |
Earnley, Sussex, England |
1574 |
Newbury, Essex, Massachusetts |
25 May 1647 |
|
|
|
| Rebecca Baseden |
Of Cranbook, Kent, England |
1605 |
Hartford, Hartford, Colony of Connecticut, British Colonial America |
1678 |
|
|
|
| John Bass |
Plymouth, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
18 Sep 1630 |
Braintree, Norfolk, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
23 Sep 1716 |
|
|
|
| Deacon Samuel Bass |
Syleham, Suffolk, England |
04 May 1600 |
Braintree, Norfolk, Massachusetts, USA |
30 Dec 1694 |
|
|
|
| Sara Bass |
Braintree, Norfolk, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
29 Mar 1672 |
Braintree, Norfolk, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
19 Aug 1751 |
|
|
|
| Humphery Basse |
London, Middlesex, England |
1564 |
London, Middlesex, England |
04 Jun 1616 |
|
|
|
| Aline Alvia Basset |
Headington, Oxfordshire, England |
1193 |
Bromyard, Herefordshire, England |
11 Apr 1281 |
|
|
|
| Judge Thomas Basset of Headington |
|
1120 |
Headington, Oxfordshire, England |
August 1181 |
|
|
|
| Sarah Bassett |
North Luffenham, Rutland, England |
1593 |
Gloucester, Essex, Massachusetts, United States |
1670 |
|
|
|
| Jane Batchelor |
Romsey, Hampshire, England |
1508 |
Romsey, Hampshire, England |
1546 |
|
|
|
| John Bate |
Lydd, Kent, England |
January 1460 |
Lydd, Kent, England |
07 Jul 1522 |
|
|
|
| Sara Bate |
Lydd, Kent, England |
1632 |
Chelmsford, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
1698 |
|
|
|
| Clement Bates |
Lydd, Kent, England |
22 Jan 1595 |
Hingham, Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States |
17 Sep 1671 |
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Bates |
Virginia, British Colonies in America |
1712 |
Sandy River, Pittsylvania, Virginia, U.S.A. |
11 Apr 1811 |
|
|
|
| James Bates |
Lydd, All Hallows, Kent, England |
02 Dec 1562 |
Lydd, Kent, England |
02 Mar 1614 |
|
|
|
| John Bates |
Lydd, All Hollows, Kentshire, England |
1521 |
Lydd, England |
11 March 1578 / 11 March 1579 |
|
|
|
| Thomas Bates |
Amelia, Virginia, British Colonies in America |
1675 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Constance Battail Of Fawdon |
|
1220 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Henry Batten |
Sutton, Courtenay, Berkshire, England |
1620 |
East Garston, Berks, England |
1701 |
|
|
|
| Henry Batten |
Ardington Wick, Berkshire, England |
1658 |
Ardington, Berkshire, England |
January 1697 |
|
|
|
| Margaret Battin |
Ardington, Berkshire, England |
14 Jan 1697 |
Chester, Pennsylvania, British Colonies in America |
1739 |
|
|
|
| Andreas Baumann |
Schönheide, Schwarzenberg, Zwickau, Sachsen, Germany |
1645 |
Bernsbach, Schwarzenberg, Zwickau, Saxony |
04 Jun 1714 |
|
|
|
| Anna Dorothea Baumann |
Beierfeld, Germany |
1686 |
Greene, Tennessee, British Colonies in America |
1748 |
|
|
|
| Christian Baumann |
Obercrinitz, Vogtland, Saxony |
10 Jan 1670 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Bridget Bawed |
Of, Grantham, Lincolnshire, England |
1497 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Jane Bayley |
Little Baddow, Essex, England |
1525 |
Roxton, Bedfordshire, England |
01 May 1611 |
|
|
|
| Margaret Bayley |
Nayland, Suffolk, England |
27 Apr 1587 |
Watertown, Middlesex, Massachusetts Bay, British America |
06 Nov 1662 |
|
|
|
| Mary Bayley |
Anne Arundel, Maryland, British Colonial America |
1664 |
Anne Arundel, Maryland, British Colonial America |
06 Sep 1734 |
|
|
|
| Thomas Bayley |
Little Baddow, Essex, England |
1495 |
Little Baddow, Essex, England |
1555 |
|
|
|
| Sir Thomas Bayley |
Bromham, Wiltshire, England |
07 Mar 1565 |
Bromham, Wiltshire, England |
22 Nov 1611 |
|
|
|
| William Baylie |
Swanage, Dorset, Eng. |
1590 |
England |
1690 |
|
|
|
| Alicia Baylye |
Nottingham, Eng |
1559 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Baynes |
Huntingdonshire, England |
1520 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Anne Baynham |
Newland, Gloucestershire, England |
1514 |
Exeter St Leonard, Devonshire, England |
05 Nov 1563 |
|
|
|
| Grace Beamsley |
England |
1600 |
Ipswich, Essex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
26 Nov 1730 |
|
|
|
| Catherine Bean |
Woodridge, New Jersey, British Colonies in America |
1732 |
Nelson, Kentucky, U.S.A. |
1813 |
|
|
|
| Eneas Bean |
Ohio, British Colonies in America |
1700 |
|
1750 |
|
|
|
| Agnes Beard |
Wiveliscombe, Somerset, England, United Kingdom |
23 Dec 1608 |
England, United Kingdom |
|
|
|
|
| Beatrice De Beauchamp |
OF ESSEX, ENGLAND |
1127 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Eleonor Beauchamp |
England |
1407 |
England |
1467 |
|
|
|
| King Henry I Beauclerc, King of England & Duke of Normandy |
Yorkshire, England |
1068 |
Angers, Maine-et-Loire, France |
01 Dec 1135 |
 |
|
|
| Margaret Beaumont, Countess of Harcourt |
Hampshire, England |
1154 |
|
1234 |
|
|
|
| Joan Bechyog |
Ashford, Kent, England |
1512 |
Ashford, Kent, England |
1553 |
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Becker |
Holland |
1720 |
Virginia, British Colonies in America |
1762 |
|
|
|
| Urraca Vaz Beirão |
Ribadouro, Portugal |
1160 |
Portugal |
1260 |
|
|
|
| Dorothy Belcher |
West Haney, Berkshire, England |
1625 |
Rugeley, Staffordshire, England |
08 Oct 1684 |
|
|
|
| Edmund Belcher |
Guilsborough, Northamptonshire, England |
1506 |
Guilsborough, Northamptonshire, England |
1550 |
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Belcher |
Bridgewater, Somerset County, England |
15 Jun 1559 |
Wethersfield, Hartford, Connecticut, United States |
07 Sep 1645 |
|
|
|
| Jeremiah Belcher |
Wiltshire, England |
1613 |
Ipswich, Essex, Massachusetts, United States |
31 Mar 1693 |
|
|
|
| Mary Belcher |
Cambridge, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
19 Jan 1646 |
Cambridge, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
24 Jun 1691 |
|
|
|
| Thomas Belcher |
Warwickshire, England |
1578 |
Aston, Warwickshire, England |
20 Mar 1620 |
|
|
|
| William Belcher |
Staffordshire, England |
1599 |
Rugeley, Staffordshire, England |
1650 |
|
|
|
| Sir Sueiro Belfaguer , 1st Lord of the House of Sousa |
Portugal |
0825 |
|
0925 |
|
|
|
| Alice Bell |
Norwich, Norfolk, England |
1565 |
Massachusetts, United States |
1674 |
|
|
|
| Jannetta Bell |
Holme On Spalding Moor, YORK, England |
1512 |
Gripthorpe, York., England |
09 May 1569 |
|
|
|
| Mary Ann Bell |
Thaxted, Essex, England |
1632 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Marie Bellemain |
Mannheim, Baden, Germany |
1658 |
Picataway, New Jersey, British Colonies in America |
1699 |
|
|
|
| John Bellemann |
Evangelisch, Sonnborn, Rheinland, Germany |
1637 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Jane Beme |
Sandwich, Barnstable, Massachusetts, United States |
1609 |
Sandwich, Barnstable, Massachusetts, United States |
1698 |
|
|
|
| Zakkai Ben Avraham |
Toledo, Castille-La Mancha, España |
960 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Gaon Hezekiah Ben David |
Monzón, Monzón, Huesca, Aragón, España |
1030 |
Ramla, Israel |
1090 |
|
|
|
| Nathan Ben David |
Toledo, Castille-La Mancha, España |
900 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Rabbi David Ben Hazub |
|
870 |
|
|
|
|
|
| David Ben Hezekiah |
Ramla, Israel |
1055 |
Toledo, Castille-La Mancha, España |
1095 |
|
|
|
| Yahia Ben Ibn Yahia |
Lisboa, Portugal |
1220 |
Lisboa Portugal |
1264 |
|
|
|
| Avraham Ben Nathan |
|
0935 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Yahia Ben Rabbi |
Portugal |
1150 |
Lisboa Portugal |
1222 |
|
|
|
| Gedaliah Ben Shlomo Ha-Zaken |
Portugal |
1295 |
Toledo, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain |
1385 |
|
|
|
| Mina Ben Yehuda |
|
1225 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Shlomo Ha-Zaken Ben Yosef |
Lisboa, Portugal |
1240 |
Lisboa, Portugal |
1299 |
|
|
|
| David Ben Zakkai |
Granada, Granada, Andalucia, Spain |
1010 |
Cartaya, Huelva, Andalucia, Spain |
1057 |
|
|
|
| Rabbi Hazub Beni Phinehas |
|
840 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Isabel Benitez |
Spain |
1603 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Fisher Rice Bennett |
Albemarle, Virginia, British Colonies in America |
1743 |
Green, Elliott, Kentucky, U.S.A. |
1806 |
|
|
|
| John Bennett |
Wiveliscombe, Somerset, England |
10 Jul 1624 |
Northumberland, Virginia, British Colonies in America |
26 Jan 1670 |
|
|
|
| Mary Alice Bennett |
Curling, Newfoundland or Labrador, Canada |
1619 |
Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada |
27 Feb 1698 |
|
|
|
| Nancy Bennett |
Virginia, U.S.A. |
1790 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Richard Bennett |
Christchurch, Middlesex, Virginia, British Colonies in America |
April 1709 |
Louisa, Virginia, British Colonies in America |
1786 |
|
|
|
| Thomas Bennett |
Wiveliscombe, Somerset, England, United Kingdom |
06 Nov 1603 |
Wiveliscombe, Somerset, England, United Kingdom |
23 Dec 1668 |
|
|
|
| William Bennett |
Christ Church, Middlesex, Virginia, British Colonies in America |
1659 |
Christ Church Parish, Middlesex, Virginia, British Colonies in America |
18 Feb 1684 |
|
|
|
| William Bennett Jr. |
Middlesex, Virginia, British Colonies in America |
1684 |
Middlesex, Virginia, British Colonies in America |
1734 |
|
|
|
| Agnes Bent |
Weyhill, Hampshire, England |
12 Dec 1631 |
Marlborough, Middlesex, Massachusetts Bay Colony, British Colonies in America |
04 Jun 1713 |
|
|
|
| John Bent |
Penton Grafton, Hampshire, England |
20 Nov 1596 |
Sudbury, Middlesex, Massachusetts Bay Colony, British Colonial America |
27 Sep 1672 |
|
|
|
| Judicael Berengar, Count of Rennes |
France |
920 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Berenger |
Manningford Bruce, Wiltshire, England, United Kingdom |
1489 |
Upham, Wiltshire, England |
1555 |
|
|
|
| Ramon Berenguer Iv, Count of Provence |
Aix-en-Provence, Bouches-du-Rhone, FRANCE |
1194 |
Provence, FRANCE |
19 Aug 1245 |
|
|
|
| Anthony Beresford |
England |
1526 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Arden Beresford |
Fenny Bently, Derbyshire, England |
1520 |
Fenny Bentley, Derbyshire, England |
1558 |
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Beresford |
Derbyshire, England |
1544 |
Bunny Park, Nottinghamshire, Eng |
08 Apr 1608 |
|
|
|
| George Beresford |
Bently, Derbyshire, ENGLAND |
1495 |
Fenny Bently, Derbyshire, ENGLAND |
1520 |
|
|
|
| Maria Del Refugio Bermudes |
San Francisco, Las Californias |
1843 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Jose Antonio De La Cruz Bermudez |
Presidio Santa Cruz de Terrenate, Las Californias, New Spain |
1773 |
Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, California, U.S.A. |
09 Oct 1855 |
|
|
|
| Juan Jose Andrez Bermudez |
Presidio Santa Cruz de Terrenate, New Spain |
1745 |
Presidio de Sonora, Las Californias, New Spain |
1770 |
|
|
|
| Mary Bern |
Bern, Switzerland |
1684 |
Somerset, New Jersey, British Colonies in America |
02 Apr 1760 |
|
|
|
| Francis Bernard I |
Abington, Northamptonshire, England |
1528 |
Abington, Northamptonshire, England |
21 Oct 1602 |
|
|
|
| Anthony Berse |
Sandwich, Sandwich, Massachusetts |
1591 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mary Bertie |
Glastonbury, Somerset, England, United Kingdom |
1617 |
Jamestown, James City, Virginia, United States |
1655 |
|
|
|
| Ann Besse |
Yarmouth, Barnstable, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
1629 |
Yarmouth, Barnstable, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
16 Mar 1694 |
|
|
|
| Margaret Bethune |
Huntley, Aberdeenshire, Scotland |
1484 |
Cupar, Fifeshire, Scotland |
1525 |
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Betts |
Flitton, Beds., Eng. |
1575 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Bevan |
Swansea, Glamorganshire, Wales |
1659 |
Bucks, Pennsylvania, British Colonies in America |
1709 |
|
|
|
| Rees Bevan |
Swansea, Glamorganshire, Wales |
1618 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Alice Bickerstaff |
|
1190 |
|
1222 |
|
|
|
| Anna Christina Bidebach |
Ungstein, Palatinate, Germany |
30 Jul 1695 |
Ungstein, Neustadt, Bayern, Germany |
05 Jan 1734 |
|
|
|
| Caspar Bidebach |
Rommershausen, Hesse, Germany |
20 Nov 1661 |
Ungstein, Neustadt, Bayern, Germany |
05 Jan 1740 |
|
|
|
| Casper Bidebach |
Germany |
1617 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Eva Catharina Bidebach |
Germany |
1733 |
Rowan, North Carolina, U.S.A. |
1800 |
|
|
|
| Wigand Bidebach |
|
1636 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Rodrigo Iñiguez De Biedma II |
|
1265 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Agnes Bigod |
The Hyde, Kinfair/Kinver, Staffordshire, England |
1180 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Rollo Thurstan Bigod |
Nord-Trøndelag, Norway |
0885 |
|
0920 |
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Billingsley |
England |
1600 |
England |
21 Dec 1676 |
|
|
|
| Mary Evart Billingsley |
Stone House, Liberton, Midlothian, Scotland |
1659 |
Liberton, Midlothian, Scotland |
|
|
|
|
| Johane Bills |
OF Harrietsham, Kent, England |
1515 |
Harrietsham, Kent, Eng |
23 Jan 1563 |
|
|
|
| Mary Birchard |
Terling, Essex, England |
02 Apr 1623 |
Lyme Station, New London, Connecticut, British Colonies in America |
30 Jun 1694 |
|
|
|
| Prudence Bird |
Wherstead, Suffolk, England |
1548 |
Belstead, Suffolk, England |
22 Dec 1609 |
|
|
|
| William H. Bird |
Freeby, Leicestershire, England |
1510 |
Colyton, Devonshire, England |
10 Aug 1590 |
|
|
|
| Esther Bishop |
Norwich, New London, Connecticut, British Colonies in America |
13 Jan 1712 |
Windham, Connecticut, Colonial America |
08 Nov 1777 |
|
|
|
| John Bishop |
Dorsetshire, England |
1520 |
Dorsetshire, England |
1552 |
|
|
|
| John Thomas Bishop |
Holway Manor, Dorset, England |
1505 |
|
Deceased |
|
|
|
| Nancy Bishop |
Kingston, Surrey, England |
1619 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Samuel Bishop |
Ipswich, Connecticut, New Netherlands |
May 1645 |
Ipswich, Essex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
1687 |
|
|
|
| Captain Samuel Bishop |
Ipswich, Essex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
Feb 1678 |
Norwich, New London, Conneticut, British Colonies in America |
18 Nov 1760 |
|
|
|
| Thomas Bishop |
England |
1589 |
|
29 Jun 1727 |
|
|
|
| Thomas Bishop |
Kingston Parish, Surrey, England |
1620 |
Ipswich, Essex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
07 Feb 1670 |
|
|
|
| William Bishop |
Ancient Manor, Holway Co, Dorset, Eng |
1540 |
Ancient Manor, Holway Co, Dorset, England |
27 Dec 1621 |
|
|
|
| William Bishop |
Holway, Dorset, England |
13 May 1570 |
Holway, Dorset, England |
28 Aug 1638 |
|
|
|
| Ruth Bitfield |
Newbury, Essex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
1623 |
Newbury, Essex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
03 Nov 1699 |
|
|
|
| William Bitfield |
Lincoln, England |
1597 |
Newbury, Essex Co., MA, |
10 Sep 1660 |
|
|
|
| Barbara Bitt |
Germany |
1637 |
Hochdorf, Wurttemberg, Palatinate, Bavaria, Germany |
31 Jan 1704 |
|
|
|
| George Bixby |
Little Waldingfield, Suffolk, England |
1594 |
Waldingfield, Suffolk, England |
10 Dec 1666 |
|
|
|
| Johnathan Bixby |
Boxford, Essex, Massachuetts, British Colonies in America |
1664 |
Boxford, Essex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
30 May 1717 |
|
|
|
| Sgt. Joseph Bixby |
Waldingfield, Suffolk, England |
28 Oct 1621 |
Boxford, Essex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
19 Apr 1700 |
|
|
|
| Lydia Bixby |
Boxford, Essex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
03 Feb 1694 |
Boxford, Essex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
1781 |
|
|
|
| Richard Bixby |
Thorpe Morieux, Suffolk, England |
29 May 1562 |
Little Waldingfield, Suffolk, England |
10 Dec 1666 |
|
|
|
| Thomas Bixby |
Morley, Devonshire, England, United Kingdom |
1500 |
Morley, Devonshire, England, United Kingdom |
13 Oct 1586 |
|
|
|
| King Erik Björnsson, King of Sweden |
|
814 |
|
870 |
|
|
|
| Gudrød Bjørnsson, Fief of Vestfold |
Hedemark, Norway |
932 |
Norway |
963 |
|
|
|
| Mary Blacksoll |
Wherstead, Suffolk, England, United Kingdom |
01 May 1574 |
Wherstead, Suffolk, England, United Kingdom |
01 May 1624 |
|
|
|
| George Blage |
Rushbrook, Suffolk, England |
1525 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Robert Blage |
Suffolk, England |
1465 |
Somerset, England |
15 Sep 1522 |
|
|
|
| Judith Blagge |
Rushbrooke, Suffolk, England |
1541 |
Suffolk, England, United Kingdom |
30 Oct 1614 |
|
|
|
| Christian A Blair |
Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland |
1670 |
Williamsburg, James City, Virginia, British Colonies in America |
23 Sep 1725 |
|
|
|
| Peter Blair |
Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland |
1630 |
Jedburg Pa, Roxburg, Scotland |
07 May 1673 |
|
|
|
| Rebecca Blakiston |
St Marys Parish, Charles, Maryland, British Colonial America |
1672 |
Richmond, Wise, Virginia Colony, British America |
1715 |
|
|
|
| Martha Blanchard |
Penton-Grafton, Hampshire, England |
1598 |
Sudbury, Middlesex, Massachusetts, United States |
15 May 1679 |
|
|
|
| Frances Bland |
Towcester, Northamptonshire, England |
1578 |
Towcester, Northamptonshire, England |
1609 |
|
|
|
| Barthlin Blatz |
Hochdorf, Horb, Schwarzwaldkreis, Wuerttemberg |
22 Aug 1635 |
Hochdorf, Horb, Schwarzwaldkreis, Wuerttemberg |
17 Mar 1716 |
|
|
|
| Maredudd Ap Bleddyn |
Montgomeryshire, Wales |
1047 |
Powys, Wales |
1132 |
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Bledlow |
London, Middlesex, England |
1506 |
Rycote, Oxfordshire, England |
15 Oct 1556 |
|
|
|
| Hyfaidd Ap Bleiddig |
Of, Dyfed, Wales |
0820 |
|
0893 |
|
|
|
| Mary Blevins |
Cohansey, Salem, New Jersey, British Colonies in America |
1710 |
Cumberland, New Jersey, British Colonies in America |
1757 |
|
|
|
| William "Old Bill" Blevins II |
Lancashire, England |
27 Nov 1691 |
Virginia, United States |
1767 |
|
|
|
| Anna Blind |
Haschbach, Rheinland, Pfalz, Germany |
12 Feb 1631 |
Frickenhausen, Wurttemberg, Germany |
04 Aug 1666 |
|
|
|
| Hans Blind |
Beuren, Germany |
24 Sep 1602 |
Beuren, Schwarzwald, Wuertt. |
08 Mar 1641 |
|
|
|
| Jakob Blind |
Beuren, Wuerttemberg, Germany |
22 Jan 1573 |
|
16 Feb 1635 |
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Blood |
Groton, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
27 Apr 1675 |
Groton, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
20 Oct 1759 |
|
|
|
| Hannah Blood |
Lynn, Essex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
March 1664 |
Groton, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
07 Sep 1730 |
|
|
|
| James Blood |
Ruddington, Nottinghamshire, England |
1577 |
Concord, Concord, Middlesex, Massachusetts, United States |
17 Dec 1660 |
|
|
|
| James Blood |
Ruddington, Nottinghamshire, England |
1598 |
Concord, Middlesex, Massachusetts, United States |
17 Dec 1683 |
|
|
|
| James Blood |
Groton, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
1646 |
Groton, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
13 Sep 1692 |
|
|
|
| John Blood |
England |
1552 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mary Blood |
Concord, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
12 Jul 1640 |
Concord, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
30 Oct 1710 |
|
|
|
| Richard Blood |
Puddington, Northampton, England |
26 Oct 1625 |
Groton, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
07 Dec 1683 |
|
|
|
| Daniel David Bloomer |
Rye, Westchester, New York, British Colonies in America |
01 Oct 1773 |
Hawkins, Tennesse, U.S.A. |
12 Jun 1838 |
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Bloomer |
Tennesse, U.S.A. |
1802 |
|
|
|
|
|
| John B. Bloomer |
Rye, Westchester, New York, British Colonies in America |
1705 |
Newburgh, Orange, New York, Colonial America |
05 Oct 1776 |
|
|
|
| Nehemiah Bloomer |
Rye, Westchester, New York, British Colonies in America |
1753 |
Fayette, Fulton, Ohio, U.S.A. |
1825 |
|
|
|
| Robert Bloomer II |
New Rochelle, Westchester, New York, United States |
1673 |
Rye, Westchester, New York, United States |
12 Mar 1739 |
|
|
|
| Catherine Blount |
Kinlet, Shropshire, England |
1502 |
Thames Ditton, Surrey, England |
10 Jul 1549 |
|
|
|
| Gertrude Blount |
Of, Newport, Devonshire, England |
1502 |
|
1558 |
|
|
|
| Ottilia Bluers |
Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany |
1622 |
Kallstadt, Bad Durkheim, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany |
12 Jul 1665 |
|
|
|
| Christian Boddy |
Sussex, England |
1535 |
Wiltshire, England, United Kingdom |
1613 |
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Bodenham |
Machen, Monmouthshire, England |
1543 |
Machen, Momouthshire, Wales |
1636 |
|
|
|
| Sir Roger Of Ratherwas Bodenham |
Gwynllwg, Monmouthshire, Wales |
1512 |
Kinlet Hall, Glamorganshire, Wales |
1579 |
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Bodilly |
Freeby, Leicestershire, England |
1514 |
Yatton Keynell, Wiltshire, England |
18 Jun 1586 |
|
|
|
| Anna Boehl |
Kandel, Pfalz, Bayern, Ger. |
1596 |
Kandel, Pfalz, Bayern, Ger. |
28 Mar 1663 |
|
|
|
| Jacob Boehl |
of Hoefen, Kandel, Pfalz, Bayern, Ger. |
1571 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Boleyn |
Boxsted, Suffolk, Eng |
1517 |
|
|
|
|
|
| John William Bolitho |
Cornwall, England |
1512 |
Helston, Cornwall, England |
1580 |
|
|
|
| Margaret Bolitho |
Helston, Cornwall, England |
1577 |
Essex, Massachusetts, United States |
1611 |
|
|
|
| William Bolitho |
Helston, Cornwall, England |
1542 |
Helston, Cornwall, England |
16 Nov 1611 |
|
|
|
| Benjamin Bolles |
East Kirkby, Lincolnshire, England |
1554 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Joseph Bolles |
Worksop, Nottingham, England |
19 Feb 1608 |
Wells, Maine |
29 Nov 1678 |
|
|
|
| Mary Bolles |
Wells, York, Maine, British Colonies in America |
07 Aug 1641 |
Kittery, York, Maine, British Colonies in America |
11 Nov 1704 |
|
|
|
| Thomas Bolles |
Osberton, Nottinghamshire, England |
22 Dec 1576 |
Worksop, Yorkshire, England |
13 Apr 1635 |
|
|
|
| William Vowell Bolles |
Osberton, Worksop, Nottingham, England |
1495 |
Worksop, Nottingham, England |
1575 |
|
|
|
| Beistla Boltornsdatter |
Asgard, Hordaland, Norway |
0194 |
|
0288 |
|
|
|
| Sergeant Robert Boltwood |
Essex, England |
1622 |
Hadley, Massachutes, British Colonies in America |
06 Apr 1684 |
|
|
|
| Sara Boltwood |
Hadley, Hampshire, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
09 Nov 1649 |
Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
14 Jul 1726 |
|
|
|
| Thomas Boltwood |
Connecticut |
1605 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Marie Bond |
Wardende, Warwick, Warwickshire, England |
September 1514 |
Wardende, Warwick, Warwickshire, England |
08 Dec 1611 |
|
|
|
| Corporal Conrad Boosinger |
Along Susquahannah River, Pennsylvania, British Colonies in America |
1752 |
Brimfield Township, Portage, Ohio, U.S.A. |
25 Aug 1827 |
|
|
|
| Johann Georg Boosinger |
Pallatine Region, Germany |
1690 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Matilda Boosinger |
Allegany, Maryland, British Colonies in America |
1735 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Susannah Boosinger |
Kent, Maryland, British Colonial America |
1774 |
Ohio, U.S.A. |
06 Sep 1862 |
|
|
|
| Ann Borden |
Bordentown, Burlington, New Jersey, British Colonies in America |
1718 |
Bordentown, Burlington, New Jersey, British Colonies in America |
18 Jun 1761 |
|
|
|
| Benjamin Fowle Borden |
Portsmouth, Newport, Rhode Island, New Netherlands |
16 May 1649 |
Evesham Township, Burlington, New Jersey, British Colonies in America |
05 Jun 1728 |
|
|
|
| John Borden |
Kent, Kent, England |
1575 |
|
|
|
|
|
| John Borden |
Portsmouth, Newport, Rhode Island, New Netherlands |
10 Sep 1640 |
Portsmouth, Newport, Rhode Island, British Colonies in America |
04 Jun 1716 |
|
|
|
| Hon. Joseph Borden |
Middletown, Monmouth, New Jersey, British Colonies in America |
12 May 1687 |
Bordentown, Burlington, New Jersey, British Colonies in America |
22 Sep 1765 |
|
|
|
| Mary Borden |
Portsmouth, Newport, Rhode Island, British Colonies in America |
07 Jul 1684 |
Bucks, Pennsylvania, British Colonies in America |
02 Apr 1741 |
|
|
|
| Richard Borden |
Kent, Kent, England |
22 Feb 1595 |
Portsmouth, Newport, Rhode Island |
25 May 1671 |
|
|
|
| Jay Borgand |
Bergen, New Jersey, British Colonies in America |
1701 |
Bergen, Hudson, New Jersey, British Colonies in America |
1747 |
|
|
|
| Janneke Borgond |
Hackensack, Bergen, New Jersey, British Colonies in America |
23 Mar 1729 |
Lebanon Township, Hunterdon, New Jersey, Colonial America |
1788 |
|
|
|
| Alice Borroridge |
Devonshire, England |
1505 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Edward Borte |
Hurstpierpoint, Sussex, England, United Kingdom |
1551 |
Hurstpierpoint, Sussex, England |
12 May 1606 |
|
|
|
| King Brian Boru, High King of Ireland |
Killaloe, Clare, Ireland |
941 |
Clontarf, Dublin, Ireland |
23 Apr 1014 |
|
|
|
| Hugh Boscawen |
of Tregothnan, Cornwall, England |
1479 |
Cornwall, England |
24 Aug 1559 |
|
|
|
| Mary Boscawen |
St Michael, Penkivel, Cornwall, England |
30 Jan 1542 |
Nr Brixton, Devon, England |
04 Sep 1622 |
|
|
|
| Adam Bostock |
Living |
1344 |
Bostock, Cheshire, England |
02 Jun 1374 |
|
|
|
| Adam Bostock |
Bostock, Chester, England |
18 Aug 1363 |
Bostock, Cheshire, England |
1415 |
|
|
|
| Sir Adam Bostock |
Bostock, Cheshire, England |
22 Feb 1413 |
Bostock, Cheshire, England |
30 Apr 1475 |
|
|
|
| Jane Bostock |
England |
1486 |
Yorkshire, England |
04 Apr 1563 |
|
|
|
| Sir Ralph Bostock |
Bostock, Chester, England |
1392 |
|
1419 |
|
|
|
| Ralph Bostock |
Norcroft, England |
1444 |
|
|
|
|
|
| William Bostock |
|
1424 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Peeter Botfeild |
Of, Leebotwood, Shropshire, England |
1532 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Peter Botfield |
|
1506 |
|
25 Jun 1558 |
|
|
|
| Margaret Botreaux |
Farleigh Hungerford, Somerset, England |
1410 |
Heytesbury, Wiltshire, England |
1477 |
|
|
|
| Fulke Bourchier |
Baunton, Devon, England |
25 Oct 1445 |
New Salem, Wiltshire, England |
18 Sep 1479 |
|
|
|
| Sir Humphrey Bourchier |
Halstead, Essex, England |
1436 |
Barnet, Hertfordshire, England |
05 Apr 1471 |
|
|
|
| John Bourchier |
Halstead, Essex, England |
1278 |
Halstead, Essex, England |
1328 |
|
|
|
| Sir John Bourchier |
Halstead, Essex, England |
20 Jul 1470 |
Devon, England |
30 Apr 1539 |
|
|
|
| Robert Bourchier |
Essex, England |
1306 |
Halstead, Essex, England |
18 May 1349 |
|
|
|
| William Bourchier |
Halstead, Essex, England |
1330 |
Little Eaton, Essex, England |
1375 |
|
|
|
| William Bourchier |
Little Eaton, Essex, England |
1374 |
Troyes, Aube, Champagne-Ardenne, France |
28 May 1420 |
|
|
|
| William Bourchier |
Little Eaton, Essex, England |
1412 |
London, Middlesex, England |
09 Dec 1471 |
|
|
|
| Anne Bourchier, Baroness Dacre |
|
1470 |
|
29 Sep 1530 |
|
|
|
| John Bourne |
Tenterden, Kent, England |
1527 |
London, London, England, United Kingdom |
01 Mar 1610 |
|
|
|
| Judith Bourne |
Little Waldingfield, Suffolk, England |
1550 |
London, London, England |
September 1598 |
|
|
|
| Robert Henry Bourne |
Sharstead, Kent, England, United Kingdom |
1501 |
|
1610 |
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Bowchiew |
Hundridge, Chesham, Buckinghamshire, England |
1518 |
Hundridge, Chesham, Buckinghamshire, England |
02 Oct 1569 |
|
|
|
| Margery Bowdler |
Wolstaston, Shropshire, England |
1576 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Abigail Bowman |
Watertown, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
24 Jan 1700 |
Waltham, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
15 Jun 1785 |
|
|
|
| Francis Bowman |
Watertown, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
1630 |
Watertown, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
16 Dec 1687 |
|
|
|
| Nathaniel Bowman |
Leek, Staffordshire, England |
1608 |
Cambridge Farms Parish, Middlesex, Massachusetts Bay Colony, New England |
26 Jan 1682 |
|
|
|
| Captain Nathaniel Bowman |
Cambridge, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
09 Feb 1668 |
Cambridge, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
13 Jun 1778 |
|
|
|
| Sir Richard Bowman |
Kirkoswald, Cumbria, England |
1496 |
Kirkoswald, Cumbria, England |
1546 |
|
|
|
| Robert Bowman |
Kirkoswald, Cumbria, England |
1522 |
Kirkoswald, Cumbria, England |
1565 |
|
|
|
| Janet Boyd |
Bonhill, Dumbartonshire, Scotland |
1598 |
|
1685 |
|
|
|
| Edward Boyland |
Haungerford Park, Eng |
1600 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mary Boyland |
Ardington Wick, Berkshire, England |
1630 |
Berkshire, England |
1674 |
|
|
|
| Jacob Bracher |
Bern, Switzerland |
1824 |
Iowa, U.S.A. |
1870 |
|
|
|
| Mary Bracher |
Switzerland |
28 Jul 1837 |
Davenport, Iowa, U.S.A. |
26 Nov 1908 |
|
|
|
| Maria Antonia Bracho Bustamante |
Spain |
1683 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Mazilia Braci |
|
1170 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Benedicta Bradborne |
Hoghe, Derbyshire, ENGLAND |
1495 |
Offenny, Bently, Derbyshire, ENGLAND |
1520 |
|
|
|
| Sarah Bradbury |
Of, Hatfield Broad Oak, Essex, England |
1587 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Anne Bradshaw |
Windley, Derby, England |
1503 |
Derby, England |
1547 |
|
|
|
| Janet Bradshaw |
Bradshaw, Lancashire, England |
1365 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Florence Brandbridge |
Barrow-Gurney, Somerset, England |
1540 |
England ? |
|
|
|
|
| Duke Charles Brandon |
England |
1484 |
England |
22 Aug 1545 |
|
|
|
| Frances Brandon |
England |
16 Jul 1517 |
Sheen, Staffordshire, England |
21 Nov 1559 |
|
|
|
| Robert Brashears |
Pernes, Vaucluse, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, France |
1597 |
Calvert, Maryland |
16 Dec 1665 |
|
|
|
| Alice Brasier |
of Bristol, Somerset, England |
1597 |
Boston, Suffolk, Massachusetts, United States |
1629/30 |
|
|
|
| William M. Brasier |
Bristol, Somerset, England |
1583 |
England |
|
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Brasseur |
Soham, Cambridgeshire, England |
1635 |
England |
1730 |
|
|
|
| Margaret Brasseur |
England |
1625 |
England |
1685 |
|
|
|
| Allemand Brassier De Jocas |
Pernes-les-Fontaines, Vaucluse, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France |
1575 |
Pernes-les-Fontaines, Vaucluse, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France |
16 Dec 1625 |
|
|
|
| Alice Braxley |
|
1356 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Edmund Bray |
Plymouth, Devon, England |
1504 |
Vachery Park, Cranley, Surrey, England |
1558 |
|
|
|
| Sir Edward (Edmund) Bray |
England |
1480 |
of Eaton Bray, Bedfordshire, England |
08 Oct 1539 |
|
|
|
| Elinor Bray |
St Margarets, Westminister, London, England |
1599 |
Watertown, Middlesex, Massachusetts |
11 May 1659 |
|
|
|
| Hannah Bray |
Gloucester, Essex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
21 Mar 1662 |
Gloucester, Essex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
23 Mar 1717 |
|
|
|
| John Bray |
Eaton Bray, Bedfordshire, England |
1456 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ralph De Bray |
Eaton Braye, Bedfordshire, England, United Kingdom |
1204 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Richard Bray |
England |
1430 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Robert De Bray |
Eaton Braye, Bedfordshire, England, United Kingdom |
1254 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sir Thomas Bray |
|
1354 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Sir Thomas Bray |
Saint Margaret, Herefordshire, England |
1534 |
Westminster, London, England, United Kingdom |
1599 |
|
|
|
| Thomas Bray |
of Hanwood, Shrops, England |
1554 |
Westminster, London, ?, England |
|
|
|
|
| Thomas Bray I |
St Columba, Cornwall, England |
1582 |
Scituate, Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States |
21 Jan 1639 |
|
|
|
| Thomas Bray II |
Lancaster, Lancashire, England |
29 Jan 1615 |
Gloucester, Essex, Massachusetts, United States |
30 Nov 1691 |
|
|
|
| William De Bray |
Eaton Braye, Bedfordshire, England, United Kingdom |
1230 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Francis Brayton |
Eng |
1590 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Francis Jr. Brayton |
England |
1611 |
Portsmouth, Newport, Rhode Island |
05 Sep 1692 |
|
|
|
| Martha Brayton |
Portsmouth, Newport, Rhode Island, New Netherlands |
1647 |
Watertown, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
1715 |
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Brereton |
brereton cheshire england |
1471 |
Norbury, Cheshire, England |
1549 |
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Brereton |
Staffordshire, England |
1492 |
Cholmondeley, Malpas parish, Chester, England |
September 1557 |
|
|
|
| Hawise Bretagne |
Bretagne (Région), France |
0977 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Joan Brett |
|
1472 |
Arlington, Devonshire, England |
25 Dec 1547 |
|
|
|
| Lady Alice Bretton |
Glemsford, Suffolk, England |
1555 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Captain Benjamin Brewster |
Duxbury, Plymouth, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
17 Nov 1633 |
Norwich, New London, Connecticut, British Colonies in America |
14 Sep 1710 |
|
|
|
| Bethia Brewster |
Preston, New London, Connecticut, British Colonies in America |
05 Apr 1702 |
Windham, Connecticut, British Colonies in America |
08 Feb 1740 |
|
|
|
| Daniel Brewster |
Norwich, New London, Connecticut, New Netherlands |
01 Mar 1667 |
Preston, New London, Connecticut, British Colonies in America |
07 May 1735 |
|
|
|
| Jonathan Brewster |
Scrooby, Nottinghamshire, England |
12 Aug 1593 |
Norwich, New London, Connecticut |
07 Aug 1659 |
|
|
|
| William Brewster II |
Bentley, Yorkshire, England |
24 Jan 1510 |
Scrooby, Nottinghamshire, England |
20 Oct 1558 |
|
|
|
| William Brewster III |
Scrooby, Nottinghamshire, England |
24 Jan 1535 |
Scrooby, Nottinghamshire, England |
1590 |
|
|
|
| William Brewster |
Scrooby, Nottinghamshire, England |
24 Jan 1566 |
Plymouth, Plymouth, Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States |
10 Apr 1643 |
|
|
|
| William Brichard |
England |
1569 |
Essex, England |
1634 |
|
|
|
| Mary Brickhead |
Calvert, Maryland, British Colonial America |
1701 |
Calvert, Maryland, British Colonial America |
1794 |
|
|
|
| John Bridge |
Braintree, Essex, England |
1576 |
|
April 1665 |
|
|
|
| Mathew Bridge |
Cambridge, Middlesex, Massachusetts |
1600 |
Cambridge, Middlesex, Massachusetts |
29 Apr 1700 |
|
|
|
| Mathew Bridge |
Cambridge, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
05 May 1650 |
Lexington, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
29 May 1738 |
|
|
|
| Mathew Bridge III |
Cambridge, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
01 Mar 1691 |
Waltham, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
25 Mar 1761 |
|
|
|
| Sarah Bridge |
Lexington, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
30 Sep 1728 |
Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
17 Sep 1772 |
|
|
|
| Joane Bridger |
Dorking, Sussex, England, Great Britain |
1524 |
Dorking, Surrey, England |
1588 |
|
|
|
| Katherine Bridges |
Tamirton, Devon, ENGLAND |
1480 |
England |
from 1509 to 1574 |
|
|
|
| Anna Maria Brieler |
Katzellnbogen, Hessen, Germany |
1643 |
Sulzbach, Aichach-Friedberg, Bayern, Germany |
November 1674 |
|
|
|
| Johannes Brieler |
Germany |
1613 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Constance Brigham |
Holme-upon-Spaulding Moor, Yorkshire, England |
1601 |
Rowley, Essex, Massachusetts Bay, British America |
25 Jan 1684 |
|
|
|
| Thomas Brigham |
Holme in Spalding Moore, Yorkshire, England |
1500 |
Holme-on-Spalding-Moor, Yorkshire, England |
06 Mar 1559 |
|
|
|
| Thomas Brigham |
Holme upon, Spalding Moor, Yorkshire, England |
1525 |
Holme on, Spaulding Moor, Yorkshire, Eng |
06 Feb 1558 |
|
|
|
| Thomas Brigham |
Holme on Spaulding Moor, Yorks, Eng. |
1551 |
Holm Holling, Spaulding Moor, Yorksire, England |
08 Nov 1586 |
|
|
|
| Thomas Brigham |
Holme On Spalding Moor, Yorkshire, England |
21 May 1576 |
Holme on Spalding Moor, Yorkshire, England |
19 Mar 1633 |
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Brightman |
Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England, United Kingdom |
1530 |
Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England, United Kingdom |
1562 |
|
|
|
| Gille Brigte , Lord of Galloway |
|
1137 |
|
1185 |
|
|
|
| Gille Brigte, Earl of Angus |
|
1138 |
|
1189 |
|
|
|
| Sarah Briley |
Louisa, Virginia, British Colonies in America |
1683 |
Anson, North Carolina, British Colonies in America |
1736 |
|
|
|
| Cristobal Briones |
Spain |
1670 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Francisco Briones |
Santa Maria De La Asuncion, Santa Maria Del Rio, New Spain |
1700 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Marcos Jose Briones |
Monterey, Las Californias, New Spain |
1757 |
Mission San Carlos Borromeo, Monterey, Las Californias, New Spain |
December 1841 |
|
|
|
| Maria Guadalupe Briones |
Mission San Antonia de Padua, Monterey, Las Californias, New Spain |
26 Feb 1792 |
Half Moon Bay, San Mateo, California, U.S.A. |
1895 |
|
|
|
| Ygnacio Vicente Briones |
Santa Maria De La Asuncion, Santa Maria Del Rio, New Spain |
1727 |
Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo, Carmel, Alta California, New Spain |
04 May 1814 |
|
|
|
| Beavionn Be Ni Briun |
Ireland |
905 |
murdered by vikings, Fyn, Denmark |
1005 |
|
|
|
| Alice Broadbent |
Kenton, Suffolk, England, United Kingdom |
1331 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Wilson Broadbent |
England, United Kingdom |
1308 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Maude Bromwich |
Salisbury, Wiltshire, England |
1391 |
|
|
|
|
|
| John Bromwich |
Weobley, Herefordshire, England, United Kingdom |
1333 |
England |
1361 |
|
|
|
| Ralph Bromwich |
Weobley, Herefordshire, England, United Kingdom |
1306 |
England, United Kingdom |
1333 |
|
|
|
| Lord Justice Of Ireland, Thomas Bromwich |
|
1361 |
|
1452 |
|
|
|
| Friðgar Brondsson |
Saxony, Germany |
0299 |
Saxony, Germany |
0327 |
|
|
|
| Mary Cecily Brooke |
Rushbrook, Suffolk, England |
1488 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Arthur Brooks |
Long Aston, Bristol, Somersetshire, England |
1499 |
Briston, Gloucestershire, England |
25 Dec 1522 |
|
|
|
| Edward Brooks |
Barrow Gurney, Somerset, England |
1530 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Hannah Brooks |
Concord, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
1628 |
New London, Connecticut, British Colonies in America |
1692 |
|
|
|
| Henry Brooks |
Of Norwich, Norfolk, England |
1591 |
|
12 Apr 1683 |
|
|
|
| Hugh Brooks |
Barrow Gurney, Somerset, England |
1566 |
Barrow-Gurney, Somerset, England |
1636 |
|
|
|
| Joseph Brooks |
Springfield, Hampden, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
17 Oct 1667 |
Northfield, Franklin, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
1743 |
|
|
|
| Silence Brooks |
Deerfield, Franklin, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
07 Sep 1701 |
Massachusetts, Colonial America |
1780 |
|
|
|
| William Brooks |
Concord, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
1622 |
Deerfield, Franklin, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
18 Oct 1688 |
|
|
|
| Joan Brouncker |
Melksham, Wiltshire, England |
17 Jan 1496 |
Corsham, Wiltshire, England |
07 Jun 1579 |
|
|
|
| Abraham Brown |
Amesbury, Essex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
01 Jan 1649 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Agnes Brown |
Calne, Wiltshire, England, United Kingdom |
13 Sep 1540 |
Staffordshire, England |
|
|
|
|
| Bethia Brown |
Salisbury, Essex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
09 Nov 1685 |
|
1736 |
|
|
|
| Edmund Brown |
Filby, Norfolk, England |
1558 |
Filby, Norfolk, England |
1638 |
|
|
|
| Elisabeth Brown |
Lasdswade, Midlothian, Scotland |
03 Oct 1666 |
Pennsylvania, British Colonies in America |
1765 |
|
|
|
| George Brown |
Bishop's Stortfo, Hertfordshire, England |
1554 |
|
06 Feb 1612 |
|
|
|
| Margaret Brown |
Bishop's Stortfo, Heretfordshire, England |
May 1581 |
|
27 Nov 1647 |
|
|
|
| Robert Brown |
Lasswade, Midlothian, Scotland |
1638 |
|
|
|
|
|
| William Brown |
Aldeby, Norfolk, England |
1506 |
Norfolk, England |
1566 |
|
|
|
| William Brown |
Calne, Wiltshire, England |
1515 |
Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire, England |
25 Jan 1566 |
|
|
|
| Ann Browne |
Inkberrow, Worcestershire, England |
1595 |
Lynn, Essex, Massachusetts, United States |
04 Oct 1669 |
|
|
|
| Edward Browne |
Upton On Severn, Worcester, England |
06 Jul 1572 |
Inkberrow, W, England |
1610 |
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Makepeace Browne |
Cambridge, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
26 Mar 1657 |
Falmouth, Yorke, Maine, British Colonies in America |
29 Mar 1729 |
|
|
|
| George Browne |
Chestnutt, Hartford, England |
12 Apr 1566 |
Chestnut, Hertford |
22 Jan 1589 |
|
|
|
| George Browne |
Easton Royal, Wiltshire, England, United Kingdom |
19 May 1592 |
Salisbury, Essex County, Massachusetts |
22 Aug 1633 |
|
|
|
| Deacon Henry Browne |
Salisbury, Wiltshire, England |
1615 |
Salisbury, Essex, Massachusetts |
06 Aug 1701 |
|
|
|
| Ismay Browne |
Malrancan, Wexford, Ireland |
1548 |
Burnchurch, Kilkenny, Ireland |
1570 |
|
|
|
| John Browne |
Hertfordshire, England |
1537 |
Chestnutt, Hertfordshire, England |
18 October |
|
|
|
| John Browne |
Hawkedon, Suffolk, England |
28 Aug 1631 |
Watertown, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
20 Nov 1697 |
|
|
|
| John Abram Browne |
Hawkedon, Suffolk, England, UK |
11 Oct 1584 |
Rehoboth, Bristol, Massachusetts, United States |
10 Apr 1662 |
|
|
|
| Mary Browne |
Brookthorpe, Gloucester, England |
1539 |
England |
1582 |
|
|
|
| Susanna Browne |
Filby, England |
1581 |
|
1624 |
|
|
|
| Sir Thomas Browne Sr |
Swan Hall, Hawkedon, Suffolk, England |
1533 |
Suffolk, England |
23 Dec 1590 |
|
|
|
| Martha Jane Brownlee |
Romsey, Hampshire, England |
1500 |
Romsey, Hampshire, England |
1552 |
|
|
|
| Marjorie Bruce |
|
1296 |
|
02 Mar 1316 |
|
|
|
| Margarethe Brugger |
Sevelen, Saint Gallen, Switzerland |
1646 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Peter Brumwell |
Middlesex, Virginia, British Colonies in America |
1653 |
Middlesex, Virginia, British Colonies in America |
April 1721 |
|
|
|
| Sarah Brumwell |
Virginia, British Colonies in America |
02 Nov 1679 |
Middlesex, Virginia, British Colonies in America |
1720 |
|
|
|
| William Brumwell |
England |
1630 |
Virginia, British Colonies in America |
|
|
|
|
| John Hill Bryan Sr. |
Craven, North Carolina, British Colonies in America |
02 Jun 1722 |
Halifax, Virginia, U.S.A. |
November 1799 |
|
|
|
| Rita Bryan |
Halifax, Virginia, Colonial America |
1780 |
Wilson, Tennesse, U.S.A. |
1850 |
|
|
|
| William Bryan Sr. |
Archdale Precinct, Bath, Colony of North Carolina, British Colonies in America |
1700 |
New Bern, Craven, North Carolina, British Colonies in America |
01 Mar 1747 |
|
|
|
| Edward Bryant |
Denbigh, Denbighshire, Wales |
1600 |
Elizabeth Acres, Portsmouth City, Norfolk, Colony of Virginia, British Colonial America |
1660 |
|
|
|
| Edward Bryant Sr. |
Isle of Wight, Isle of Wight, Virginia, British Colonies in America |
01 Jun 1661 |
New Bern, Craven, North Carolina, British Colonies in America |
01 Mar 1738 |
|
|
|
| John Bryant |
Bitton, Gloucestershire, England |
01 Jun 1615 |
Isle of Wight, Virginia, British Colonies in America |
14 Feb 1680 |
|
|
|
| Mary Bryce |
Hamilton, Lanarkshire, Scotland |
1555 |
Scotland |
1600 |
|
|
|
| Thomas Bryge |
Yorkshire, England |
1517 |
England |
|
|
|
|
| Margareta Brygge |
of St Albans, H, England |
1545 |
Hertfordshire, England |
|
|
|
|
| Margaret Buchanan |
Ayrshire, Scotland |
1610 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Buck |
Bedford, Pennsylvania, Colonial America |
07 Jul 1776 |
Livingston, Missouri, U.S.A. |
1850 |
|
|
|
| James Buck |
Padbury, Buckinghamshire, England |
1555 |
London, England |
1625 |
|
|
|
| James Buck III |
St Katherine, Merstham, Surrey, England |
19 May 1595 |
Hingham, Suffolk, Massachusetts, United States |
24 Apr 1646 |
|
|
|
| Jonathan Buck |
New Jersey, British Colonies in America |
12 Jan 1755 |
White, Tennessee, U.S.A. |
09 Mar 1831 |
|
|
|
| Lydia Buck |
Sandwich, Kent, England, United Kingdom |
1602 |
Cley next the Sea, Norfolk, England |
24 Jun 1630 |
|
|
|
| Margaret Buck |
Wrentham, Suffolk, England |
Jan 1605 |
Medfield, Norfolk, Massachusetts, United States |
09 May 1662 |
|
|
|
| Susannah Buck |
Kent, England |
1622 |
Reading, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
18 Mar 1659 |
|
|
|
| Thomas Buck |
Connecticut, British Colonies in America |
1715 |
Colerain Township, Bedford, Pennsylvania, Colonial America |
1776 |
|
|
|
| William W Buck |
Padbury, Buckinghamshire, England |
1585 |
Cambridge, Middlesex, Massachusetts, United States |
24 Jan 1658 |
|
|
|
| Francis Bucke Sr. |
Norfolk, England |
1531 |
England |
1581 |
|
|
|
| Kenelm Bucke Sr. |
Kempsey, Worcestershire, England |
1476 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kenelm Bucke |
Kempsey, Worcestershire, England |
1504 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Lady Margaret Buckingham |
Ayrshire, Scotland |
1176 |
Ayrshire, Scotland |
1200 |
|
|
|
| Breda Bucklar |
Ancient Manor, Holway Co, Dorset, England |
1539 |
Holway, Dorset, England |
12 Jul 1613 |
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Buckley |
|
1454 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Catherine Buessinger |
Pallatine Region, Germany |
1730 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Maragaret Bullock |
Aberfelde, Berkshire, England |
1524 |
Berkshire, ENG |
1558 |
|
|
|
| Thomas Bullock |
Arborfield, Berkshire, England |
1502 |
Arborfield, Berkshre, England |
23 Feb 1558 |
|
|
|
| Jane Bulstrode |
Derby, Derbushire, England |
1446 |
Farleigh, Hungerford, Somerset, England |
1517 |
|
|
|
| Ann Bunch |
Virginia, United States |
27 Nov 1690 |
Virginia, United States |
1740 |
|
|
|
| Ellen Buntinge |
Eaton Socon, Beds, England |
1550 |
Roxton, Bedfordshire, England |
13 Jan 1616 |
|
|
|
| William Buntinge |
Eaton Socon, Bedfordshire, England |
1524 |
Roxton, Bedfordshire, England |
1584 |
|
|
|
| Mary Burford |
Anson, North Carolina, British Colonies in America |
10 May 1739 |
South Carolina, U.S.A. |
30 Dec 1812 |
|
|
|
| Philip Burford |
King William, Virginia, British Colonies in America |
1723 |
Warren, North Carolina, U.S.A. |
11 Feb 1796 |
|
|
|
| William Burford |
Virginia, British Colonies in America |
1685 |
Granville, North Carolina, British Colonies in America |
|
|
|
|
| Esther Burgess |
England |
1596 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Desconicida Burgueno |
Orense, Galicia, Spain |
1610 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Maria Burgueno |
Orense, Galicia, Spain |
1645 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Alice Ane Burnell |
|
1585 |
London, London, England |
1654 |
|
|
|
| Robert Burnell |
Leeds, Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom |
1560 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Anne Burt |
|
1582 |
Poynings, West Sussex, England |
22 Oct 1621 |
|
|
|
| Henry Burt Sr |
Harberton, Devonshire, England |
1567 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Henry Burt |
Haberton, Devon, England |
1590 |
Springfield, Hampden, Massachusetts |
30 Apr 1662 |
|
|
|
| James Burt |
London, England |
1622 |
Taunton, Bristol, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
02 Mar 1680 |
|
|
|
| Mary Burt |
Haberton, Devon, England |
13 Apr 1635 |
Deerfield, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
30 Aug 1689 |
|
|
|
| Richard Leonard Burt |
England |
1594 |
Lawrenceville, Mercer, New Jersey, United States |
1707 |
|
|
|
| Sarah Burt |
Reading, Middlesex, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
1654 |
Walpole, Norfolk, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
22 Oct 1727 |
|
|
|
| Jane Burton |
Ingmanthrop, York, England |
1500 |
England |
1552 |
|
|
|
| John Burton |
London, Greater London, England |
1580 |
United States |
1680 |
|
|
|
| Mary Burton |
London, Middlesex, England, United Kingdom |
1618 |
Henrico, Virginia, United States |
1686 |
|
|
|
| Sarah Burwash |
Tenterden, Kent, England |
1548 |
Tenterden, Kent, England |
1626 |
|
|
|
| Mary Buschier |
Roanne, Loire, Rhone-Alpes, France |
1568 |
London, London, England |
22 Jul 1616 |
|
|
|
| John Bushell |
England |
1595 |
Scituate, Massachusetts |
19 Dec 1667 |
|
|
|
| Joseph Bushell |
Chester, Pennsylvania, British Colonies in America |
1641 |
Concord Township, Chester, Pennsylvania, British Colonies in America |
13 May 1708 |
|
|
|
| Francis Bushnell II |
Horsham, Sussex, England, UK |
17 Apr 1587 |
Guilford, New Haven, Colony of Connecticut, British Colonial America |
13 Oct 1646 |
|
|
|
| John Bushnell |
Horsham, Sussex, England |
1615 |
Boston, Suffolk, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
05 Aug 1667 |
|
|
|
| John Bushnell |
Boston, Suffolk, Massachusetts Bay Colony, British Colonies in America |
1664 |
Boston, Suffolk, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
10 Apr 1699 |
|
|
|
| Mary Bushnell |
Wiltshire, England |
19 Nov 1660 |
Chichester, Deleware, Pennsylvania, British Colonies in America |
09 Feb 1716 |
|
|
|
| Mary Bushnell |
Boston, Suffolk, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
04 Aug 1692 |
Frankford Township, Sussex, New Jersey, British Colonies in America |
03 Dec 1762 |
|
|
|
| Rebecca Bushwell |
Braunstone, Leicestershire, England |
1593 |
Shropham, Norfolk, England |
1664 |
|
|
|
| Bernardo De Bustamante Y Tagle |
Aranda de Duero, Aranda de Duero, Burgos, Castilla y León, Spain |
1708 |
Goajoquilla, San Bartolome, Nueva Vizcaya, New Spain |
1776 |
|
|
|
| Josefa Bustamante Y Tagle |
Santa Fe, New Spain |
1732 |
Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.A. |
14 Sep 1810 |
|
|
|
| Maria Pascuala Bustamente |
Santa Fe, Las Californias, New Spain |
1800 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Rebecca Buswell |
Husbands Bosworth, Leicestershire, England |
May 1594 |
Wethersfield, Hartford, Connecticut |
12 Oct 1668 |
|
|
|
| Agnes Lucy Butler |
Dedham, Essex, England |
1521 |
Dedham, Essex, England |
04 Oct 1580 |
|
|
|
| Ann Butler |
Walton On Stone, Hertfordshire, England |
01 Jun 1592 |
Elizabeth City, Elizabeth City, Virginia |
01 Jun 1670 |
|
|
|
| Elizabeth Jane Butler |
Roxwell, Essex, England |
1610 |
New Kent, Hanover, Virginia, United States |
20 Aug 1676 |
|
|
|
| Margaret Butler |
Burnchurch, Kilkenny, Ireland |
1575 |
Ireland |
30 Oct 1645 |
|
|
|
| Lady Petronilla Butler |
Ardee Castle, Ardee, Louth, Ireland, British Isles |
abt 1332 |
Hereford, Herefordshire, England |
23 Apr 1368 |
|
|
|
| Thomas Butter Butler |
Dedham, Essex, England |
1500 |
Dedham, Essex, England |
05 Oct 1555 |
|
|
|
| Margaret Butterfield |
Woolverstone, Suffolk, England |
13 Jan 1609 |
Newbury, Essex, Massachusetts Bay Colony, British Colonial America |
03 Feb 1685 |
|
|
|
| Mary Butterworth |
Virginia, British Colonies in America |
1664 |
Virginia, British Colonies in America |
1722 |
|
|
|
| Mary Button |
Westerly, Washington, Rhode Island, British Colonies in America |
23 Feb 1634 |
Westerly, Washington, Rhode Island, British Colonies in America |
1705 |
|
|
|
| Peter Button |
British Isles, England, Bedfordshire, Harrold |
1603 |
British Colonial America, Massachusetts, Essex County, Haverhill |
13 Aug 1672 |
|
|
|
| Giles Butts |
England |
1580 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Hepzibah Butts |
Tiverton, Newport, Rhode Island, British Colonies in America |
30 Jul 1675 |
Portsmouth, Newport, Rhode Island, British Colonies in America |
19 Dec 1722 |
|
|
|
| Thomas Butts |
Dorchester, Suffolk, Massachusetts, British Colonies in America |
28 May 1641 |
Little Compton, Bristol, Rhode Island, British Colonies in America |
02 Feb 1703 |
|
|
|
| Anne Byron |
Newstead, Notington, England |
1579 |
England |
1640 |
|
|
|
